Glosario para Psico.

&WRNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Vol. 35, No. 6, DecemEer 1973. Printed in U.S. A.
Glossary of terms for thermal physiology’
By JOHN BLIGH AND K. Ga JOHNSON

Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, England
For The Glossary Committee of the International Union of Physiological Sciences
Ap,rouad by
International Union of Physiological Sciences, Professor Yngve Zotterman, President, and
International Commission of the IUPS for Thermal Physiology, Professor James D. Hardy, Chairman
Members uf International Commission for Thermal Physiohgy SV&ZV3
Dr. John Bligh, Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, England

Dr. -Kurt Bruck, Physiologisches Institut der Justus Liebig Universitgt,
6300 Giessen, German cFedera1 Republic
Dr. Michel Cabanac, Universitg Claude Bernard, 69 Oullins, France
Dr. Loren D. Carlson, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Dr. James D. Hardy (Chairman), John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Dr. 1;. Jansk-ji, Department of Comparative Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
Dr. Charles Kayser, Laboratoire de Physiologie Respiratoire, Strasbourg, France
Dr. Teruo Nakayama, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Dr. A. D. Slonim, Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk, USSR
Dr. R. Thauer, William G. Kerckhoff-Herzforschungsinstitut, Bad Nauheim, Germany
Dr. C. H. Wyndham, Human Sciences Laboratory, Chamber of Mines of South Africa,
Marshalltown, Transvaal, SA
PREFACE supplementary, and d erived SI units used in the Gl

are given in APPET\iDIX
THE PURPOSE of the Glossary is to improve precision of mean-
ing and uniformity in the usage of technical terms in thermal
Symbols
physiology. Two circumstances in particular make this de-
sirable: 1) the increasing use of English as the principal The symbols used in the Glossary are listed in APPENDIX
language for international scientific communication, and 2) 2. These symbols conform generally to those specified in the
the use of computers for rapid information processing and CLProposed Standard System of Symbols for Thermal Physi-
retrieval. The following paragraphs explain the use of the ology” (J. imppl. Physiol. 27 : 439-446, 1969) Minor changes
Glossary. have been suggested. In the BODY HEAT BALANCE
EQUATION, the symbol M is now used to denote META-
Units BOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION; METABOLIC
Units used in the Glossary are based on the Systeme HEAT PRODUCTION’ is identified by the symbol H. The
symbol E (epsilon) is now used for EMISSIVITY and not
Internationale (SI). Wh ere such units would be incon-
veniently small or large SI convention permits increases or for EMITTANCE, and the term EXITANCE has re-
decreases by multiples of 103, e.g., m to mm (m X 10m3) placed EMITTANCE ( see American National Standards
Institute, Nomgnclatura and Dcjktions for Illuminating Engineer-
or to nm (m X lo-g), but not to cm (m X 1O-2). The basic,
ing, RP-16, 1967, p. 32 (UDC 653.104.8: 621.32)).
1 The Glossary for Thermal Physiology follows the IUPS-ap-
proved “Proposed Standard System of Symbols for Thermal Physi-
ology,” published in the Journal of Ajplied Physiology 27 : 439-446, 1969.
Order of Presentation of Terms
Copies of both documents can be obtained by writing to Executive
Editor, American Physiological Satiety, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda,
To bring similar or related terms closer together in the
h/ad, 20014. Glossary, the common term is given first followed by the
941
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Copyright © 1973 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.
942 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PI-IYSIOLOGY
descriptive term, e.g., EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL. Proposed Standard System of Symbols for Thermal
In use the order is reversed: HEMISPHERICAL EMIS- Physiology. J. Appl. Physiol. 27 : 439-446, 1969.
SIVITY, To avoid confusion such entries have a cross- Quantities, Units and Symbols. London : The Royal Society,
reference, e.g., HEMISPHERICAL EMISSIVITY: see 1971.
EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL.
Electrical Units and Standards. National Physical Labora-
tory. London : Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1970.
Use of Gupitals in Text
Revisionof the Glossary would seem to be desirable after
The use of capital letters in the definitions, explanatory about five years. For this to be effective, suggestions and
notes, and list of symbols (APPENDIX 2) indicates that the criticisms are required from both users and nonusers of the
term in capitals is defined elsewhere in the Glossary. Glossary. Communications concerning the Glossary may
be sent to the Chairman of the International Commission
Abbreviations for Thermal Physiology, c/o Executive Editor, American
Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md.
cf. compare OED Oxford English Dictionary 20014.
e.g. for example Ref Reference
Fr. French SD Standard Deviation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Gk. Greek SOED Shorter OED
i.e. that is ( ) Symbols The editors have been greatly aided in their task by the con-
L. Latin [ ] Units tributions and constructive criticisms of an international
panel of consultants which included the members of the
IUPS Thermal Physiology Commission. The names of
Multi#Ee Dejnitions
those who have helped are listed in APPENDIX 3. To these
Where more than one definition of a term is given, they people and to any others whose contributions we have failed
are listed in order of preference. to acknowledge, we express our thanks. We are particularly
grateful to Professor J. L. Monteith of Nottingham Uni-
versity, England, and Professor A. Pharo Gagge of Yale
General References to Physical Terms, Units, and Symbols
University, USA, for their painstaking scrutinies of the
American National Standard Institute, Nomenclature and definitions of some of the physic al units.
Dejnitions for Illuminating Engineering, RP- 16, 1967, UDC 11 April 1972 John Nigh
653.014.8: 621.32. K. G. Johnson
Glossnry
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY. See HUMIDITY, ABSO- changes in the natural climate. Refs: EAGAN, C. J-,
LUTE. Federation 23-0~. 22 : 930, 1963; GREENLEAF, J. E., &
C. J. GREENLEAF, NASA Tech. Mem. X-62, 008, 1970;
ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL RADIANT. see RADIANT
HART, J. S., Rev. Curt. Biol. 16 : 133, 1957.
ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL.
ACCLIMATION : A physiological change, occurring within ACCLIMATIZATION : A physiological change occurring
the lifetime of an organism, which reduces the strain within the lifetime of an organism which reduces the
caused by experimentally induced stressful changes in strain caused by stressful changes in the natural climate
particular climatic factors. (e.g., seasonal or geographical). See ACCLIMATION.
NOTE: The terms ACCLIMATION and ACCLI-
ADAPTATION: A change which reduces the physiological
MATIZATION are etymologically indistinguishable. strain produced by a stressful component of the
Both words have been assigned several and different TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. This change may occur
meanings (Greenleaf & Greenleaf, 1970), and at present within the lifetime of an organism (phenotypic) or be
there can be no certainty as to what is meant when
the result of genetic selection in a species or subspecies
either term is used. The most useful of the assigned
(genotypic).
meanings, adopted here, would seem to be those of
NOTIC, : ACCLIMATION and ACCLIMATIZA-
Hart (1957) and Eagan (1963) who use the term
ACCLIMATION to describe the adaptive changes TION, as defined in this Glossary, relate to phenotypic
which occur within the lifetime of an organism in re- adaptations to climatic components of the TOTAL
sponse to experimentally induced changes in +?icuZar ENVIRONMENT. There are no distinct terms which
climatic fuctors such as ambient temperature in a con- relate to genotypic adaptations to the climate or to
trolled environment, and the term ACCLIMATIZA- particular components of climate. All such genetically
TION to describe the adaptive changes which occur fixed attributes of a species or subspecies are covered
within the lifetime of an organism in response to by the general term GENOTYPIC ADAPTATION.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY 943
ADAPTATION, GENETIC. see ADAPTATION, GENO- AREA, DUBOIS), used in the estimation of the total
TYPIC. body area of man, relates total body area to both
weight and height. Estimates of total body area made
ADAPTATION, GENOTYPIC : A genetically fixed con-
with either Meeh’s formula or the DuBois formula have
dition of a species or subspecies, or its evolution, which
limited accuracy, and reference should be made to the
favors survival in a particular TOTAL ENVIRON-
original direct measurements of total body area from
MENT. See ADAPTATION.
which they were calculated. Refs: HUXLEY, J. S.,
ADAPTATION, NONGENETIC. See ADAPTATION, Problems of Ralative Growth, London : Methuen, 1932;
PHENOTYPIC. MEEH, K., 2. Biol. 15: 425, 1879; SPECTOR, W. S.,
Handbook of Biological Data, Philadelphia, Pa. : Saunders,
ADAPTATION, PHENOTYPIC: A change which reduces 1956.
the physiological strain produced by a stressful com-
ponent of the TOTAL ENVIRONlMENT and oc- AREA, WETTED (A,) : Th e area of skin which, if covered
curring within the lifetime of the organism. Synonym: with sweat, would provide the observed rate of evapora-
ADAPTATION, NONGENETIC. tion under the prevailing condition. [m2] See also
NOTE : ACCLIMATION and ACCLIMATIZA- WETTEDNESS, SKIN.
TION relate to PHENOTYPIC ADAPTATIONS to AUTO’NOMIC TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
climatic components of the TOTAL ENVIRON-
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, AUTONOLMIC.
MENT.
AUTONOMIC THERMOREGULATION. See TEM-
AESTIVATION. Sea ESTIVATION. PERATURE REGULATION, AUTONOMIC.
ALLIESTHESIA (general): The changed sensation for a BACTERIAL PYROGEN. See PYROGEN, BACTERIAL.
given peripheral stimulus resulting from the stimula-
tion of internal sensors; (in thermal physiology): the BASAL METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC RATE,
dependence of thermal sensation on both skin and core BASAL.
temperatures. (Gk. all&o-to alter; aisthesia-sensation.)
BEHAVIORAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
NOTE : Positive ALLIESTHESIA indicates a change
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, BEHAVIORAL.
to a more pleasurable sensation, negative ALLIES-
THESIA a change to a less pleasurable one. BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION. See TEM-
PERATURE REGULATION, BEHAVIORAL.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
AMBIENT. BLACKBODY. See RADIATOR, FULL.
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM. See METABOLISM, BODY HEAT BALANCE: The steady-state relation in
ANAEROBIC. which heat production in the body equals heat loss to
the environment.
AREA, DUBOIS (An): The total surface area in square
meters of a nude human as estimated by the formula of BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION: A mathematical
DuBois ba:ed on the height, H[m], and weight, W[kg]. expression that describes the net rate at which a body
generates and exchanges heat with its environment
AD = ()202 ‘MrO.425 HO.725
fm2 1 (First Law of Thermodynamics) :
AREA, EFFECTIVE RADIATING (A,): The surface
area of a body that exchanges radiant energy with the S=M&E-(&W)&RhC&K [W] or [W m4] l
environment through a solid angle of 4~ steradians. in which
S = rate of STORAGE OF BODY HEAT (+ for net

AREA, PROJECTED (A,): The area of a body (or sur- gain by body)
face) projected on a plane perpendicular to the direc- Ad= METABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRO-
tion of a collimated beam of radiation. [m2] DUCTION (always +)
AREA, SOLAR RADIATION (A,): The area of a body E= EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER (-
projected normally to the sun’s rays, [m2] for net loss)
W= WORK (+ for POSITIVE WORK
AREA, TOTAL BODY (Ah) : The area of the outer surface against external forces)
of a body, assumed smooth. [m2] R C RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE (+ for
NOTE: Direct measurements of surface area are difh- net gain)
cult and subject to appreciable error+ Surface area is c = CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER (+
usually estimated from a formula such as that of Meeh for net gain)
(1879) which relates TOTAL BODY AREA (Ah) to K= CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER (+
body weight (W) : Ah = kg W2j3. This is a particular for net gain)
case of Huxley’s allometric law. Estimates of the value
of k vary widely between and within species but are NOTE: EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER most
generally between 0.07 and 0.11 when Ah is in m2 and frequently occurs by vaporization of water from the
i/v is in kg (Spector, 1956). The DuBois formula (see body and is EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS (-E):

944 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY
in some circumstances vapor can condense on the temperature of the species measured under resting
body causing EVAPORATIVE HEAT GAIN (+E). conditions in a thermoneutral environment. W =
In terms of body heat balance, POSITIVE WORK k0&s---common, shared, therme-heat .) Synonym :
(+ t/l/) is the transfer of energy from the body to an ex- EUTHERMY, NORMOTHERMY.
ternal system and is therefore a loss of energy, repre- NOTE: Co20 (common) seems a more appropriate
sented in the equation as - prefix than EU (well, good).
versely NEGATIVE WORK((+ - $)Or is athelosstransfer
w’ ‘On-of
CHANGE IN HEAT STORAGE. See HEAT STORAGE,
energy from an external system to the body and is
CHA:XGE IN.
therefore a gain of energy, represented in the equation
as-(-w)oragainW. CHEMICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
BODY HEAT CONTENT. See HEAT CONTENT, TEMPERATURE REGULATION, CHEMICAL.
BODY. CIRCADIAN: Relating to the approximate 24-h periodic-
BODY HEAT STORAGE. See STORAGE OF BODY ity of a free-running biological rhythm, or to the exact
HEAT and HEAT STORAGE. 24-h periodicity of an environmentally synchronized
biological rhythm which persists with an approximate
BRADYMETABOLISM: The low levels of basal metabo- 24-h periodicity when not environmentally synchro-
lism of reptiles and other nonavian and nonmammalian nized. (L. circn- about, approximately; dies-day.)
animals relative to those of birds and mammals of the
same body size and at the same tissue temperature. CL0 : A unit to express the relative thermal insulation
(Gk. bradus-slow, sluggish; metabole-change.) An- va lues of v arious clothing assemblies.
tonvm: TACHYMETABOLISM.
1 cl0 = 0.18°C~m2~h~kcal-1 = 0.155°C~m2W~1
&TE: As a synonym COLD-BLOODEDness is un-
satisfactory and is falling into disuse. This relatively KOTE: The CL0 is a unit developed to express
low level of basal metabolism is sometimes described as thermal insulation in practical terms and represents
POIKILOTHERMY, which is incorrect since poikilo- the insulation provided by the normal indoor cloth-
thermy signifies conformity of body and ambient ing of a sedentary worker in comfortable indoor sur-
temperatures and not all bradymetabolic species are roundings (Ref: GAGGE, A. P., A. C. BURTON, & H. C.
TEMPERATURE CONFORMERS: some are EC- BAZETT, Science 94 : 428, 1941). The term is used in
TOTHERMIC TEMPERATURE REGULATORS. heating and ventilation engineering in the determina-
CALORIMETRY: The measurement of heat. In thermal tion of environmental conditions for human comfort.
physiology, the measurement of the heat transfer be- COLD-BLOODED: The thermal state of an animal in
tween a tissue, an organ, or an organism and its en- remains close to ambient
which core temperature
vironment. (L. &w-heat; Gk. metria-act of meas- temperature when subjected to a low ambient temper-
uring.) See CALORIMETRY, DIRECT and CALO- ature* Synonym: BRADYMETABOLIC, POIKILO-
RIMETRY, INDIRECT. THERMIC. Antonym: WARM-BLOODED.
CALORIMETRY, DIRECT : The direct physical meas- NOTE: The existence of only a small temperature
urement of heat, usually the rate of transfer of heat gradient between the organism and its environment
betlveen a tissue, an organ, or an organism and its results from the low rate of metabolic heat production
environment. (BRADYMETABOLISM) of cold-blooded animals
relative to the high rate of heat production (TACHY-
CALORIMETRY, INDIRECT: The measurement of the METABOLISM) of warm-blooded animals. Thus the
rate of transfer of a material involved in the transforma- terms BRADYMETABOLIC and TACHYMETA-
tion of chemical energy into heat between a tissue, an BOLIC are preferred to the terms COLD-BLOODED
organ, or an organism and its environment. The process and WARM-BLOODED, because the first pair of
rewires the calculation of the heat transfer from an terms relates to a more basic physiological distinction
empirically established relation between the material and because the second pair of terms has been used
transfer and the heat transfer. with various meanings not all of which are entirely
XOTE: The most common method of INDIRECT consistent with the definitions given here. Since their
CALORIMETRY is to measure the uptake of oxygen core temperatures follow ambient temperature, all
and/or the elimination of carbon dioxide, and to con- cold-blooded animals are YOIKILOTHERMIC (i.e.,
vert these values to an equivalent quantity of heat. many temperatured). Thus COLD-BLOODED,
CALORIMETRY, PARTITIONAL : The estimation of POIKILOTHERMIC, and BRADYMETABOLIC
any single term in the BODY HEAT BALANCE arc descriptions of related phenomena. The same can-
EQUATION from direct measurements of all other not be said of WARM-BLOODED, HOMEOTHER-
terms in the equation during the steady state. Ref: MIC, and TACHYMETABOLIC (ses WARM-
WINSLOW, C.-E. A., L. P. HERRINGTON, & A. P. BLOODED).
GAGGE, Am. J. Physiol. 116 : 641, 1936. COMBINED XONEVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
CENOTHERMY: The condition of a temperature-regulat- COEFFICIENT. See HEAT TRANSFER COEFFI-
ing organism when within &l SD of the mean core CIENT, COMBINED NONEVAPORATIVE.

COMFORT. Sea THERMAL COMFORT. CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR EVAPORA-

TIVE HEAT LOSS. 2. The ambient temperature
CONDUCTANCE, THERMAL. SeeTHERMAL CON- above which there is an increase in metabolic rate due
DUCTANCE.
to a rise in the core temperature of a resting thermo-
CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER (K): The net rate regulating animal. [“Cl
of heat transfer by conduction between an organism CRYOTHERMY: The thermal status of a supercooled
and its environment, usually expressed in terms of
organism (i.e., with the temperature of the body mass
unit area of the total body surface. The quantity K in below the freezing point of the tissue). (Gk. kruos-
the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION in which
cold; therme-heat.)
+K = heat gain, and -K = heat loss. [W - md2] or
WI CUTANEOUS WATER EXCHANGE, PASSIVE. &e
PASSIVE CUTANEOUS WATER EXCHANGE.
CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT+
See HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CON- CUTANEOUS WATER VAPOR EXCHANGE, PAS-
DUCTIVE. SIVE. See PASSIVE CUTANEOUS WATER
VAPOR EXCHANGE.
COINDUCTIVITY, THERMAL. See THERMAL CON-
DUCTIVITY. DEEP BODY TEMPERATURE. SeeTEMPERATURE,
CORE
CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE LABILITY. See
TEM-PERATURE LABILITY, CONTROLLED. DENSITY (p) : The ratio of the mass to the volume of a
substance. [kg mmm31
CONVECTION, FORCED : Fluid movement along pres-
sure gradients induced by forces such as wind, fans, DEW-POINT TEMPERATURE. SeeTEMPERATURE,
and blowers. DEW-POINT.
CONVECTION, NATURAL: Movement in a fluid DIFFUSIVITY, MASS (D): The constant of proportional-
medium induced by gravitational forces caused by ity relating the rate of diffusion of a gas to the gradient
differences of density associated with changes in of its concentration in another gas, e.g., water vapor
temperature of the medium. in air. If the rate of diffusion of mass is & [kg+] in a
direction specified by a coordinate y [m] and if the con-
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRAn’SFER (C): The net rate of
centration over a plane at a given value cf y is p [kg.
heat transfer by convection between an organism and
mw3], the flux through an area A is given by the Fickian
its environment, usually expressed in terms of unit area
equation, n5 = -DA@p/6y), where D is the MASS
of the total body surface. The quantity C in the BODY
DIFFUSIVITY or diffusion coefficient and 6p/6y is
HEAT BALANCE EOUATION in which +C =
the appropriate concentration gradient. More com-
heat gain and -C = hiit loss. [W l m-2] or [W]
plex equations are needed to describe diffusion in two
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT. or three directions simultaneously. [m2 s-l]
l
See HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CONVEC-

DIFFUSIVITY, THERMAL (a): The thermal conduc-
TIVE.
tivity of a substance divided by its density (p) and
CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER. SeeMASS TRANS- specific heat at constant pressure (cp). [m2 s-l] l
FER, CONVECTIVE.
DIRECT CALORIMETRY. See CALORIMETRY,
CORE TEMPERATURE. SeeTEMPERATURE, CORE. DIRECT.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR EVAPORATIVE DIRECTIONAL EMISSIVITY. SeeEMISSIVITY, DI-
HEAT LOSS. &e CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, RECTIONAL.
UPPER.
DIURNAL: 1. Occurring during the day, as distinct from
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR HEAT PRODUC- the night . Antonym : NOCTURNAL. 2. Occurring
TION. See CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, LOWER. daily (during each 24-h period). (L. diurnus adj < dies-
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, LOWER : The ambient day.1
temperature below which the rate of metabolic heat DRY BULB TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
production of a resting thermoregulating animal in- DRY BULB.
creases by shivering and/or nonshivering thermogenic
processes to maintain thermal balance. Synonym : DRY HEAT LOSS. SeeHEAT LOSS, NONEVAPORA-
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR HEAT PRO- TIVE.
DUCTION. [“C] DUBOIS AREA. See AREA, DUBOIS.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, UPPER: 1. The ambient ECCRITIC BODY TEMPERATURE. SeePREFERRED
temperature above which thermoregulatory evapora- BODY TEMPERATURE.
tive heat loss processes (e.g., THERMAL TACHYP-
NEA, SWEATING) of a resting thermoregulating ECTOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation in
animal are recruited (preferred usage). Synonym : which the body temperature depends on the behav-

iorally and autonomically regulated uptake of heat same term is used in chemistry to mean the uptake of
from the environment. (Gk. ekdos-outside; herme- heat during a chemical reaction.
heat.) Antonym : ENDOTHERMY.
ENDOTOXIC PYROGEN. See ENDOTOXIN.
EFFECTIVE RADIANT FIELD. See RADIANT FLUX,
ENDOTOXIN: A heat-stable PYROGEN derived from
EFFECTIVE.
the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
EFFECTIVE RADIANT FLUX. See RADIANT FLUX, NOTE: Chemically, all ENDOTOXINS so far
EFFECTIVE. examined contain lipopolysaccharides of high molecu-
lar weight.
EFFECTIVE RADIATING AREA. See AREA, EFFEC-
TIVE RADIATING ENERGY METABOLISM. &e METABOLISM, EN-
ERGY.
EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
EFFECTIVE ENVIRONlM+ENT. See TOTAL ENVIRONMENT.
EMISSIVITY (e): Th e ratio of the total RADIANT ESTIVATION: A state of summer lethargy with a reduc-
ENERGY emitted by a body to the energy emitted by tion in body temperature and metabolism demon-
a FULL RADIATOR at the same temperature. strated by some animals which are TEMPERATURE
REGULATORS when active. (L. aesfivus adj < (lestus
EMISSIVITY, DIRECTIONAL (ccd,& : The ratio of the
-summer.)
THERMAL RADIANCE (L,,th) of a body in a given
direction to that of a FULL RADIATOR (L,, ~~=l)) EURYTHERMY: The tolerance by organisms of a wide
at the same temperature. range of environmental temperatures, or the accom-
modation to substantial changes in the thermal en-
vironment. (G-k. eurus-wide; therme-heat.) Antonym:
in which 8 and 4 are the angular coordinates defining STENOTHERMY.
the given direction.
EUTHERMY+ See CENOTHERMY*
EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL (oh): The ratio of the EVAPORATIVE HEAT GAIN (+E): The rate of total
total RADIANT ENERGY emitted by an element of heat gain due to condensation of vapor on the skin
a surface into a hemisphere to the energy emitted by a and/or the surfaces of the respiratory tract, expressed
similar element on the surface of a FULL RADIATOR. in terms of unit area of total body surface. The quan-
The element forms the center of the equatorial plane tity +E in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUA-
of the hemisphere, but it is not necessary to define TION. [Warn-z] or [W]
its radius. NOTE: EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER most
EMISSIVITY, SPECTRAL (Q): The ratio of the RADI- frequently occurs by vaporization of water from the
ANT FLUX emitted by an element of surface per unit body and is EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS (-4);
wavelength interval to the flux emitted by a FULL in some circumstances vapor can condense on the body
RADIATOR at the same temperature and in the causing EVAPORATIVE HEAT GAIN (+E).
same waveband. EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS (-E): The rate of total
EMISSIVITY, WINDOW (E,): The ratio of the RADI- heat loss by evaporation of water from the skin and the
ANT ENERGY emitted by an element of surface be- surfaces of the respiratory tract, usually expressed in
tween wavelengths X 1 and X2 to the flux emitted by a terms of unit area of total body surface. The quantity
FULL RADIATOR at the same temperature and in -E in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION.
the same waveband. The quantity is a special type of [W mm21 or [W]
l
SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY and is used because some EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT. See
biological materials have a low emissivity in parts of HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT, EVAPORATIVE.
the infrared or visible spectrum. These parts are known
as windows. EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER (E): The rate of
heat transfer by evaporation from or condensation on
EMITTANCE. See RADIANT EXITANCE. the skin and the surfaces of the respiratory tract,
usually expressed in terms of unit area of total body
ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN. See PYROGEN, ENDOG-
surface. In the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUA-
ENOUS.
TION, evaporation and heat loss from the hod‘; are
ENDOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation in indicated by (-E), condensation and heat gain to
which the body temperature depends on a high the body by (+E). [Worn-z] or [W]
(TACHYMETABOLIC) and controlled rate of heat
EXITANCE. See RADIANT EXITANCE.
production. (Gk. e&o-inside; fhermeheat.) Antonym :
ECTOTHERMY. FEVER: A pathological condition in which there is an
NOTE: The use of endothermy to denote the pro- abnormal rise in core temperature. The extent of the
duction of heat within an organ or organism is etymo- rise is variable. The temperature rise in an individual
logically correct but may be found confusing as the may be considered as fever when it is greater than the

F TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY 947
for the species in basal conditions. FEVER is HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT, EVAPORATIVE, See
rom HYPERTHERMIA in that all thermo- HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, EVAPORA-
responses indicate a defense of the feverish TIVE.
core temperature. There is no evidence that
HEAT LOSS, DRY. See HEAT LOSS, NO’NEVAPORA-
to the elevation of body temperature alone,
TIVE.
lethal. Pathological, malignant HYPER-
of endogenous origin may be fatal in HEAT LOSS, NEWTONIAN. SeeHEAT LOSS, NON-
patients given anesthetics such as halo- EVAPORATIVE.
hese HYPERTHERMIAs are characterized
HEAT LOSS, NONEVAPORATIVE: The sum of heat
apid, uncontrolled rises in core temperature.
losses by radiation, convection, and conduction per
CONVECTION. See CONVECTION, unit area of body surface in unit time. [W l m-2]
Synonyms: HEAT LOSS, DRY; HEAT LOSS,
SENSIBLE; HEAT LOSS, NEWTONIAN.
TOR. SeeRADIATOR, FULL. NCITE : In meteorological literature, SENSIBLE
DAPTATION. SeeADAPTATION, GENO- HEAT LOSS refers to convection only and does not
include other nonevaporative forms of heat transfer.
ADAPTATION. See ADAPTATION, HEAT LOSS, SENSIBLE. See HEAT LOSS, NON-
YPIC. EVAPORATIVE.
MPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE, HEAT, SPECIFIC. seeSPECIFIC HEAT.
HEAT STORAGE, CHANGE IN: The gain or loss of
TTERING: The rapid oscillations of the heat associated with change in body temperature or
paratus and hence of the gular region of some body mass. Rate [W], Level [W s] or [J] See also
ng exposure to high ambient temperature, STORAGE OF BODY HEAT.
means air is moved across the moist surfaces
HEAT STROKE: A condition caused by an excessiverise
per respiratory tract. in body temperature as the result of overloading or
Reduction of responses to or perception failure of the thermoregulatory system during ex-
d stimulation. posure to heat stress. It is characterized by a sudden
and sustained loss of consciousness and may be pre-
ANCE EQUATION. See BODY HEAT ceded by vertigo, nausea, headache, muscular cramps,
EQUATION. and cessation of sweating.
CITY: The product of the massof an object HEAT SYNCOPE: Collapse, usually with loss of conscious-
PECIFIC HEAT. [J “C-l]
l ness,during exposure to heat. The symptoms are simi-
lar to those of the vasovagal syndrome (fainting).
TENT, BODY: The product of the body mass,
e SPECIFIC HEAT, and the absolute MEAN HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, COMBINED
TEMPERATURE. [J] NONEVAPORATIVE (h) : The ratio of total rate of
The actual value of this term is seldom c&u- heat transfer per unit area by radiation, convection,
is used only in the determination of HEAT and conduction to the temperature difference between
GE. Seealso STORAGE OF BODY HEAT. the surface and operative temperature of the environ-
ment.
MPS : Painful spasms of voluntary muscles re-
salt deficiency caused by profuse sweating in h = h, + h, + hk [w , m-2 . “C-11
to prolonged heat stress. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CONDUCTIVE
USTION: Muscular weakness, fatigue, and (hk): The net rate of heat transfer by conduction per
with reduced sweating, resulting from pro- unit area between a surface and a solid or stationary
xposure to heat. This condition is aggravated fluid in contact with the surface per unit temperature
ar exertion and by water or salt deficiency. difference (AT) between the surface and the substance
lyith which it is in contact.
W: The rate of thermal energy transmission
egion of higher to one of lower temperature. Ink = KaT-1
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CONVECTIVE
(h,) : The net rate of heat transfer per unit area be-
DENSITY: Thermal energy passing through
tween a surface and a moving fluid per unit tempera-
of a given surface in unit time. [W ‘mm21
ture difference (AT) between the surface and the
S: The rate of heat transfer from an organism fluid.
nvironment, or from one part of an organism h, = CAT-I ${individualUser.surname}
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948 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOG
(he). The rate of heat exchange per unit vapor pressure temperature range) would have suited the circumstance
gradient caused by the evaporation of water from a well, but these terms are already in use to describe the
unit area of wet surface or by the condensation of water patterns of thermoregulation of animals which occur in
vapor on a unit area of body surface. The driving force narrow ranges and wide ranges of ambient tempera-
is the VAPOR PRESSURE gradient from P,, (on the ture.
surface) to P,, (of the ambient gas). Thus
HIBERNATION: The state of winter lethargy with a
h, = -E(P,, - P,&l or +E(P,, - I’,.,)-’ reduction in body temperature and metabolism of some
animals that are TEMPERATURE REGULATORS
[W .mm2Pa-l] l or [W 9rn-? Torr-I]
l
when active. (L. hibernare-to passthe winter.)

In terms of the LATENT HEAT (X) of water, the gas HOMEOTHERMY: The pattern of temperature regula-
constant for water vapor (R,), the mean temperature tion in a TACHYMETABOLIC speciesin which the
(T) of the medium in OK and the MASS TRANSFER cyclic variation in core temperature, either nychthem-
COEFFICIENT (hD) erally or seasonally, is maintained within arbitrarily
h, = h&R,-IT-1 defined limits (&Z”C) despite much larger variations
in ambient temperature. (Gk. horn&-like, resembling;
NOTE: In most physiological applications the tile?-me-heat.) Synonym : HOMOIOTHERMY.
VAPOR PRESSURE gradient instead of the concen-
tration gradient can be considered as the driving po- HOMOIOTHERT 1Y. SeeHOMEOTHERMY.
tential for the evaporative process since the tempera- HUMIDITY, ABSOLUTE (7): Mass of water vapor in
ture difference between the evaporating surface and air per unit volume of air/water vapor mixture.
the ambient air is small in relation to the average [kg mm31
l
temperature of the surface-water vapor medium.

HUMIDITY, RELATIVE (+): The ratio of the mol frac-
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, RADIATIVE: The tion of water vapor present in a volume of air to the
net rate of heat transfer per unit area by the exchange mol fraction present in saturated air, both at the same
of thermal radiation between two surfaces, per unit temperature and pressure; in thermal physiology, the
temperature difference between the surfaces. [W mm2 l l
ratio of the saturated vapor pressure at the dew-point
0
c -11 temperature (Ps, dP) of th e enclosure to the saturated

vapor pressure at its dry bulb temperature (Ps, &.
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIEKT, RADIATIVE
(LINEAR) (h,): A ccording to the Stefan-Boltzmann WI When the RELATIVE HUMIDITY is
expressed as a percentage, the symbol is (rh).
Law, the exchange of radiation between two black
surfaces at temperatures Tl and T2 [OK] is propor- HYPERPNEA, THERMAL. See THERMAL HYPERP-
tional to aT4, where 0 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. NEA.
When the ratio (Tl - T2)/T is small, where T =
HYPERTHERMIA: The condition of a tempcrature-
(T1 + T&Q, a(T14 - TT4) e 4aT3-(Tl - T2) and
regulating animal when the core temperature is more
the term 4gT3 can be treated as a linear heat transfer
than one standard deviation (1 SD) above the mean
coefficient. [W .rnm2. “C-l]
core temperature of the species in resting conditions in
HELIOTHERMY: The regulation of the core temperature a thermoneutral environment. (Gk. 1Lyfier-over ;
of an ectothermic animal by behavioral variation in therme~heat. )
exposure to solar radiation. (Gk. /lelios-the sun ; NOTE: HYPERTHERMIA need not be a febrile
therme-heat.) state, e.g., the hyperthermia of exercise, but FEVER is
a hyperthermic state . In nonpathological hyperthermia,
HEMISPHERICAL EMISSIVITY. See EAIISSIVITY, the regulatory centers might be functioning normally
HE%IISPHERICAL. but the heat load may be too great to be compensated
by equal heat loss without a rise in core temperature
HETEROTHERMY: The pattern of tempcraturc regula-
of more than 1 SD above the mean for the species.
tion in a TACHY*uETABOLIC species in which the
variation in core temperature, either nychthemerally HYPOTHERMIA: The condition of a tcmperature-
or seasonally, exceeds that which defines HOMEO- regulating animal when the core temperature is more
THERMY. (Gk. lLletero-different; Iherme-heat.) than one standard deviation (1 SD) below the mean
NOTI‘: : This is an arbitrary term in two senses: i) core temperature of the species in resting conditions in
because Jjetero = a difference from (i.e., a difference a thermoncutral environment. (Gk. hy;bo-under,
between two) rather than a wide range, and ii) be- beneath; tlzerme-heat.)
cause the distinction that is being made between
INDIRECT CALORIMETRY. See CALORIMETRY,
thermostable and rather less thermally stable species
INDIRECT.
depends on an arbitrary division. See: 1. POIKILO-
THERMY (d iversified temperatures) although etymo- INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATIO’N: The mass of water
logically satisfactory has already been given a more passing through the skin by diffusion per unit area in
restricted meaning. 2. STENOTHERMY (narrow unit time. [kg. mm2 s-l]
l Synonym: PASSIVE CU-
temperature range) and EURYTHERMY (wide TANEOUS WATER VAPOR EXCHANGE.

GLOSSAKY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY 949
NOTE : Hitherto, rates of insensible perspiration MEAN SKIN TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
and of sweating have been expressed most commonly MEAN SKIN.
in [g m-2 h-l], but this does not conform
l l with SI MET: An assigned unit of measurement to designate
conventions. The most convenient SI term appears to ‘<sitting-resting” metabolic rate of man.
be [mg m-2 4s-11 (3.6 g*rn-%-l
l = 1 mg+m-24-1).
1 met = 58.15 W m-2 = 50 kcal h-1 4mm2
l n
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS: The sum of the water lost

by diffusion through the skin and water lost in breath- It is an empirical unit of measurement to express the
ing, and excluding any water excreted (e.g., in sweat, metabolic rate of a man whose clothing has an in-
urine, feces). [kg - s-13 or [kg m-2 s-l] l l sulative value of 1 CL0 when he is sitting at rest in
comfortable indoor surroundings (2 1 “C).
INSULATION. See THERMAL RESISTANCE.
METABOLICALLY EFFECTIVE BODY WEIGHT:
IRRADIANCE (E): The RADIANT FLUX incident on See METABOLIC BODY SIZE (preferred synonym).
or passing through unit area of a surface. [W *mm21 NOTE: The term METABOLICALLY EFFEC-
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (X): The quan- TIVE BODY WEIGHT may be wrongly understood
tity of heat released (or absorbed) in the reversible to be that part of the body weight which is metaboli-
process of evaporation (or condensation) of unit mass tally active in contrast to a part that ix metabolically
of liquid (or vapor) under isobaric and isothermal inert. Its use is better avoided.
equilibrium conditions. [J . kg-l] METABOLIC BODY SIZE: The function of an animal’s
LEAST OBSERVED METABOLIC RATE. See META- body size to which STANDARD (or BASAL) META-
BOLIC RATE, LEAST OBSERVED. BOLIC RATE is directly proportional. Synonym:
METABOLICALLY EFFECTIVE BODY WEIGHT.
LEUKOCYTIC PYROGEN. See PYROGEN, LEUKO- NOTE: Metabolic body size is often calculated using
CYTIC. body weight raised to a power as in the expression M
LOWER CRITICAL TEMPERATURE. See CRITICAL = aWb, where Wb is the METABOLIC BODY
TEMPERATURE, LOWER. SIZE. That the metabolic rate of adult animals (both
TACHYl&lETABOLIC and BRADYMETABOLIC)
LOWER TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT. See changes in proportion to the s power of body weight
TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, LOWER. is an empirically established fact, and the use of W3j4
MASS DIFFUSIVITY. See DIFFUSIVITY, MASS. as the METABOLIC BODY SIZE permits compari-
sons to be made between the metabolic levels of dif-
MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (DIFFUSION) ferent animals. When W2j3 is used, this implies pro-
(h,) : The rate of mass transfer (m) from a vaporizing portionality of metabolic body size to the animal’s
liquid (usually water) to a moving gas (usually air) surface area (see SURFACE RULE). The relation
in contact with it, per unit area (A) of the liquid sur- between metabolic rate and body size (M = aW3i4)
face and per unit difference between the vapor density is a particular case of the general allometric equation
(saturated) at the surface (p,,) and the vapor density (Y = axb) which says that if a biological variable, y,
of the ambient gas ( pw5), expressed in the equation is plotted logarithmically against another biological
[m s-l] variable, x, a straight line with slope b results. Ref:
hD = lilA-l(pNS - pwa)-1 l
VON BERTALANFFY, IL., Helgolaender Wk. Meeresun-

See HEAT TRAn’SFER COEFFICIENT, EVAPO- tersuch. 9 : 5, 1964.
RATIVE.
METABOLIC ENERGY PRODUCTION. See META-
MASS TRANSFER, CONVECTIVE: The transport by BOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION.
convection of one component of a nonreactive mixture
(usually air-water) across an interface caused by a METABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION (M) :
concentration gradient often accompanied by a trans- The rate of transformation of chemical energy into
formation of phase and by a simultaneous transfer of heat and mechanical work by aerobic and anaerobic
heat. metabolic activities within an organism, usually ex-
pressed in terms of unit area of the total body surface.
MASS TRANSFER RATE (m) : The rate of transfer of The quantity M in the BODY HEAT BALANCE
mass. [kg s-11 l
EQUATION. [Wvm-2] or [W]

MAXIMUM METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC NOTE: Metabolic free energy production may not
RATE, MAXIMUM* all result from aerobic metabolic activities and may
therefore exceed that indicated by the rate of oxygen
MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION. See OXY- consumption. Part of the metabolic free energy pro-
GEN CONSUMPTION, MAXIMUM. duction may be used to do work on an external system,
MEAN BODY TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE, and therefore the rate of heat production may be less
MEAN BODY. than the metabolic free energy production.
MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERA- METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION (Erl): Rate of
TURE, MEAN RADIANT. transformation of chemical energy into heat in an

organism, usually expressed in terms of unit area of the for much shorter periods for very small mammals
total body surface. The quantity 1M - (+ W) in the and birds.
BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. [Warn-z]
METABOLIC RATE, LEAST OBSERVED (LOMR):
or WI The lowest rate of metabolism during specified periods
Note: During POSITIVE WORK or in the ab-
of minimum activity. [W], [W m-23, [W akg-l],
sence of both POSITIVE WORK and NEGATIVE
l
(W - kg-3’4] See METABOLIC RATE, MINI-

WORK, METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION
MUM OBSERVED. The rationale and objective of
equals TOTAL HEAT PRODUCTION, but when
LOMR and MOMR are identical; to measure the
work is being done on the body by an external source
metabolic rates of small and wild animals during
(NEGATIVE WORK), TOTAL HEAT PRODUC-
periods of minimal activity as the nearest that can be
TION is the sum of the METABOLIC FREE
made to a measurement of a STANDARD MET-
ENERGY PRODUCTION and the heat liberated
ABOLIC RATE. Th ere may be small but significant
within the body due to negative work, i.e., the quan-
differences in technique : MOMR is the average met-
tity iM - (- W) in BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUA-
abolic rate during periods of minimum activity; LOMR
TION.
is the lowest recorded metabolic rate during periods of
METABOLIC LEVEL: The heat production measured minimum activity. Such brief low values may be
under standard* conditions during a 24-h period influenced by physical characteristics of the system of
divided by the METABOLIC BODY SIZE. [kJ* measurement.
kg-3’” (24 h)-11 Jr
l
METABOLIC RATE, MAXIMUM (MMR): The highest

XOTE: *See METABOLIC RATE, STAN- metabolic rate during a specified period of work com-
DARD. t kJ*kg-3’“(24 h)-1 = 0.2388 kcal*kg-314* patible with sustained aerobic metabolism (i.e., when
(24 h)-1. METABOLIC LEVELS are approxi- there is no progressive accumulation of lactic acid in
mately constant within phylogenetic groups but may the blood). [WI, [Warn-*], [Wmkg-‘], [W*kg-314].
vary between groups. For example, mammalian and XOTE: There may be some confusion between
avian (TACHYMETABOLISM) species have higher MAXIMUM and PEAK METABOLIC RATES.
METABOLIC LEVELS than other species (BRADY- Both terms indicate maximum rates; the distinction
METABOLISM), while the METABOLIC LEVELS is in usage. MAXIMUM relates to work; PEAK
of birds are apparently high .er than those of ma mmals, relates to cold exposure. The terms should also be
and those of prototherian ( mono treme) and meta- distinguished from MAXIMUM OXYGEN CON-
therian (marsupial) mammals are lower than those of SUMPTION.
eutherian (placental) mammals (Poczopko, 197 1).
Ref: POCZOPKO, P., Acta Theoriologica 16: 1, 1971. METABOLIC RATE, MINIMUM OBSERVED
(MOMR) : Averaged metabolic rates during specified
METABOLIC RATE (MR): See METABOLIC FREE periods of minimum activity. [WI, [W m-21, [W kg-l], l l
ENERGY PRODUCTION. [W], [Worn-*I, [W-kg-l], [W kg-314]

l
[W kg-3’4]
l
NOTE: The metabolic rate of small animals in par-

SOTE: Terms in the BODY HEAT BALANCE ticular, but also of larger wild animals, cannot be
EQUATION are usually expressed as quantities of measured under basal or other standard conditions
energy per unit surface area and per unit time [W -111121, (see METABOLIC RATE, BASAL and META-
because heat exchange is a function of area. MET- BOLIC RATE, STANDARD). A practical solution
ABOLIC RATE may also be given as the total free to the problem is to measure metabolic rate con-
energy- production
- in the organism in unit time [W] tinuously and accept the average metabolic rate dur-
or as the free energy production per unit mass of tissue ing periods of minimum activity as the best possible
in unit time [W ‘kg-l]. For comparison of metabolic estimation of a STANDARD METABOLIC RATE.
rates of animals of different body sizes, METABOLIC
RATE is usually related to (body weight) 314 (see METABOLIC RATE, FEAK (PMR): The highest meta-
METABOLIC BODY SIZE). bolic rate that can be induced in a resting animal by
any cold environment. [WI m-q > [W ' kg-q1
3 [W l
METABOLIC RATE, BASAL (BMR) : The rate of MET- [W ' kg-q Synonym SUMMIT METABOLIC
ABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION* cal- RATE. See also METABOLIC RATE, I1/IAXIMUM.
culated from measurements of heat production or Although SUMMIT METABOLIC RATE (SMR)
oxygen consumption in an organism in a rested, awake, is now an accepted term, PEAK METABOLIC
fasting,t and thermoneutral state (a particular case of RATE (PMR) is preferable because the abbreviation
STANDARD METABOLIC RATE). [WI, [Wem-21, SMR is indistinguishable from that for STANDARD
[W kg-l], [W 4kg-3’“]
l
METABOLIC RATE.
SOTE: *In these co nditions, when the amount of
work being done on an external system is negligible, METABOLIC RATE, RESTING (RMR): The meta-
the rate of heat production is equal to the rate of bolic rate of an animal which is resting in a thermo-
metabolism (METABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRO- neutral environment but not in the postabsorptive state.
DUCTION). t The period of fasting needs to be [W], [W-m-2], [Wekg-I], [W*kg-314]
specified as this may be for days in large animals, and NOTE: A particular case of STANDARD META-

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FUR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY 951
BOLIC RATE used when the subject cannot be XONTHERMAL SWEATING+ See SWEATING, NON-
brought to a fasting condition, e-g., ruminant animals. THERMAL.
The period of food deprivation should be stated.
NORMOTHERMY. SeeCENOTHERMY.
METABOLIC RATE, STANDARD (SMR): The rate of
NYCHTHEMERAL: Relating to an exact period of 24 12.
METABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION*
calculated from measurements of heat production or (Gk. nux-night; hemera---bay.)
oxygen consumption in an organism under specified NYCHTHEMERON: A period of 24 h, consisting of a
standard conditions. t [W], [W am-*I, [W. kg-l], day and a night (SOED).
[W .kg+‘“]
OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
NOTE: * The conditions are usually such that the
amount of work being done on an external system is OPERATIVE.
negligible. The rate of heat production is then an OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, MAXIMUM (ijo2mnx) :
acceptable index of the rate of metabolism (MET- The maximum rate at which the lungs can take up
ABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION). oxygen. [ml vs-l]
tThe specified standard conditions are usually that NOTE : Determination of this parameter requires
the organism is rested (or as near to rested as is possible), very high motivation of the subject and can probably
fasting (if possible), awake, and in a thermoneutral be done only on man. Criteria used to show that a
environment. The extent to which standard conditions man has reached the vo2 max, although not as yet
can be achieved varies with species. &e METABOLIC agreed upon, include an indication of no further in-
RATE, MINIMUM OBSERVED. crease in oxygen uptake during further increase in
work load. Tests showing levels of blood lactate con-
METABOLIC RATE, SUMMIT. See METABOLI C
centration exceeding 0.748 mg/ml have been sug-
RATE, PEAK.
gested to control the variability of motivation.
METABOLISM: See METABOLISM, ENERGY* (Gk.
PANTING, THERMAL. &e THERMAL PANTIXG.
matabole-change.)
NOTE: METABOLISM is a general term which PARTITIONAL CALORIMETRY. See CALORIM-
relates to chemical and physical changes occurring in ETRY, PARTITIONAL.
living organisms. In thermal physiology METAB-
OLISM ”invariably relates to the transformation of PASSIVE CUTANEOUS WATER EXCHANGE : The
chemical energy into free energy, but in other divisions passage through the skin in either direction of water
of physiology the term is used in relation to other down an osmotic gradient per unit area in unit time.
changes in state, e.g., calcium metabolism. [kg .m-2 9s-l], also [mg . rnh2 . s-l]
NOTE: Passive cutaneous water exchange occurs
METABOLISM, ANAEROBIC : Transformation of matter only when the skin is covered with water or an aque-
and energy without uptake of oxygen. ous solution.
METABOLTSM, ENERGY: The sum of the chemical PASSIVE CUTANEOUS WATER VAPOR EX-
changes in living matter in which energy is trans- CHANGE: The passage through the skin in either
formed. (Gk. metabole-change.) Sea METABOLISM. direction of water vapor down a water vapor pressure
gradient per unit area in unit time. [kg-m-Q-l], also
MINIMUM OBSERVED METABOLIC RATE. See -2. s-l] Synonym : INSENSIBLE PERSPI-
c g
METABOLIC RATE, MINIMUM OBSERVED. I&bN.
NATURAL CONVECTION. See CONVECTION, NAT- PASSIVE TEMPERATURE LABILITY. See TEM-
URAL. PERATURE LABILITY, PASSIVE.
NEGATIVE WORK. See WORK, NEGATIVE. PHENOTYPIC ADAPTATION. See ADAPTATION,

PHENOTYPIC.
NOCTURNAL: Occurring during the nighttime, as dis-
(L noc~urnus adj < nox-night.) PHYSICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
tinctfromdaytime.
ANTONYM: DIURNAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL THERMOREGULATION. See TEMPER-
NONEVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS. See HEAT LOSS,
ATURE REGULATION, PHYSICAL.
NONEVAPORATIVE.
PHYSIOLOGICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION.
NONGENETIC ADAPTATION. See ADAPTATION, See TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSIO-
PHENOTYPIC. LOGICAL.
NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS. See THERMO- PHYSIOLOGICAL THERMOREGULATION. See
GENESIS, NONSHIVERING. TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSIOLOG-
ICAL.
NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS TOPOGRA-
PHY: The distribution of the sites of NONSHIVER- POLKILOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation of
ING THERMOGENESIS. a species exhibiting a large variability of core tem-

perature as a proportional function of ambient tem- VAPOR PRESSURE at its DEW-POINT TEM-
perature. (Gk. ;boikiZos- changeful, diversified; therme- PERATURE (Ps, Td, or Ps, & or to the product of the
heat.) Synonym: TEMPERATURE CONFORMITY RELATIVE HUMIDITY and the SATURATED
(prcfcrred) . Antonyms : HOMEOTHERMY, TEM- VAPOR PRESSURE at its DRY BULB TEMPER-
PERATURE REGULATION (preferred). ATURE (+Ps, cd.
X~TE: An animal with this pattern of thermoregula-
PROJECTED AREA. see AREA, PROJECTED.
tion is better described as a TEMPERATURE CON-
FORMER. I’oikilo is inconsistent with other uses of PYRETOGEN: See PYROGEN. (Gk. pureto-fever; <gen--
this root in biology. It should, perhaps, be poecilo or become.)
pecilo; cf., poeciloblast, poecilocyte (OED).
PYROGEN: The generic term for any substance whether
POLYPNEA, THERMAL. See THERMAL POLYPNEA. exogenous or endogenous which causes a FEVER
POSITIVE WORK. SeeWORK, POSITIVE. when introduced into or released in the body. (Gk.
PUT-fire; <gen-become.)
PREFERRED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : The range
of ambient temperature, associated with specified PYROGEN, BACTERIAL : Any PYROGEN derived
radiation intensity, humidity, and air movement, from bacteria.
from which an unrestrained animal does not seek to NOTE: All ENDOTOXINS are bacterial pyrogens.
move to a warmer or colder environment. [“Cl PYROGEN, ENDOGENOUS: A heat-labile substance
PREFERRED BODY TEMPERATURE: The range of formed in body tissues and which, when released,
core temperature within which an ectothermic animal causes FEVER by an action upon the central nervous
seeks to maintain itself by behavioral means. [“Cl system.
NOTE: Endogenous pyrogens can be produced and
PRESSURE (P): The force exerted by a homogenous released by cells exposed to EIUDOTOXIN.
liquid or gas, per unit area, normal to the walls of its
container. [Pa, bar, Torr] PYROGEN, ENDOTOXIC. See ENDOTOXIN.
NOTE: The SI-derived unit of pressure is the Pascal
PYROGEN, LEUKOCYTIC: An ENDOGENOUS PY-
(Pa), which is defined as a newton per square meter
ROGEN formed in and released from leukocytes under
(*x +m-2). An alternate SI-derived unit of pressure
experimental conditions.
is the bar (bar) defined as 105 Pa. The unit of pressure
currently approved by the International Commission Qlo: The ratio of the rate of a physiological process at a
of the IUPS for Respiratory Physiology is the torr particular temperature to the rate at a temperature
(Torr), which is synonymous with the pressure unit 10°C lower, when the logarithm of the rate is an ap-
mmHg (an obsolescent unit). One torr is equal to proximately linear function of temperature.
1.33322 millibars.
RADIANCE (IL,): R a d iance at a surface element (dA) of
PRESSURE, ATlMOSPHERIC (P): The pressure due to a source or receiver is the RADIANT INTENSITY
the weight of the atmosphere as indicated by a barom- (dI) from direction 8 divided by the orthogonal pro-
eter. STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE is jection of this surface element (dA aces 0) on a plane
the pressure 760 Torr (or the weight of a 760 mm perpendicular to the direction 0. 0 is the angle be-
column of mercury at O°C with density 13.595 1 X tween the normal to the element (dA) of the source or
103kg rnB3 under standard
l gravity of 9.80665 m s-2) l
receiver and the direction of the observation. [W .sr-l+
and is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars or to 101.325 m71
kilopascals (kPa).
RADIANCE, THERMAL (I;,,,,): RADIANCE due
PRESSURE, WATER VAPOR (P,): The pressure ex- to thermal radiation. [W +I=-1 .rn-2]
erted by water vapor. If water vapor is confined over
RADIANT ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL (a): The ratio of
its liquid so that the vapor comes into equilibrium
total RADIANT FLUX absorbed by a body to the
with the liquid, and the ambient temperature T, of
total incident flux.
the medium is held constant, the vapor pressure ap-
proaches a maximum value called the SATURATED RADIANT EMITTANCE. See RADIANT EXLTANCE.
VAPOR PRESSURE (Ps,T,) or P,,. The term VA- RADIANT ENERGY (Q): Energy traveling in the form
POR PRESSURE (WATER) is always synonymous
of electromagnetic waves. [J]
with a SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE at a NOTE: This term should be distinguished from the
temperature T. [Pa, millibar, Torr]
RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE (R) of the environ-
NOTE: The water vapor pressure of an enclosure is ment with the body. That part of the electromagnetic
calculated usually from the observed WET BULB
spectrum of significance in thermal physiology is
and DRY BULB TEMPERATURES and the at- divided for convenience into the wavebands:
mospheric pressure, by using standard steam or me-
teorological tables and formulas (Ref: CHAMBERS,A. B., Ultraviolet 0.25 - 0.38 pm
A psychrometric chart for physiological research, J. Visible 0.38 - 0.78 pm
AppZ. Physiol. 29 : 406-412, 1970). The water vapor Infrared 0.78 - 100 pm
pressure in an enclosure is equal to the SATURATED Microwave l- 100 mm

RADIANT ENERGY, SPECTRAL (0,x): The radiant RADIANT INTENSITY (I): The RADIANT FLUX
energy per unit wave length interval at wavelength proceeding from a source per unit solid angle in the
A. [J gnrn-I] direction considered. [W sr-11
l
RADIANT EXITANCE (M,): The RADIANT FLUX RADIANT INTENSITY, SPECTRAL (Ix): The RA-
leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of DIANT INTENSITY per unit wavelength interval.
that element. This quantity includes radiation emitted, W 9sr-l nm-I]
l
reflected, and transmitted by the surface.

RADIATION REFLECTANCE. See REFLECTANCE,
RADIATION.
M. = d@,/dA = Lc-cos 80 da [W l mm21
i’ RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR (Fij): A dimensionless
NOTE: The name RADIANT EMITTANCE pre- quantity expressing the fraction of the diffuse energy
viously given to this quantity is abandoned because it emitted by a surface (or a source), denoted by the
has given rise to confusion. Thus the term emittance is subscript i, that is received by another surface, denoted
used to designate either the flux per unit area leaving by the subscript j, visible by it and in known geometric
a surface whatever the origin (emitted, reflected, or relation with it. Synonym: RADIATION VIEW
transmitted), or the Aux per unit area emitted by a FACTOR.
surface (originating in the surface), or a quantity
RADIATION TRANSMITTANCE. See TRANSMIT-
without dimensions similar to emissivity but applicable
TANCE, RADIATION.
only to a specimen.
RADIATION VIEW FACTOR. See RADIATION
RADIANT EXITANCE, SELF (Me, & The RADIANT
SHAPE FACTOR.
FLUX emitted by an element of a surface divided by
the area of that element. The flux considered does not RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT. See
include reflected or transmitted flux. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, RADIATIVE.
RADIANT EXLTANCE, THERMAL (Me, th) : The RADIATIVE (LINEAR) HEAT TRANSFER COEFFI-
RADIANT FLUX emitted as thermal radiation by CIENT. See HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT,
an element of a surface divided by the area of that RADIATIVE (LINEAR).
element.
NOTE: In the case of a FULL RADIATOR, the RADIATOR: An emitter of RADIANT ENERGY.
RADIANCE (L,) is uniform in all directions. In con- RADIATOR, FULL: A RADIATOR of uniform surface
sequence, when the solid angle is measured in ste- temperature whose RADIANT EXITANCE in all
radians, the RADIANT EXITANCE has the nu- parts of the spectrum is the maximum obtainable. The
merical value M, = 4rL,. EMISSIVITY of a full radiator is unity for all wave-
RADIANT FIELD, EFFECTIVE. See RADIANT FLUX, lengths. Synonym: BLACKBODY.
EFFECTIVE. RADIATOR, GRAYBODY: A RADIATOR whose
RADIANT FLUX (a): Th e rate of flow of RADIANT SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY is less than unity, at
ENERGY. [W] least in the waveband for thermal radiation (3-30 pm),
but is the same at all wavelengths.
RADIANT FLUX DENSITY (d@/dA): The RADIANT
FLUX per unit area. [Worn-21 RADIATOR, SELECTIVE: A RADIATOR with a
NOTE: The radiant flux density emitted by a surface SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY less than unity which
is the THERMAL RADIANT EXITANCE. The varies with wavelength.
radiant flux density incident on or passing through an NOTE : Human and animal skins have high
area is the IRRADIANCE. EMISSIVITIES in the waveband 3-30 pm but not
between 0.7 and 3 pm.
RADIANT FLUX, EFFECTIVE (H,): The net radiant
energy exchanged in unit time with all enclosing sur- REFLECTANCE, RADIATION (p): The ratio of the
faces and with any intense directional heat sources RADIANT FLUX reflected by a surface or medium
and sinks (if present) by a man or man-shaped object to the incident flux.
whose surface temperature is hypothetically at am- NOTE : Measured values of reflectance depend
bient temperature. [W +m-21 upon the angles of incidence and view and the
RADIANT FLUX, SPECTRAL (a”): The RADIANT spectral character of the incident Aux; these factors
FLUX per unit wavelength interval at wavelength should be specified.
A. [W l m-I] RELATIVE HUMIDITY. See HUMIDITY, RELA-
RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE (R): The net rate of TIVE.
heat exchange by radiation between an organism and RESTSTANCE, THERMAL. See THERMAL RESIST-
its environment, usually expressed in terms of unit area ANCE.
of the total body surface. The quantity R in the BODY
HEAT BALANCE EQUATION where +R = heat RESTING METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC
gain and -R = heat loss. [W-m-] or [W] RATE, RESTING.

954 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR TI-IERMAL PHYSIOLOGY
SALIVA SPREADING: The spreading of saliva on the (space) angle, i.e., the angle subtended at the center
body surface, often a deliberate behavioral action to of a sphere of unit radius by unit area of the surface of
cool the surface by evaporation. the sphere. [sr]
SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE. See PRESSURE, STORAGE OF BODY HEAT (S): The rate of increase
WATER VAPOR. (+) or decrease (-) in the HEAT CONTENT of the
body caused by an imbalance between heat produc-
SENSIBLE HEAT LOSS See HEAT LOSS, SON-
tion and heat loss, usually expressed in terms of unit
EVAPORATIVE.
area of total body surface. The quantity S in the BODY
SHAPE FACTOR, RADIATION. See RADIATION HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. [Worn-21 or [W]
SHAPE FACTOR.
SUMMIT METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC:
SHIVERING. See THERMOGENESIS, SHIVERING. RATE, PEAK.
SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS TOPOGRAPHY: SURFACE AREA. See AREA, TOTAL BODY and AREA,
The distribution of thermoregulatory muscle tone, DUBOIS (for man only).
microvibrations, and shivering in skeletal muscles of SURFACE RULE: A statement that the BASAL MET-
tachymetabolic TEMPERATURE REGULATORS ABOLIC RATE is proportional to the 34 power of
during cold exposure. body weight.
SKIN WETTEDNESS. See WETTEDNESS, SKIS. NOTE: The rule is based on the proposition that
BMR is related to surface area and that surface
SOLAR RADIATION AREA See AREA, SOLAR area varies with the ,24 power of body weight. How-
RADIATION. ever, this is not experimentally verifiable, for when
SPECIFIC HEAT (c): The quantity of heat required to BMR is expressed per 25 power of body weight it
raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by increases systematically with body size (Kleiber, 1947).
one degree Celsius. [J kg-1 “C-l] l l
BMR is more nearly proportional to the x power of
NOTE: For gases, it is necessary to specify whether body weight (see METABOLIC BODY SIZE). Ref:
the pressure (cp) or the volume (c,) is held constant KLEIBER, M., I%ysiol. l?ev. 27: 411, 1947.
during its determination* The specific heat of body SWEATING, NONTHERMAL: A response of the sweat
tissue is usually taken to be 3.43 kJ+kg-lmOC-l (i.e., glands to a nonthermal stimulus.
0.83 kcal kg -l**C-l). l Ref: SCHAFER,E. A., ?Textbaok
of Physiology, London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1898, SWEATING, THERMAL: A response of the sweat glands
vol. x, p. 838. to a thermal stimulus. Rate [mg mm-%-l]
Note: 1 mgam-**s-l = 3.6 g.rn-2*h-l,
SPECIFIC HEAT, VOLUMETRIC: The product of the
DENSITY of a material and its SPECIFIC HEAT. TACHYMETABOLISM: The high level of basal me-
[J . ‘C-1 l m-3-J tabolism of birds and mammals relative to those of
reptiles and other nonavian and nonmammalian
SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY. See EMISSIVITY, SPEC- animals of the same body weight and at the same
TRAL. tissue temperature. (Gk. &&us-fast; matabole-change.)
SPECTRAL RADIANT FLUX. see RADIANT FLUX, Synonym: WARM-BLOODED. Antonym: BRADY-
SPECTRAL. METABOLISM, COLD-BLOODED
NOTE: This relatively high level of basal metabolism
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. See PRES- in mammals and birds is a precondition for the relative
SURE, ATMOSPHERIC. stability of core temperature during exposure to cold
STANDARD METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC (WARM-BLOODED) and of endothermic HO-
RATE, STANDARD. MEOTHERMY and HETEROTHERMY.
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW: The THERMAL RA- TACHYPNEA, THERMAL. See THERMAL TACHY-
DIANT EXITANCE of a FULL RADIATOR is PNEA.
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute tem- TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT (T,): The average tem-
perature, M,, th = cT4. The currently recommended perature of a gaseous or liquid environment (usually
value of the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (c) is 5.6696 air or water) surrounding a body, as measured outside
X 10-S [W -m-2hK-4]. the thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers that
STENOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation in overlay the body. [OC] Synonym: TEMPERA-
organisms, which occur naturally in a narrow range TURE, DRY BULB ( in a gaseous environment).
of environmental temperatures and which, singly or
TEMPERATURE CONFORMER : An organism, the
collectively, are intolerant of or accommodate in-
core temperature of which varies as a proportional
effectually to wide changes in their thermal environ-
function of ambient temperature; an animal without
ment. (Gk. stenos-narrow; thermepheat.) Antonym:
effective temperature regulation by autonomic or
EURYTHERMY
behavioral means. Synonym : POIKILOTHERM.
STERADIAN (Q): Unit of measurement of a solid Antonvm: TEMPERATURE REGULATOR.

@LOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THEKMAL PHYSIOLOGY 955
TEMPERATURE CONFORMITY: The thermal relation urements of skin and core temperature, e.g., for man
between the environment and an organism, the core in a warm environment, ‘&, z 0.9 Tt, + 0.1 ‘i’skr
temperature of which varies as a proportional function where T ty is tympanic membrane temperature and
of ambient temperature, i.e., an absence of effective Tsk is the mean skin temperature. In a cool environ-
temperature regulation by autonomic or behavioral ment, T, E 0.67 Tt, + 0.33 Tsk- Many other formulas
means. have been proposed but no one formula remains valid
under all conditions and for all species. For discussion,
TE1 JIPERATURE, CORE: The mean temperature of
seeMINARD, D., In: Physiological and Behauioral Tem-
the tissues at a depth below that which is affected
fierature Regulation, edited by J. D. Hardy, A. P. Gagge,
directly by a change in the temperature gradient
8r. J. A. J- Stolwijk, Springfield, Thomas, Ill.: 1970.
through peripheral tissues. Mean core temperature
cannot be measured accura tely, and is generally rep- TEMPERATURE, MEAN RADIANT (‘T’,): The tem-
resented by a specified core temperature, e.g., that of perature of an imaginary isothermal “black” en-
the rectum. [“Cl Synonym: TEMPERATURE, closure in which a solid body or occupant would ex-
DEEP BODY. change the same amount of heat by radiaticln as in the
actual nonuniform enclosure. [“Cl
TEMPERATURE, DEEP BODY. See TEMPERATURE,
CORE (preferred synonym). TEMPERATURE, MEAN SKIN (‘I’,,): The sum of the
products of the area of each regional surface element
TEXlPERATURE, DEW-POINT (T,I,) : The temper- (A i) and its mean temperature (‘i’i) divided by the
ature at which condensation first occurs when an air-
total area of body surface.
water vapor mixture is cooled at constant pressure.
c0clA rTsk = (ZAi*‘I‘i)/Ab cOcl
TEMPERATURE, DRY BULB (Tdb): The temperature TEMPERATURE, OPERATIVE (T,) : The temperature
of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by a thermometer of a uniform (isothermal) “black” enclosure in which a
shielded from radiation. [“Cl Synonym: TEM- solid body or occupant would exchange the same
PERATURE, AMBIENT. amount of heat by radiation and convection as in the
actual nonuniform environment. [“Cl
TEMPERATURE, EFFECTIVE (T,,,) : An arbitrary
index which combines in a single value the effect of TEMPERATURE REGULATION : The maintenance of
temperature, humidity, and air movement on the the temperature or temperatures of a body within a
sensation of warmth or cold felt by human subjects. restricted range under conditions involving variable
The numerical value is that of the temperature of internal and/or external heat loads. Biologically, the
“still” air saturated with water vapor which would existence of some degree of body temperature regula-
induce an identical sensation. [“Cl tion by autonomic or behavioral means. Antonym:
TEMPERATURE CONFORMITY.
TEMPERATURE, GLOBE (T,): The temperature of a
blackened hollow sphere of thin copper (usually 0.15-m TEMPERATURE REGULATION, AUTONOMIC: The
diameter) as measured by a thermometer at its center; regulation of body temperature by autonomic (i.e.,
T, approximately equals TEMPERATURE, OP- involuntary) responses to heat and cold which modify
ERATIVE. [“Cl the rates of heat production and heat loss (i.e., by
sweating, thermal tachypnea, shivering, and variations
TEMPERATURE LABILITY, CONTROLLED: An in peripheral vasomotor tone and basal metabolism).
expression of the extent of the daily and seasonal
variations in the level at which core temperature is
(Gk autos-self; nomos-law, i.e., self-governing,
SOED.)
being controlled. Synonym: THERMOLABILITY, NOTE: AUTONOMIC TEMPERATURE REGU-
CONTROLLED. LATION is frequently described as PHYSIOLOG-
TEMPERATURE LABILITY, PASSIVE : An expression ICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION, a term
of the extent to which core temperature fluctuates which should be used for all physiological thermo-
passively (i.e., without recruitment of temperature- regulatory processes (i-e-, both autonomic and be-
regulatory mechanisms) when either the rate of heat havioral). Autonomic thermoregulatory responses are
production or the rate of heat exchange with the en- not necessarily associated with the conscious state and,
vironment is varied. Synonym: THERMOLABILITY, in mammals, are unimpaired by the removal of the
PASSIVE. cerebral hemispheres.
TEMPERATURE, MEAN BODY (‘i’,) : The sum of the TEMPERATURE REGULATION, BEHAVIORAL:
products of the heat capacity and temperature of all The regulation of body temperature by complex pat-
the tissues of the body divided by the total heat ca- terns of responses of the skeletal musculature to heat
pacity of the organism. and cold which modify the rates of heat production
- and/or heat loss (e-g., by exercise, change in body
Tb = Z(ci*Ti)/Z ci conformation, and in the thermal insulation of bedding
XOTE: This heat capacity cannot be determined and (in man) of clothing, and by the selection of an
precisely in the living organism. Mean body tem- environment which reduces thermal stress).
perature can be estimated approximately from meas- KOTE : The distinction between BEHAVIORAL

TEMPERATURE REGULATION and THER- body temperature which needs to be defined. Both
MOTROPISM is ill-defined. A plant may exhibit homeothermic and heterothermic animals are classi-
thermotropism but is not considered to be thermo- fied as TEMPERATURE REGULATORS, having
regulating behaviorally. Some aquatic unicellular different degrees of thermostability which are defined
organisms move to a PREFERRED AMBIENT TEM- arbitrarily (see HOMEOTHERMY and HETERO-
PERATURE, but whether this is THERMO- THERMY).
TROPISM or BEHAVIORAL TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE SENSOR : A neuronal structure which
REGULATION may be disputed. In practice, be- is differentially sensitive to temperature and which
havioral temperature regulation relates to complex responds to a maintained temperature with a char-
patterns of behavior dependent on the integrity of a acteristic sustained impulse frequency. A temperature
central nervous system, and therefore excludes the sensor may respond weakly to strong nonthermal
thermotropic functions of organisms which lack an stimuli. The presence of temperature sensors in a tissue
integrated nervous control over muscular activities. may be inferred from the activation of thermoreg-
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, CHEMICAL (ob- ulatory effector functions when the tissue is heated or
solete) : Body temperature regulation involving changes cooled. Synonym: THERMORECEPTOR,
in heat production. TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, LOWER: The
NOTE: This can be due to: 1. voluntary muscle environmental temperature below which thermal
movements; 2. involuntary muscle movements (e.g., balance cannot be maintained for a long period and
shivering) ; 3. nonshivering thermogenesis; 4. increase animals become progressively hypothermic. At this
or decrease in basal metabolic rate. temperature PMR can be measured.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSICAL (ob- TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, UPPER: The
solete) : Body temperature regulation involving control environmental temperature above which thermal
of the rate of heat flow into or out of an organism. balance cannot be maintained for a long period and
NOTE: The responses involved in such regulation animals become progressively hyperthermic.
consist of those autonomic and behavioral responses
which vary the thermal conductance of peripheral TEMPERATURE, TOLERATED AMBIENT RANGE.
tissues ,* but not of those behavioral responses which 2&e TOLERATED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
involve alteration of the local environment. *For RANGE.
example: 1. changes in peripheral vasomotor tone; 2. TEMPERATURE, WET BULB (Tm& The thermo-
piloerection; 3. evaporation of water from skin (fol- dynamic wet bulb temperature of a sample of air is
lowing sweating, saliva spreading, wallowing) and the lowest temperature to which it can be cooled by
from respiratory tract surfaces; 4. changes in body evaporating water adiabatically. [‘Cl
conformation. NOTE: The term is usually applied to the tem-
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL: perature recorded by an aspirated thermometer
1, Both autonomic and behavioral temperature regula- covered with a wet sleeve that is approximately
tion (preferred). 2. Synonym for AUTONOMIC equal to the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature
TEMPERATURE REGULATION. when the bulb is shielded from radiation.
NOTE : Traditionally, mammalian thermoregulatory THERMAL COMFORT : Subjective satisfaction with the
physiology has been concerned with those responses thermal environment.
to heat or cold which do not deDend on consciousness THERMAL COMFORT, ZONE OF: The range of
or the integrity of the cerebral cortex. These responses ambient temperatures, associated with specified mean
are autonomic (SOED-self-governing; Gk. au&s--- radiant temperature, humidity, and air movement,
self, independently; nomos-law). Autonomic responses within which a human in specified clothing expresses
are generally referred to as physiological responses, satisfaction with his thermal environment for an in-
but behavioral responses are also physiological (Phys- definite period. [“Cl
iology = the science of the normal functions and
phenomena of living things, SOED). Thus phys- THERMAL CONDUCTANCE (C) : The rate at which
iological thermoregulatory responses properly consist heat is conducted between unit area of two parallel
of both AUTONOMIC and BEHAVIORAL re- surfaces in a medium when unit temperature dif-
sponses. Although all thermoregulatory responses op- ference is maintained between them. [W * m-2. “C-l].
erating through the sympathetic and parasympathetic THERMAL CONDUCTANCE, TISSUE: The rate of
nervous pathways are AUTONOMIC, not all AU- heat transfer per unit area during steady state when a
TONOMIC responses operate through the sympa- temperature difference of l*C is maintained across a
thetic and parasympathetic efferent nervous path- layer of tissue. [W * mu2 *“c-l]
ways. NOTE: This term relates to the heat transfer down a
TEMPERATURE REGULATOR : An organism, the temperature gradient from any tissue to its immediate
core temperature of which is regulated to some extent environment, e.g., from a tissue to circulating blood,
by autonomic and/or behavioral processes Antonym : as well as from the body core through peripheral
TEMPERATURE CONFORMER. tissues to the body surface. In practice TISSUE
NOTE : This term does not imply a degree of control of THERMAL CONDUCTANCE of living tissues

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL Pl-lYSIULOGY 957
within the organism is not amenable to direct meas- NOTE: Although POLYPNEA is more commonly
urement. Calculated values are usually based on several used, TACHYPNEA is etymologically more correct.
assumptions, e-g., mean tissue temperature, mean
THERMAL RADIANCE. See RADIANCE, THER-
blood temperature, and the surface areas of blood
MAL.
vessel walls.
THERMAL RADIANT EXITANCE. See RADIANT
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (k): A property of a
EXITA’NCE, THERMAL.
material defined bv the flow of heat bv conduction
through unit thickness of the material per unit area THERMAL RESISTANCE (R): The reciprocal of thher-
and per unit temperature difference maintained at ma1 conductance. [“C rnz W-l]
l l
right angles to the direction of heat flow. [W m-1 “c-l]

l l Synonym : THERMAL INSULATION.
THERMAL CONTACT COEFFICIENT* See THER- THERMAL STRAIN: Any change in the physiological
MAL INERTIA FOR RADIANT HEAT. state of an organism caused by THERMAL STRESS.
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY. See DIFFUSIVITY, THER- THERMAL STRESS: Any change in the thermal relation
between an organism and its environment which, if
MAL. - -
uncompensated by a temperature-regulatory response,
THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF VOL- would disturb the thermal equilibrium.
UME (0) : The change in volume at constant pressure THERMAL SWEATING. SeeLSWEATING, THER-
of a substance (solid or fluid) per unit volume, per MAL.
degree change in temperature.
THERMAL TACHYPNEA: A rapid respiratory fre-
P = V-l dV/dT
l (gasesonly) Pw quency accompanied by an increase in respiratory
THERMAL HYPERPNEA: An increase in tidal volume minute volume and a decrease in tidal volume, in
associated with an increase in alveolar ventilation response to a thermoregulatory drive to dissipate heat.
occurring during severe heat stress which has caused (Gk. takhus-swift, fast; @a-breath.) Synonym :
a large rise in core temperature. (Gk. hyper-above, THERMAL POLYPNEA.
over; fi”0ia--breath.) KOTE: Although POLYPNEA is more commonly
used, TACHYPNEA is etymologically more correct.
THERMAL INDIFFERENCE, ZONE OF: The range of
TH ERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING (NST): An
ambient temperatures, associa ted with specified water
increase in the rate of heat production during cold ex-
vapor pressure, air velocity, and radiant exchange, posure due to processes which do not involve con-
within which 80 % of active people do not complain of
tractions of voluntary muscles, i.e., increased heat
the thermal environment. [“Cl
production by processes other than tone, microvibra-
THERMAL INERTIA FOR RADIAXT HEAT (l//kpc): tions, or clonic contractions of skeletal muscles. [W]
One of the properties of a material which determines or [W m-“1
l
the rate of increase of surface temperature during an THERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING (OBLIGA-

exposure to IRRADIANCE (E). For nonpenetrating TORY) (NST(0)): That component of NOS-
radiation incident upon a semi-infinite solid with SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS (i.e., heat pro-
uniform properties, the value of the thermal inertia duction unrelated to the contractions of voluntary
for the surface can be determined in appropriate units muscles) which is independent of short-term changes
bY in ambient temperature.
dkpc = &+i . tlI2, E . AT-1 NOTE: NST(0) corresponds to I3ASAL MET-
AI3OLIC RATE or STANDARD METABOLIC
in which AT is the rise in surface temperature at time, f. RATE. Although NST(0) is unaffected by short-term
THERMAL INSULATION. SeeTHERMAL .RESIST- exposure to cold, it may be changed by processes of
ANCE. acclimatization to sustained cold or heat stress.
NONSHIVERING (THERMO-
TH ERMAL INSULATION, CLOTHING (1,i): The THERMOGENESISp
REGULATORY) (NST(T)) : Th e increase in NON-
intrinsic insulation of a clothing assembly. The effective
SHIVERING TH ERMOGENESIS (i.e., heat pro-
insulation of clothing is (ICI + I,) where I, is the
duction unrelated to the contractions of voluntary
reciprocal of the thermal conductance of the ambient . ‘I - - I
muscles) which occurs in some mammals and in some
environment. (Icl + I,) is usually measured as the
conditions when the animal is acutely exposed to
temperature gradient from the surface of a heated
cold.
man-sized manikin to the ambient a.ir divided by the
‘NOTE : The term NONSHIVERING THERMO-
heat prod uction per unit area of manikin surface.
GENESIS usually refers to NST(T).
[“C- m2 9W-l) The value is sometimes expressed
in CL0 units. THERMOGENESIS, SHIVERING: An increase in the
rate of heat production during cold exposure due to
THERMAL PANTING : Open-mouthed THERMAL
increased contractile activity of skeletal muscles not
TACHYPNEA.
involving voluntary movements and external work.
THERMAL POLYPNEA. See THERMAL TACHYPNEA. [W] or [W l mA2]

NOTE : Shivering thermogenesis progresses, as its limits typical for the species or the individual under
intensity increases, from THERMOREGULATORY consideration. [“Cl
MUSCLE TONE, to microvibrations, to clonic con-
TORPOR: A state of inactivity and reduced responsiveness
tractions of both flexor and extensor muscles. All
shivering thermogenesis is blocked by curare. to stimuli associated with a reduction in metabolism
and body temperature (e.g-, during HIBERNATION
THERMOLABILITY, CONTROLLED. See TEMPER- or ESTIVATION).
ATURE LABILITY, CONTROLLED.
TOTAL BODY AREA. &e AREA, TOTAL BODY.
THERMOLABILITY, PASSIVE. See TEMPERATURE
LABILITY, PASSIVE. TOTAL ENVIRONMENT : All environmental factors
which exert an influence on an organism and to which
THERMONEUTRAL ZONE (TNZ): The range of am- an organism must be adequately adapted in order to
bient temperature within which metabolic rate is at a survive (ie., competitors for food sources and preda-
minimum, and within which temperature regulation tors as well as the many components of the physical
is achieved by nonevaporative physical processes environment and the climate) m
alone. [“Cl
NOTE : Nonevaporative physical processes of tem- TOTAL HEAT PRODUCTION: The rate of transforma-
perature regulation consist of those autonomic and tion of chemical energy into heat in an organism
behavioral responses which vary the thermal con- (METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION) plus any
ductance between the organism and the environment, heat liberated within the body resulting from work
done on the organism by an external force (NEGA-
i.e., by variations in peripheral vasomotor tone and
piloerection, and by changes in body conformation, TIVE WORK). [W*mAz] or [W]
NOTE: During POSITIVE WORK and when no
but excluding changes in thermal conductance due to
additional external insulation (e.g., bedding, clothing). work is being done on or by the organism, TOTAL
HEAT PRODUCTION equals METABOLIC HEAT
THERMOPREFERENDUM : The thermal conditions PRODUCTION.
which an individual organism or a species selects for
TOTAL RADIANT ABSORPTANCE. See RADIANT
its ambient environment in natural or experimental
ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL.
circumstances.
TRANSMITTANCE, RADIATION (7): The ratio of the
THERMORECEPTOR. See TEMPERATURE SENSOR.
radiant energy transmitted through a body to the
THERMOREGULATION. See TEMPERATURE REG- total radiation incident on it.
ULATION.
UPPER CRITICAL TEMPERATURE. See CRITICAL
THERMOREGULATORY CONDITIONED REFLEX: TEMPERATURE, UPPER.
The physiological (autonomic and behavioral) re- UPPER TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT. See
sponses of an organism to changes in its thermal en- TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, UPPER.
vironment, which can also be elicited by a condi-
tioned stimulus. USEFUL WORK ACCOMPLISHED. See WORK, POS-
ITIVE.
THERMOREGULATORY MUSCLE TO5E : The in-
crease in the electrical activity of the skeletal muscula- VAPOR PRESSURE (WATER). See PRESSURE,
ture of a resting tachymetabolic temperature regu- WATER VAPOR.
lator during moderate cooling. [+ -I]
VOLUME, THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
NOTE : During more intensive cooling, thermoregu-
latory muscle tone is replaced by microvibrations and OF. See THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
OF VOLUME.
shivering.
VOLUMETRIC SPECIFIC HEAT. See SPECIFIC
THERMOTROPISM; The turning or movement of a
HEAT, VOLUMETRTC.
plant or animal in response to a temperature stimulus.
(Gk. therme-heat; traps-turn.) WALLOWING : The thermoregulatory increase in cvapo-
THIGMOTHERMY: The dependence of the core temper- rative heat loss by spreading an aqueous fluid (e.g.,
water, mud, urine) on the body surface.
ature of an ectothermic animal on the conductive ex-
change of heat with its immediate environment, e.g., WARM-BLOODED: The thermal state of an animal
water, air, soil. (Gk. ihigma-touch; fherme--heat.) which maintains its core ‘temperature considerably
higher than that of the environment when subjected
TISSUE THERMAL CONDUCTANCE. See THERMAL
to a low ambient temperature. Synonym: TACHY-
CONDUCTANCE, TISSUE.
METABOLIC (preferred). Antonym : COLD-
TOLERATED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE : BLOODED.
The range of ambient temperature within which the NOTE : This maintained temperature gradient be-
body core temperature can be kept, by means of tween the organism and its environment is dependent
autonomic thermoregulatory processes, within certain on the relatively high rate of metabolic heat produc-

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FUR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY 959
tion (TACHYMETABOLISM) of WARM- [W •rn-~] or [W] Synonym : WORK PRODUC-

BLOODED animals compared with the low rate of TION, USEFUL WORK ACCOMPLISHED. An-
heat production (BRADYMETABOLISM) of COLD- tonym: WORK, NEGATIVE.
BLOODED animals. Thus the terms TACHYMETA-
BOLIC and BRADYMETABOLIC are preferred to WORK PRODUCTION. See WORK, POSITIVE.
the terms WARM-BLOODED and COLD-
ZONE OF THERMAL COMFORT. See THERMAL
BLOODED because the first pair of terms relates to a
COMFORT, ZONE OF.
more basic physiological distinction and because the
second pair of terms has been used with various ZONE OF THERMAL INDIFFERENCE. See THER-
meanings not all of which are consistent with the MAL INDIFFERENCE, ZONE OF.
definitions given here. WARM-BLOODED is not a
synonym of HOMEOTHERMIC, because the defini- ZONE OF THERMONEUTRALITY. See THERMS-
tion of WARM-BLOODED does not specify the de- NEUTRAL ZONE.
gree of temperature stability consistent with HOME-
OTHERMY: the core temperatures of some warm- APPENDIX 1. SystEma Intemationale (S-1) Units Used in the Glossary
blooded animals vary considerably either nychthem-
erally or seasonally. “kT
iOr Ab-
Quan- brevi-
WET BULB TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE, Quantity tity SI Unit ations
WET BULB. electric current I ampere A

WETTED AREA. See AREA, WETTED* temperature T degree Kelvin K
mass m kilogram kg
WETTEDNESS, SKIN (w): The fraction of the TOTAL length 1 meter m
BODY AREA (Ah) that is covered by sweat (the time t second S
WETTED AREA, A,), i.e., A,/Ab. Supplemen- plane ang-le 0 radian rad
NOTE: For man the total skin area would usually be tary solid angle Q steradian SI‘
taken to be the DUBOIS AREA (A,). Derived temperature T degree Celsius “C

(0°C =
WINDOW EMISSIVITY. See EMISSIVITY, WINDOW. 273.15 K)
energy E joule J
WORK EFFICIENCY (7): Work done on an external (kg*m2sv2)
system per unit of energy expended by an organism in force F newton N
the performance of that work (i.e., total energy ex- (J em--9
pended by an organism during the performance of electric potential V volt V
jvork less that of basal metabolism) .[ %] difference (J.A-G-l)
power W watt w
WORK, NEGATIVE (- W): The rate of work done on (JO
an organism by an external force. The quantity - W pressure P Pascal Pa
in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. (kg.m-Ls--“)
[W .rnh2] or [W] Antonym: WORK, POSITIVE. ( =I\s.mm2)
or bar bar
WORK, POSITIVE (+ M/‘) : The rate of work done by an (= 1W Pa)
organism on an external system. The quantity + M/ or ton- ‘1‘0rr
in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. (= 133.3 Pa)
APPENDIX 2. Symbols Used in d~c Glossnry
Symbol
or Abbxe- SI Units (Abbreviations)
viations Term (XD = No Dimensions)
A
Ab AREA, TOTAL BODY m*

AD AREA, DUBOIS m2
A, AI2EA, PROJECTED m2
A, AREA, EFFECTIVE RADIATING m2
AS AREA, SOLAII RADIATION m2
A, AREA, WETTED m2
BMII METABOLIC RATE, BASAL W, W -mb2, W *kg-l, W .kg--3/4
c THEIiMAL CONDUCTANCE Pw~.~C-l
c CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
D DIFFUSIVITY, MASS m2. s-1
E IRRADIANCE W vrnM2
E EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER W em-*
F RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR ND
H body height m
H METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION W l rnB2
Hr T2ADIANT FLUX, EFFECTIVE W -rnw2

960 GLOSSARY: OF TERMS FFOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY
APPENDIX 2-Continued
SymboI
or Abbre- SI Units (Abbreviations)
viations Term (ND = No Dimensions)
I RADIANT INTENSITY w ’ sr-

IX RADIANT INTENSITY, SPECTRAL W -sr-l*nm-l
I THERMAL INSULATION, CLOTHING mPC.W-1
Kc1 CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER W*m-2
L RADIANCE W . SJ--1. m-2
L 0, th RADIANCE, THEKMAL W . sr41 .m-2
LUMR METABOLIC RATE, LEAST OBSERVED W, W-m- 2, W *kg-l, W akg-3’4
MO RADIANT EXITANCE W *mm2
M 0,s RADIANT EXITANCE, SELF W *mm2
M c,th RADIANT EXITANCE, THERMAL W *rnA2
M METABOLIC FREE ENERGY W l mm2
PRODUCTION
MMR METABOLIC RATE, MAXIMUM W, W l rnm2, W -kg+, W*kg-3/4
MOMR METABOLIC RATE, MINIMUM W, W mrnm2,W *kg-l, W mkgwxj4
OBSERVED
MR *METABOLIC RATE W, W-m- 2, W *kg-l, W .kg-3/4
NST THERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING w, w*m-2
NST(0) THERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING W, Wqrnv2
(OBLIGATORY)
NST(T) THERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING W, MT.m-2
(THERMOREGULATOIIY)
PRESSURE Pa, bar, Torr
Pl2ESSURE, VAPOR (SATURATED) Pa, bar, Torr
AT TEMPERATURE T
PRESSURE, WATER VAPOR Pa, N*rnw2, bar, Torr
METABOLIC RATE, PEAK W, W l rnmz, W mkg-l, W l kq-3ld
L
RADL4NT ENERGY J
RADIANT ENERGY, SPECTRAL J f nmhx
gas constant (water vapor) 3. 47m3 Torr 4kg-l . K-1 l
THERMAL RESISTANCE OC .m2.W-1-

RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE W -mh2
METABOLIC RATE, RESTING W, W. m--2, W *kg-l, W .kgd3j4
STORAGE OF BODY HEAT W *mm2
METABOLIC RATE, STANDARD W, W-m-2, W *kg-l, W .kgN3J4
TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT OC
TEMPERATURE, MEAN BODY OC
TEMPERATURE, DRY BULB OC
TEMPERATURE, DEW-POINT OC
TEMPEl2ATURE, EFFECTIVE OC
TEMPERATURE, GLOBE OC
TEMPEI2ATURE, OPER,4TIVE OC
TEMPERATUI2E, MEAN IIADIANT OC
TEMPERATURE, MEAN SKIN OC
TEMPERATURE, WET BULB 72
THERMONEUTRAL ZONE OC
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, MAXIMUM ml s-l, I l rnin-l
l
body weight kg
W012K W, MT*rnm2
SPECIFIC HEAT J .kg-l l “C-1
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W . m-2, ‘C-1
COMBINED NONEVAPORATIVE
hc HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, WV m-2. ‘C-1
CONVECTIVE
hD MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT m-s-l
/DIFFUSION)
he HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W . rn-? kPahr, W rnpz Torr-l
l l
EVAPORATIVE
hk HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W l m-2, ‘C-1
CONDUCTIVE
hr HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W .m-2. ‘C-1
RADIATIVE (LINEAR)
k THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY W . m-1. ‘C-1
m MASS TRANSFER RATE kg .s-l

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY
APPENDIX 2-Continued
Symbol
or Abbre- SI Units (Abbreviations)
via tions Term (ND = No Dimensions)
rh HUMIDITY, RELATIVE %I
WETTEDNESS, SKIN ND
: RADIANT FLUX W
@A RADIANT FLUX, SPECTRAL W nm-rl
f-2 solid angle

a RADIANT ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL FiD
a DIFFUSIVITY, THERMAL m2 . s-1
P THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT K-l
OF VOLUME
Y HUMIDITY, ABSOLUTE kg .rnw3
E EMISSIVITY ND
Qw) EMISSIVITY, DIRECTIONAL ND
%I EMISSIVITY, SPECTRAL ND
eh EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL ND
EW EMISSIVITY, WINDOW ND
31 WORK EFFICIENCY Oo
/
B angular coordinate, vertical rad
x LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION *J-kg+ (2,425 X l@at 30’C)
x wavelength m, nm
P DENSITY kg =rnA3
P REFLECTANCE, RADIATION ND
G STEFAN-BOLTZMANN CONSTANT W.m-2*K-4 (5.67 x IO-s)
7 TRANSMITTANCE, RADIATION ND
ti angular coordinate, horizontal rad
4 HUMIDITY, RELATIVE ND
APPENDIX 3. Glossqy Consultants
Adolph, E. F. (USA) Dybkaer, R. (Denmark) Ingram, D, 1;. (England) Nakayama, T. (Japan)

Andersson, B. (Sweden) Edholm, 0. G. (England) Jansky, L. (Czechoslovakia) Nishi, Y. (Japan)
Belding, H. S. (USA) Findlay, J. D. (Scotland) Kayser, C. (France) Poczopko, P. (Poland)
Bernstein, B, (USA) Fox, R. H. (England) Rapp, G* M. (USA)
Kerslake, D. McK. (England)
Rawson, R. 0. (USA)
Bramante, P. 0. (USA) Frens, J. (The Netherlands) Kirschner, L. B. (USA)
Sargent, F. II (USA)
Briick, K. (Germany) Gagge, A. P. (USA) Macfarlane, W. V. (Australia)
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (USA)
Buskirk, E. R. (USA) Grayson, J. (Canada) McLean, J. A. (Scotland) Slonim, A. D, (USSR)
Cabanac, M. (France) Hammel, H. T. (USA) Minard, D. (USA) Stolwijk, J. A. J. (USA)
Carlson, L. D. (USA) Hardy, J. D. (USA) Mitchell, D. (South Africa) Strijm, L. (Sweden)
Cooper, K. E. (Canada) Hart, J. S. (Canada) Mitchell, J. W. (USA) Thauer, R- (Germany)
Cowles, R. B. (USA) Heath, J- E. (USA) Molnar, G. W. (USA) Underwood, C. R. (England)
Cranston, W. I. (England) Hellon, R, (England) Monteith, J. (England) Webb, P. (USA)
Dill, D. B. (USA) Hensel, H, (Germany) Mount, L, E. (England) Whittow, G. C. (USA)
Donhoffer, S. (Hungary) Hildwein, G. (France) Nadel, E. R. (USA) Wyndham, C. H. (South Africa)


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&WRNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY

Vol. 35, No. 6, DecemEer 1973. Printed in U.S. A.

Glossary of terms for thermal physiology’

By JOHN BLIGH AND K. Ga JOHNSON

For The Glossary Committee of the International Union of Physiological Sciences

Members uf International Commission for Thermal Physiohgy SV&ZV3

Dr. John Bligh, Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, England

PREFACE supplementary, and d erived SI units used in the Gl

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environment through a solid angle of 4~ steradians. in which

S = rate of STORAGE OF BODY HEAT (+ for net

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COMFORT. Sea THERMAL COMFORT. CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR EVAPORA-

See HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CONVEC-

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when active. (L. hibernare-to passthe winter.)

temperature of the surface-water vapor medium.

c -11 temperature (Ps, dP) of th e enclosure to the saturated

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INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS: The sum of the water lost

VON BERTALANFFY, IL., Helgolaender Wk. Meeresun-

EQUATION. [Wvm-2] or [W]

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(W - kg-3’4] See METABOLIC RATE, MINI-

METABOLIC RATE, MAXIMUM (MMR): The highest

ENERGY PRODUCTION. [W], [Worn-*I, [W-kg-l], [W kg-314]

NOTE: The metabolic rate of small animals in par-

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NEGATIVE WORK. See WORK, NEGATIVE. PHENOTYPIC ADAPTATION. See ADAPTATION,

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reflected, and transmitted by the surface.

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right angles to the direction of heat flow. [W m-1 “c-l]

the rate of increase of surface temperature during an THERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING (OBLIGA-

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tion (TACHYMETABOLISM) of WARM- [W •rn-~] or [W] Synonym : WORK PRODUC-

WET BULB. electric current I ampere A

taken to be the DUBOIS AREA (A,). Derived temperature T degree Celsius “C

in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. (= 133.3 Pa)

APPENDIX 2. Symbols Used in d~c Glossnry

Ab AREA, TOTAL BODY m*

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I RADIANT INTENSITY w ’ sr-

THERMAL RESISTANCE OC .m2.W-1-

m MASS TRANSFER RATE kg .s-l

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f-2 solid angle

APPENDIX 3. Glossqy Consultants

Adolph, E. F. (USA) Dybkaer, R. (Denmark) Ingram, D, 1;. (England) Nakayama, T. (Japan)

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