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PHYSICS HEAT

Heat
Heat

 Heat is a form of energy.


 We can feel heat by the sense of touch.
 It is the energy transferred from one body to another body due to a difference in their temperatures.
 This transfer of energy is always from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower
temperature.
 The S.I unit of heat is joule (J).
 The other unit of heat is calorie and kilocalorie.
 One calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 oC.
1 cal = 4.2 J
1 J = 0.24 cal
 One kilocalorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 oC.
1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories.

Temperature

 Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.


 When two bodies at different temperatures are brought together in contact with each other, then the
heat energy flows from the hot body to the cold body until both the bodies reach the same
temperature.

Measurement of Temperature
 Temperature is measured in degree Celsius (C).
 The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). The other unit is Fahrenheit (F).
 A thermometer is a device that measures the temperature in a reliable manner.

 The most common type of thermometer is the mercury thermometer. It works on the principle :
"A given length of liquid (mercury) column rises with the rise in temperature."

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PHYSICS HEAT

Temperature Scales

 A reference scale with respect to which the temperatures can be measured is known as scale of
temperature.

 To convert the Celsius scale into Kelvin scale, 273 is added to the Celsius scale.
 To convert °C into °F (Fahrenheit)
C F - 32

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Difference between Heat and Temperature

Heat Temperature
It is a form of energy. It is the measure of the degree of hotness
or coldness of a body.
It changes with the mass of the substance. It does not depend on the mass of the
substance.
Its SI unit is joule (J). Its SI unit is Kelvin (K).
Heat energy cannot be measured with any Temperature can be measured with the
instrument. help of a thermometer.

Effects of Heat

Change in the temperature of the body


 When the body is heated, the temperature rises and when it is cooled, the temperature falls.
 The change in temperature depends on the amount of heat absorbed or released by the body or the
material of the body.

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PHYSICS HEAT

Change in the shape of the body


 When a body is heated, it expands and when it is cooled, it contracts.
 The change in the size of the body due to heating is called the thermal expansion.

Change of state of matter


 The change of a substance from one physical state to another is called its change of state.
 There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

 The process by which a solid changes into the liquid state at a constant temperature by absorption of
heat is called fusion or melting.
 The process by which a liquid changes into the vapour state at a constant temperature by absorption
of heat is called vapourisation or boiling.
 The process by which a gas changes into the liquid state at a constant temperature by releasing heat
is called condensation or liquefaction.
 The process by which a liquid changes into the solid state at a constant temperature by releasing heat
is called freezing.
 The process in which a solid directly converts into the gaseous state at all temperatures is called as
sublimation.
 The process in which a gas condenses directly into the solid state is called as solidification.

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PHYSICS HEAT

Transfer of Heat

 Heat is transferred from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature, i.e. heat
flows from a hot object to a cold object.
 The fundamental modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation.

Heat Transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation

No medium
Solid Liquid
required

Liquid Gas

Gas

Conduction
 Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end of the object to the colder
end of the object.
 It takes place mainly in solid objects, and occurs only when two materials are in contact.
Example: A metal spoon kept in hot water absorbs heat from the water and becomes hot.

 Conductors of heat
o The materials that allow heat to pass through them easily are called as conductors.
Example: Aluminium, iron, copper, silver, etc.

 Insulators or bad conductors of heat


o Materials that do not allow heat to pass through them easily are called as insulators or bad
conductors of heat.
Example: Plastic, wood, glass, rubber, etc.

Applications of Conduction
1. Cooking vessels are made of metals because metals are good conductors of heat. The handles of the
vessels are made of ebonite or wood since they are poor conductors of heat and thus does not
conduct heat from the vessel to the handle. Hence, we are able to hold the vessel.

2. We wear woollen clothes in winter because they have fine pores filled with air which is a poor
conductor of heat and which does not allow the heat to flow from our body to the surroundings.

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PHYSICS HEAT

3. Blankets keep us warm in winters. In summers, the ice is wrapped in blankets to prevent it from
melting because blankets have fine pores which contain air. Since air is a poor conductor of heat, it
does not allow heat to escape from our body in the winters and in summers it does not allow the
outside heat to reach the ice wrapped in the blanket.

4. Quilts are used in winters to make us feel warm. They are made of fluffy cotton which contains air and
this air does not allow heat to escape from our body to the surroundings. So, we do not feel cold.

5. Hair and fur in animals are bad conductors of heat, so they keep them warm during the
winter by trapping heat.

Convection
 Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of particles of a medium from one place to
another.
 It occurs only in liquids and gases.

Applications of Convection
1. Formation of land-breeze and sea-breeze
 Land breeze blows during the night from land to sea and the land becomes cooler faster than the sea.
The air above the sea becomes less dense (i.e. warmer) and rises. The cooler air from the land moves
in to take its place.

 Sea breeze blows during the day and the land heats up faster than the sea. The air on the land
becomes less dense (i.e. warmer) and rises. The cooler air over the sea which is denser (i.e. cooler)
flows in to take the place of the warm air, causing a sea breeze.

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PHYSICS HEAT

2. Heat insulation in houses


Weather strippings are used to close small openings in the windows to prevent heat loss due to
convection. Pulling down the window shades reduces the heat loss by forming a layer of still air near
the window.

3. Ventilation
Ventilators are provided near ceilings in the rooms of our houses. This is because, the air we breathe
out is warm and rises out of the room through the ventilators.
Cool fresh air rushes into the room through the doors and windows.
4. Refrigeration
The freezing chest of a refrigerator is always fitted near the top in a refrigerator because it cools the
remaining space of the refrigerator by convection currents. The air near the freezing chest cools and
descends, while the warmer air at the bottom rises up.

5. A fireman crawls while entering a building where the fire has broken out because the hot air and
smoke rise upwards.

Radiation
 Radiation is the transfer of heat that does not require a medium.
 All hot bodies emit heat by the process of radiation.
 We get sunlight because of the radiation as there is no medium present between the atmosphere of
the Earth and the Sun.

Applications of Radiation
1. Utensils are painted black at the bottom from the outside because black surfaces are good absorbers
of heat. But to keep the contents warm for a longer time, they are polished from the outside since
polished surfaces are poor emitters of heat.

2. We wear white or light coloured clothes in summer because white or light colours are good reflectors
of heat, which keeps our body cool during the summer.
We also wear dark coloured clothes in winter because dark colours are good absorbers of heat, which
keeps our body warm.

3. Hot water pipes and radiators of cars are painted black because, dark colours (black) are good
emitters of radiant heat and hence they maintain the temperature within the limits.

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PHYSICS HEAT

Thermos flask: Dewar flask

 A special kind of a bottle that is used to keep hot liquids hot and cold liquids cold for a longer time is
called a thermos flask, vacuum bottle or a Dewar flask.

 Features of a thermos flask:


1. Double-walled glass vessel and vacuum prevents the loss of heat by conduction.
2. The heat loss by convection is minimised by the insulating stopper.
3. The heat loss by radiation is prevented by the silvered surface of the walls and reflects back any
radiant energy that tends to escape into the bottle.
The silvering of the outer surface of the inner wall makes it a poor radiator of heat while the
silvering of the inner surface of the outer wall makes it a good reflector of heat.
4. The thin glass walls at the neck transfers some heat by conduction, but is negligible.

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