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STATISTICAL MORALITY
Frog Soup Phenomenon/
Boiling Frog Phenomenon

• where the normal or regular

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becomes the normative
 FACTORS
KAIBAB SQUIRREL ALBERT SQUIRREL
Environment
• Family
• Culture
• Society
• School
• Religion
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 FACTORS Personal
• Life experiences
Environment • Choices
• Decisions
• Family
• Culture
• Society
• School
• Religion
What about siblings?
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 OUR CHOICES

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 MORAL
COMPASS

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 • Deontological (Greek deon, duty)-rules, not outcome
• Kantian (Immanuel Kant)- human beings have the unique
capacity for rationality
• Religious (Divine Command Theory)

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 • Deontological (Greek deon, duty)-rules, not outcome
• Kantian (Immanuel Kant)- human beings have the unique
capacity for rationality
• Religious (Divine Command Theory)
• Teleological
• Utilitarianism/Consequentialism-outcome, not rules

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 ETHICS

• the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and

with moral duty and obligation
• a set of moral principles
• a guiding philosophy
• a consciousness of moral importance
• a set of moral issues or aspects (as rightness)

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 • the principles of conduct governing an individual or a
group <professional ethics>

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 • an area of study that deals with ideas about what is
good and bad behaviour
• a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally
right or wrong
• rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally
good and bad

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 MORALS

• of or relating to principles of right and wrong in

behavior
• expressing or teaching a conception of right behavior
• conforming to a standard of right behavior
• sanctioned by or operative on one's conscience or ethical
judgment

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 ETHICS VS MORALS

• Ethics and morals are both used in the plural and are
often regarded as synonyms, but there is some
distinction in how they are used.
• Morals often describes one's particular values
concerning what is right and what is wrong
• While ethics can refer broadly to moral principles, one
often sees it applied to questions of correct behavior
within a relatively narrow area of activity
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 ETHICS VS MORALS

• In addition, morals usually connotes an element of

subjective preference, while ethics tends to suggest
aspects of universal fairness and the question of whether
or not an action is responsible:

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 Ethics
Ethos
ethos of a society or culture deals
with its foundational philosophy,
its concept of values, and its
system of understanding how the
world fits together. There is a
philosophical value system that is
the ethos of every culture in the
world.
Greek word "ethos" meaning
"character"
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Morals
Mores
mores has to do with the customs,
habits, and normal forms of
behavior that are found within a
given culture.
Latin word "mos" meaning
"custom"
 Ethics Morals
What are The rules of conduct recognized in Principles or habits with respect to right
they? respect to a particular class of human or wrong conduct. While morals also
actions or a particular group or culture. prescribe do’s and don'ts, morality is
ultimately a personal compass of right
and wrong.
Where do Social system – External/Universal Individual – Internal/Personal
they come
from?
Why we do Because society says it is the right thing Because we believe in something being
it? to do. right or wrong.
FlexibilityEthics are dependent on others for Usually consistent, although can change
definition. They tend to be consistent if an individual’s beliefs change.
within a certain context, but can vary
between contexts.
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 Ethics Morals
The "Gray"A person strictly following Ethical A Moral Person although perhaps
Principles may not have any Morals at bound by a higher covenant, may
all. Likewise, one could violate Ethical choose to follow a code of ethics as it
Principles within a given system of rules would apply to a system. "Make it fit"
in order to maintain Moral integrity.
Acceptability Ethics are governed by professional and Morality transcends cultural norms
legal guidelines within a particular time
and place
Normative Science Descriptive Science
Imperative (ought-ness) Indicative (is-ness)

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 ETHICS VS MORALS

• ethics are the science of morals, and

• morals are the practice of ethics.

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 ETHICS VS MORALS

• Morals ought to be the building blocks of ethics

• Morality naturally makes one ethical

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 • According to Kant, the moral worth of an action is
determined by the human will, which is the only thing in
the world that can be considered good without
qualification. Good will is exercised by acting according
to moral duty/law. Moral law consists of a set of
maxims, which are categorical in nature – we are bound
by duty to act in accordance with categorical
imperatives.
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 • Maxim: rule or principle
• Moral agent: An agent is a person who performs an
action; a moral agent is a person with the capacity to act
morally.
• Will: the faculty of deciding, choosing, or acting

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 GROUNDWORK OF METAPHYSIC OF MORALS
(IMMANUEL KANT)
• The First Formulation of the Imperative
• “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at
the same time will that it should become a universal law
without contradiction.”
• Universalizability
• Perfect & Imperfect duties
• Golden Rule
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 GROUNDWORK OF METAPHYSIC OF MORALS
(IMMANUEL KANT)
• The Second Formulation of the Imperative
• “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in
your own person or in the person of any other, never
merely as a means to an end but always at the same
time as an end.”
• hypothetical imperative is a demand of reason that is
conditional. It tells us how to act to achieve a specific
goal e.g. I must drink when I need to slake my thirst.
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 • The free will is the source of all rational action.

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 GROUNDWORK OF METAPHYSIC OF MORALS
(IMMANUEL KANT)
• The Third Formulation of the Imperative
• “Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he
were through his maxim always a legislating member in
the universal kingdom of ends.”

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 • Killing one person to save the lives of millions is
impermissible in Kantian ethics.

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 Readings
• http://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/morality-101/kantian-
duty-based-deontological-ethics
• https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/

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 MORAL
COMPASS

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 WHY ETHICS MATTER?

(Institute for Global Ethics)

• Ethics are the heart of any strong organization.
• Whether you're a Fortune 500 company or a small-town
school district, studies have consistently found that…

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 WHY ETHICS MATTER?

• ethical decision-making
• fosters employee morale,
• boosts brand reputation,
• encourages loyalty in customers and employees, and
• improves your bottom line.
• Ethics is more than the right thing to do: it's the smart
thing to do.

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(Institute for Global Ethics)
 WHY ETHICS MATTER?

• An organization formed without ethics is like a cabin

built without nails:
• no matter how solid it may appear, it will slowly crumble.
• A culture of ethics is what links people to those above,
below, and beside them, connections which, although
invisible, make the whole organization immeasurably
stronger.

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