Thesis

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
CONCRETE USING WASTE GLASS AND

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH
Thesis
Submitted to the Punjab Agricultural University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Minor Subject: Computer Science and Engineering)
By
Gurjit Singh
(L-2013-AE-143-M)
Department of Civil Engineering

College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
© PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
LUDHIANA-141004
2016
CERTIFICATE I
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Study on the performance of concrete
using waste glass and sugarcane bagasse ash” submitted for the degree of Master of
Technology in the subject of Civil Engineering (Minor subject: Computer Science and
Engineering) of the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, is a bonafide research work
carried out by Gurjit Singh (L-2013-AE-143-M) under my supervision and that no part of
this thesis has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.
_____________________________
(Dr. Jaspal Singh)
Major Advisor
Professor
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana - 141004
2
CERTIFICATE II
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Study on the performance of

concrete using waste glass and sugarcane bagasse ash” submitted by Gurjit Singh
(Admn No. L-2013-AE-143-M) to the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in the subject of
Civil Engineering (Minor subject: Computer Science and Engineering) has been approved
by the Student’s Advisory Committee along with Head of the Department after an oral
examination on the same.
_________________________ _________________________
(Dr. Jaspal Singh) (Dr. Maneek Kumar)
Major Advisor External Examiner
Professor
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
Patiala
_________________________
(Dr. N.K. Khullar)
Head of the Department
_________________________
(Dr. Neelam Grewal)
Dean Postgraduate Studies
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I bow my head to “AKAL PURKH” the ALMIGHTY by whose kindness I
have been able to clear another mile stone in my life.
Emotions cannot be adequately expressed in words because then emotions are
transformed into mere formality. It is, indeed a great privilege to explicate my deep gratitude
and respect towards my major advisor Dr. Jaspal Singh (Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering) for his friendly attitude, constant encouragement, constructive criticism and
critical examination of manuscript which led to the successful completion of the study.
I feel elated in expressing thanks to the members of my advisory committee Dr. N.K.
Khullar (Professor-cum-Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Dean PGS Nominee),
Dr. S.S. Sooch (Senior Research Engineer, School of Energy Studies for Agriculture) and
Er. Salam Din (Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering & Information
Technology), for their expert advice and cooperation from time to time in conducting the
research work and assisting in writing the manuscript. I am highly grateful to Er. Sarvesh
Kumar (Assistance Professor, Department of Civil Engineering) who was not my committee
member but still his helping hand enabled me to facilitate my thesis work.
I express heartiest thanks to S. Mohanjit Singh (Lab Technician), Sh. Shiv Kumar
(Lab Attendant), Sh. Jasbir Singh (Brick Layer) and other members of the technical staff of
department of Civil Engineering for their help in experimental work. I am also thankful to Sh.
Gurmeet Singh Soni and other Non-Teaching staff of the Department of Civil Engineering.
In my opinion, God would not be everywhere; therefore, he made loving parents. A
formal acknowledgement of my emotions is inadequate to convey the depth of my feeling of
gratitude to my grandmother Sdn. Kartar Kaur and loving parents S. Harbans Singh Sidhu
and Sdn. Parmjit Kaur. I am gracefully thankful to my sister Ramandeep Kaur and my
loving wife Savreen kaur. I am forever indebted to my parents for their understanding,
endless patience and encouragement when it was most required and for providing me the
means to learn and understand.
I have been fortunate to come across my funny & good friends without whom life
would be bleak, I am happy to acknowledge the shadow support and moral upliftment
showered upon me by Jagmeet, Rajindervir, Gagandeep, Devinder and Manmeet.
Last but not the least, I duly acknowledge my sincere thanks to all those who love and
care for me. Every name may not be mentioned but none is forgotten.
(Gurjit Singh)
4
Title of Thesis : Study on the performance of concrete using waste glass and
sugarcane bagasse ash
Name of the student and : Gurjit Singh
Admission No. L-2013-AE-143-M
Major Subject : Civil Engineering
Minor Subject : Computer Science and Engineering
Name and Designation of : Dr. Jaspal Singh
Major Advisor Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Degree to be Awarded : Master of Technology
Year of award of Degree : 2016
Total Pages in Thesis : 59 + Vita
Name of University : Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana – 141004,
Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
During cement production, emission of CO2 has significant impact on environment. Apart
from this, extraction of natural aggregates and generation of industrial, agricultural and
domestic waste also leads to environment degradation. The use of these waste materials not
only helps to reduce the use of natural resources also helps to mitigate the environment
pollution. The basic objective of this research is to investigate the effect of Waste Glass (WG)
as partial replacement of fine aggregates and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as partial
replacement of cement in concrete. This study primarily deals with the characteristics of
concrete, including compressive strength, workability and thermal stability of all concrete
mixes at elevated temperature. Twenty five mixes of concrete were prepared at different
replacement levels of WG (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40%) with fine aggregates and SCBA
(0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%) with cement. The water/cement ratio in all the mixes was kept at
0.55. The workability of concrete was tested immediately after preparing the concrete
whereas the compressive strength of concrete was tested after 14, 28 and 60 days of curing.
Based on the test results, a combination of 10% WG and 10% SCBA is the most significant
for high strength and economical concrete. This research also indicates that the contribution
of WG and SCBA doesn’t change the thermal properties of concrete.
Keywords: Compressive strength, Waste glass, Elevated Temperature, Sugarcane bagasse

ash, Workability.
_________________________ _______________________
Signature of Major Advisor Signature of the student
5
Koj pRbMD dw isrlyK : rihMd k`c Aqy gMny dI KoeI dI suAwh vwly kMkrIt dI
kwrgujwrI dw AiDAYn
ividAwrQI dw nW : gurjIq isMG

Aqy dw^lw nMbr (AY~l.-2013-ey.eI.-143-AY~m.)
mu`K ivSw : isvl ieMjInIAirMg

inmn ivSw : kMipaUtr swieMs AYNf ieMjInIAirMg
mu`K slwhkwr dw nW : fw. jspwl isMG
Aqy Ahu`dw pRoPYsr, isvl ieMjIinAirMg ivBwg
ifgrI : AY~m.tY~k.
ifgrI imlx dw swl : 2016
Koj pRbMD dy ku`l pMny : 59 + vItw

XUnIvristI dw nwm : pMjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristI, luiDAwxw – 141004,
pMjwb, Bwrq [
swr-AMS
sIimMt dy auqpwdn dy dOrwn kwrbnfweIAwksweIf dy inkws dw vwqwvrx au~pr iBAwnk pRBwv

pYNdw hY[ ies qoN ielwvw, ryqy dI KudweI Aqy audXoigk, KyqIbwVI, GrylU rihMd-KUhd dw bxnw vI
vwqwvrx dy pqn dw mu`K kwrn bxdw hY[ ies rihMd sm`grI dI vrqoN nW isrP kudrqI sroq dI
vrqoN nUM G`t krdI hY, blik vwqwvrx pRdUSx nUM vI G`t krn iv`c m`dd krdI hY[ ies Koj dw
buinAwdI mMqv vwDU k`c (fblXU.jI.) dI ryq dy nwl AMSk qbIdIlI Aqy gMny dI KoeI dI suAwh
(AY~s.sI.bI.ey.) dI sIimMt dy nwl AMSk qbdIlI dy pRBwv dI pVqwl krnw hY [ ieh AiDAYn
mu`K qOr qy kMkrIt dy guxw ijvyN ik kMpRYisv stRYNQ, kwrj smr`Qw Aqy kMkrIt dy swry qbdIlI
p`DrW dI au~c qwpmwn qy Qrml siQrqw dI jWc kIqI geI hY[ ryq dy nwl fblXU.jI.
(10%,20%,30%,40%) Aqy sIimMt dy nwl AY~s.sI.bI.ey. (0%,5%,10%,15%,20%) dIAW v`K-
v`K qbdIlIAW dy p`cI Gol iqAwr kIqy gey [ swry p`DrW iv`c pwxI / sIimMt dy Anupwq nUM 0.55
qy r`iKAw igAw [ kMkrIt iqAwr krn qoN qurMq bwAd ausdI kwrj smr`Qw nwpI geI jdik 14,
28 Aqy 60 idnW qy qrweI krn qoN bwAd kMpRYisv stRYNQ dI jWc kIqI geI [ nqIjy dy ADwr qy
fblXU.jI. 10% Aqy AY~s.sI.bI.ey 10% dy sumyl au~c qwkq Aqy ikPwieqI kMkrIt leI sB qoN
mh`qvpUrn hY[ ies Koj qoN ieh vI pqw l`gdw hY ik fblXU.jI. Aqy AY~s.sI.bI.ey. dw Xogdwn
kMkrIt dIAW Qrml ivSySqwvW nUM qbdIl nhIN krdw hY [
mu`K Sbd: kMpRYisv stRYNQ, rihMd kMc, au~c qwpmwn, gMny dI KoeI dI suAwh, kwrj smr`Qw
__________________ ________________
mu`K slwhkwr dy hsqwKr iv`idAwrQI dy hsqwKr
6
CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION 1-4
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-14
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 15-25
3.1 General 15
3.2 Material used 15
3.2.1 Cement 15
3.2.2 Aggregate 15
3.2.2.1 Coarse aggregates 16
3.2.2.2 Fine aggregates 16
3.2.3 Sugarcane bagasse ash 16
3.2.4 Waste glass 17
3.2.5 Water 18
3.3 Methods 18
3.3.1 Methods of Concrete Mix Design 18
3.3.2 Specific gravity 18
3.3.3 Standard consistency of cement as per 19
BIS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988
3.3.4 Determination of Initial and Final Setting time as per 19
BIS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988
3.3.5 Compressive strength of cement as per 20
BIS: 4031 (Part 6) - 1988
3.3.6 Sieve analysis for coarse and fine aggregates as per 20
BIS: 2386 (Part 1) - 1963
3.3.7 Workability of concrete as per 20
BIS: 1199-1959
3.3.8 Compressive strength of concrete as per 22
BIS: 516 -1959
3.3.9 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature 24
3.3.10 Statistical Analysis of compressive strength test results 24
7
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26-55

4.1 Properties of Materials 26
4.1.1 Properties of cement 26
4.1.2 Properties of aggregate 26
4.1.2.1 Properties of coarse aggregates 26
4.1.2.2 Properties of fine aggregates 28
4.1.3 Properties of sugarcane bagasse ash 28
4.1.4 Properties of waste glass 28
4.2 Testing of concrete 29
4.2.1 Mix design of concrete by BIS recommendations 30
4.2.1.1 Stipulation for proportioning 30
4.2.1.2 Test for data materials 30
4.2.1.3 Target strength for mix proportioning 30
4.2.1.4 Selection of water-cement ratio 31
4.2.1.5 Selection of water content 32
4.2.1.6 Calculation of cement content 32
4.2.1.7 Proportion of volume of coarse aggregates and 32
fine aggregates
4.2.1.8 Mix calculations 33
4.2.2 Preparation of Trial Mixes 33
4.3 Workability of concrete 35
4.4 Compressive strength of concrete 37
4.5 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature 41
4.6 Cost analysis 46
4.7 Statistical analysis 48
4.7.1 Analysis of variance 48
4.7.2 Multiple comparisons among replacement levels of 49
SCBA and WG
4.7.3 Development of prediction equation for compressive strength 50
of concrete and checking of developed relationship
V SUMMARY 55-56
REFERENCES 57-59
VITA
8
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.

3.1 Slump and degree of workability of concrete (Reproduced from 22
BIS 456-2000)
4.1 Properties of OPC 43 grade cement 26
4.2 Properties of coarse aggregates 27
4.3 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates (10 mm size) 27
4.4 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates (20 mm size) 27
4.5 Sieve analysis of proportioned of coarse aggregates 27
4.6 Sieve analysis of fine aggregates 28
4.7 Chemical properties of SCBA 28
4.8 Physical properties of WG 29
4.9 Designation of concrete mix 29
4.10 Assumed standard deviation 31
4.11 Minimum Cement Content, maximum Water-Cement ratio and 31
minimum grade of concrete for different exposures with normal
weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum Size
4.12 Maximum water content per cubic metre of concrete for nominal 32
maximum size of aggregate
4.13 Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate 32
for different zone of fine aggregate.
4.14 Proportion of different materials 33
4.15 Quantities per cubic meter for trial mixes (M25) 34
4.16 Mix proportions of different concrete mixes 34
4.17 Test results for workability of concrete 35
4.18 Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in workability of concrete 36
4.19 Test results for average compressive strength of concrete 38
4.20 Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in compressive strength of 39
concrete
4.21 Residual compressive strength of concrete mixes at different 41
temperature range
4.23 Percentage loss in compressive strength at different temperature 42
range
4.23 Cost of concrete’s ingredients 46
4.24 Cost of waste materials 47
9
4.25 Total cost of each mixture of concrete 47
4.26 Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and WG 48
for 14 days compressive strength
4.29 Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of 49
SCBA
4.30 Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of WG 49
4.31 Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 14 days 50
concrete
concrete
concrete
10
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page

No. No.
3.1 Sugarcane bagasse ash 17
3.2 Waste glass 17
3.3 Procedure of slump test 22
3.4 Dry mixing of ingredients 23
3.5 Casting of cube specimens 23
3.6 Heating of cube specimens into muffle furnace 24
4.1 Slump values of concrete with different replacement levels of SCBA and 37
WG
4.2 Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of 40
cement with SCBA and fine aggregates with WG at 14 days
4.5 Compressive strength of concrete at different temperature ranges with 43
different replacement levels of cement with SCBA and 0% WG
different replacement levels of fine aggregates with WG and 0% SCBA
11
4.15 Variation of estimated compressive strength and measured compressive 51
strength for 14 days concrete mixes
12
ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS
SCBA Sugarcane bagasse ash

WG Waste glass
cm Centimeter
g Gram
g/cm3 Gram per cubic centimeter
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
Kg Kilogram
kg/m3 Kilogram per cubic meter
kN/s Kilonewton per second
L Liter
L/m3 Liter per cubic meter
m Meter
2
m /kg Square meter per kilogram
mm Millimeter
N/mm2 Newton per square millimeter
µm Micrometer
°F Degrees Fahrenheit
°C Degree Celsius
% Percent
13
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Concrete has become an indispensable part in construction works due to its

mechanical and durability properties. Concrete industry is the one of the major consumer of
natural resources. The utilization of concrete ingredients such as cement and aggregates has
been enhanced, which ultimately results in the ill effects on the environment. Basically
concrete is a composite material obtained by using cement, aggregates and water. Few
decades ago, these materials were easily available while nowadays there is an adverse effect
of the utilization of these materials. During the manufacturing Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC), a large amount of green house gas (CO2) is produced from both industrial and fuel
combustion. In industrial process green house gas is emitted due to the heating of limestone
(CaCO3) to obtain calcium oxide. During production of cement, fossil fuel combustion is also
responsible for the emission of CO2 by 5%. (Fairbairn et al 2010). Due to these emissions,
there is a huge incline in the temperature of the earth, which ultimately gives rise to global
warming. Moreover, natural sand is another major constituent of the concrete as it is used as a
fine aggregate, this also affects the natural recourses. Further with the use of river sand as a
fine aggregate, leads to the exploitation of river bed, lowering the water table, erosion of land
near the river and damaging the bridge structures, thereby leading to the unsustainable
development of nation. Therefore, it becomes very essential and more significant to find out
the substitutes for both cement and natural aggregates. Apart from it, the continuous growth
of agro and industrial waste is the principle cause of many environmental problems and
burdens which can be reduced by using these waste materials in concrete construction.
India is agriculture based country. In the production of agriculture products, various
kinds of wastes are generated like bagasse from sugarcane, wheat husk and wheat straw from
wheat, groundnut shell from groundnut, rice husk from paddy etc. Most of these wastes are
used as a fuel for power generation. Byproduct of this utilization is ash, which creates the
disposal problem. However, this ash can be used as a useful material in concrete industry
because of its chemical composition. Apart from above mentioned agrowaste ashes, some
researchers identified that the sugarcane bagasse ash can also be used as pozzolan in concrete.
Atomic spectrometry confirmed Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) to be a good pozzolana
since the sum of SiO2, AL2O3 and Fe2 O3, thus meeting the requirement of 70% minimum
recommended by ASTM C618 (1992) (Otuoze et al 2012). The use of SCBA as a
supplementary cementitious material helps to reduce the utilization of cement up to certain
extent. Thus the use of bagasse ash not only helps to reduce the problem of emission of CO2
but also mitigates the problem of environmental pollution that arises during disposal of ash
from power industry.
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash is one of the main by product generated by the sugar industry
worldwide. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that India is the second largest
producer of sugarcane after Brazil. Sugarcane bagasse is fibrous residue after the extraction of
juice from the sugarcane. That fibrous residue material (Bagasse) is the major industrial waste
from sugar industry. The sugarcane bagasse consists of 50% of cellulose, 25% of
hemicelluloses and 25% of lignin. Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of
bagasse and 0.62% of residue ash (Srinivasan and Sathiya 2010). Most of the bagasse is used
as a fuel in boilers, distilleries and small amount for power generation in sugar factories. After
burning of bagasse at controlled condition, by product bagasse ash can be used as a
supplementary replacement material with cement due to high content of silica (SiO2)
(cordeiro et al 2008). The use of SCBA as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) not
only reduces the production of cement which is responsible for high energy consumption and
carbon emission, but also can improve the compressive strength of cement based materials
like concrete and mortar (Janjaturaphan and Wanson 2010). . The main improvement in
compressive strength of concrete with the use of SCBA replaced with cement is due to its
physical as well as chemical effects. The physical effect is filler effect, which in turn depends
upon the size, shape and texture. In contrast, the chemical effect is due to its pozzolonic
nature.
India is the second largest populated country all over the world. Due to large number
of consumers, there is a significant rise in the waste and by-products in various forms from
households and industries. This obviously contaminates the natural resources like air, water
and soil. In order to eradicate this problem, utilization of many waste products is now well
developed, as it changes the unsustainable to sustainable development by two ways. Firstly,
waste materials are utilized which otherwise will be the burden on the environment and
require too much land in order to dispose them. Secondly, it will help to mitigate the problem
of digging of sand. Many of industrial waste such as Waste Glass (WG), Coal bottom ash,
Blast furnace slag, Copper slag etc. cause a waste disposal crisis. If fine aggregates will
replaced by WG of specific size with definite ratio, it will decrease the utilization of fine
aggregate. Non recyclable WG constitutes a problem for solid waste disposal in many
municipalities in India.
Glass is produced in various forms like container glass, flat glass, bulb glass, tube
glass etc all of these glass have their limited life. Glass creates environment problem during
landfills. Thus, we can use WG as fine aggregates by slight modification in their size and
shape. Based on the chemistry of glass, it can be classified into various categories like
vitreous silica, alkali silica, soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass and aluminosilicate
glass etc. Soda lime glass is mainly used for the manufacturing of containers, jars and sheets.
2
In WG, soda lime glass is approximately about 80%. Soda Lima glass mainly consists SiO2
about 73% (Shi and Zheng 2007). Materials like WG is crushed into specified sizes for use as
aggregates in various applications such as water filtration, grit plastering, sand cover for sport
turf and sand replacement in concrete. The use of WG as a fine aggregate creates a problem in
concrete due to the reaction of alkalis in the pores of concrete and silica from WG, which is
named as alkali silica reaction (ASR). Due to ASR, silica gel is formed which absorbs water
and the volume of gel increases. The swelling of silica gel generates the hydrostatic pressure.
If this internal pressure exceeds the tensile strength of concrete, cracks will be formed around
the concrete structures. While the use of WG as a fine aggregates, no reaction was detected
whereas this reaction was detected when it is used as coarse aggregates (Shayan and Xu
2005). Thus this reaction can be eliminated by fining the size of glass particles. Fineness of
glass particles will increase the surface area of glass particles favoring rapid pozzolonic
reaction compared to ASR. Glass is unique inert material that can also be used in concrete as
partial replacement with cement as well as with aggregates, because it contains large
proportion of SiO2 that make it pozzolonic in nature (Shayan 2002).
Concrete structures are massive durable structures. During their life time, they may
be exposed to high temperature for example nuclear reactor, furnaces or sometimes buildings
exposed to fire etc. Therefore fire resistance is also an important parameter. Inclusion of eco-
friendly material towards improving properties of OPC concrete may as well require other
vital properties like fire resistance. As we know the properties of concrete depends upon
moisture and porosity. Sometimes concrete structures are exposed to fire, as a result their
strength and durability is affected. The fire resistance of concrete is also affected by some
other factors like the type of aggregates, cement and the duration of fire. The non-uniform
high temperature of aggregates due to which internal pressure in aggregates develops and
become the major cause of spelling of aggregates. At elevated temperature, concrete looses
its strength due to formation of cracks between cement paste and aggregates thus forming
thermal incompatibility between these two ingredients.
Apart from this, expansion in cement paste is also observed due to their chemical
composition. At elevated temperature, due to loss of water from the cement paste, free
calcium hydroxide will turns in to calcium oxide. If this concrete came in contact with
moisture, calcium hydroxide will form. This continuous change in volume of concrete may
cause cracks in concrete structures resulting into change the durability and strength of
concrete (Husem 2006). Furthermore many other factors may contribute like damaging of
aggregates due to rise in temperature, weakening of cement paste due to an increase in
porosity on dehydration, breakdown of the C-S-H chemical transformation on hydrothermal
reactions and development of cracks (Nimyat and tok 2013). Glass cullet has different
thermal properties like their temperature remains same for next 24 hours (Poutos et al 2008).
3
Therefore the present research will investigate the properties of concrete at elevated
temperature inclusion with WG and SCBA.
Keeping above in view, the present study has been planned with the following objectives:
i) To study the compressive strength characteristic of concrete using waste glass (as
partial replacement of fine aggregates) and sugarcane bagasse ash (as partial
replacement of cement).
ii) To study the workability characteristic of concrete using waste glass and sugarcane
bagasse ash.
iii) To study the effect of elevated temperature on compressive strength of concrete using
waste glass and sugarcane bagasse ash.
4
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Shao et al (2000) studied the possibility of using finely ground WG as partial cement
replacement in concrete. The study was examined through three sets of tests the lime-glass
tests to assess the pozzolanic activity of ground glass, the compressive strength tests of
concrete having 30% cement replaced by ground glass to monitor the strength development,
and the mortar bar tests to study the potential expansion. The results showed that ground glass
having a particle size finer than 38 mm exhibited pozzolanic behavior. The compressive
strength from lime glass tests exceeded a threshold value of 4.1 MPa. The strength activity
index was 91, 84, 96, and 108% at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively, exceeding 75% at all
ages. The mortar bar tests demonstrated that the finely ground glass helped to reduce the
expansion by up to 50%. A size effect was observed, a smaller glass particle size led to a
higher reactivity with lime, a higher compressive strength in concrete and a lower expansion.
Compared to fly ash concrete, concrete containing ground glass exhibited a higher strength at
both early and late ages.
Worell et al (2001) conducted an investigation on the emission of green house gas
from global cement industries. The authors have concluded that the cement industry
contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions from calcination of lime stone
and combustion of fuels in a kiln. Moreover, China has the largest share of total emission
(33%) followed by United States (6%), India (5%), Japan (5%) and Korea (4%).
Shayan (2002) studied the utilization of WG in concrete in various forms like fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates, and glass powder. The author has considered that these would
provide better opportunities for value adding and cost recovery as it could be used as a
replacement for expensive materials such as silica fume, fly ash and cement. The use of glass
powder (GLP) in concrete would prevent expansive ASR in the presence of susceptible
aggregate. Strength gain of GLP-bearing mortar and concrete is satisfactory. It was concluded
that 30% GLP could be incorporated as cement or aggregate replacement in concrete without
any long-term detrimental effects. Up to 50% of both fine and coarse aggregate could also be
replaced in concrete with acceptable strength development properties.
Topcu and Canbaz (2004) studied WG as coarse aggregates in concrete. Authors
analyzed the workability and strength of fresh and hardened concrete. WG as coarse
aggregates do not affect the workability while the addition of waste has reduced the slump, air
content, and fresh unit weight. Compressive, flexural and indirect tensile strengths values
were determined on hardened concrete and were decreased as proportion of WG increased. In
particular, the compressive strength decreased as much as 49% with a 60% of WG addition. It
was concluded that WG was determined not to have a significant effect upon the workability
of the concrete and only slightly in the reduction of its strength. WG cannot be used as
aggregate without taking into account its ASR properties. During their cost analysis they
determined to lower the cost of concrete productions with replacement of WG as coarse
aggregates.
Park et al (2004) conducted a study on WG as fine aggregates. The authors have
concluded that slump as well as compacting factor of fresh concrete decreased due to angular
grain shape and air content is increased due to involvement of small size particles. Moreover,
compressive, tensile and flexural strength have been reduced with increase in replacement of
WG. This decline may be due to the decrease in adhesive strength between the surface of the
WG aggregates and the cement paste as well as the increase in fineness modulus (FM) of the
fine aggregates and the decrease in compacting factor in accordance with the increase in the
mixing ratio of the WG. In any case, the colour of the WG fine aggregates did not have any
notable effect on the compressive strength of the concrete.
Husem (2006) studied the variation of compressive and flexural strengths of ordinary
and high-performance micro-concrete at high temperatures. Compressive and flexural
strengths of ordinary and high-performance micro-concrete which were exposed to high
temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 C) and cooled differently (in air and water) were
obtained. Compressive and flexural strengths of these concrete samples were compared with
each other and then compared with the samples which had not been heated. On the other
hand, strength loss curves of these concrete samples were compared with the strength loss
curves given in the codes. Results indicate that concrete strength decreases with increasing
temperature, and the decrease in the strength of ordinary concrete is more than that in high-
performance concrete. The type of cooling affects the residual compressive and flexural
strength, the effect being more pronounced as the temperature increases.
Terro (2006) studied the effect of replacement of fine and coarse aggregates with
recycled glass on the fresh and hardened concrete at ambient and elevated temperatures. The
replacement of 0–100% of aggregates with fine waste glass (FWG), coarse waste glass
(CWG) was under consideration. Soda- lime glass used for bottles was washed and crushed to
fine and coarse aggregate sizes for use in the concrete mixes. Samples were cured at room
temperatures (20–22°C), heated in the oven to the desired temperatures and allowed to cool to
ambient temperatures. Then they were tested for their residual compressive strength. The
compressive strength of the concrete samples made with WG was measured at temperatures
up to 700°C. Moreover, the effect of the percentages of replacement with recycled glass on
the slump values and initial and final setting time of concrete has also been measured. The
results of this study showed that the compressive strength of concrete made with RG
decreases up to 20% of its original value with increasing temperatures up to 700°C. In
general, concretes made with 10% aggregates replacement with FWG and CWG had better
6
properties in the fresh and hardened states at ambient and high temperatures than those with
larger replacement. Concretes made with FWG aggregates had higher compressive strengths
than those made with CWG and FCWG at ambient and elevated temperatures.
Souza et al (2007) studied the effects of addition of various proportions of SCBA on
the properties of mortar and concrete. The ash was partial substituted (0%, 10%, 20% and
30%) with cement at constant w/c ratio of 0.5. In this study, authors conducted various test as
workability with the flow table test, compressive strength at the ages of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 56
days, total water and capillary absorptions after 28 days of curing, pore size distribution at the
age of 28 days, gas permeability at the ages of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and pore size
distribution. In conclusion authors reported that SCBA can be replaced up to 20% and water
capillary sorption increased as with the addition of SCBA.
Ganesan et al (2007) conducted a study on the properties of concrete by replacing
SCBA as supplementary cementitious material. In experimental study, seven different
proportions of concrete mixtures (SCBA ranging from 5% to 30% by weight of cement)
including the control mix were prepared with a water binder ratio of 0.53. Compressive
strength of bagasse ash blended cement concrete cubes was determined after 7, 14, 28 and 90
days curing and splitting tensile strength test was conducted on SCBA blended concrete
cylinders after 28 days. It was concluded that up to 20% of OPC can be replaced with well-
burnt SCBA without any adverse effect on the desirable properties of concrete.
Shi and Zheng (2007) concluded that the waste glass as concrete aggregates have
negative effect on workability and strength. While the main concern of expansion and
cracking of concrete containing glass aggregates needs to control pH of the system to prevent
potential corrosion of the glass which may be achieved by replacement of cement with some
pozzolonic material. The authors have seen that the combined use of other supplementary
cementing materials such as coal fly ash, ground blast furnace slag and metakaolin can also
decrease the expansion from alkali–aggregate reaction.
Taha and Nounu (2008) studied the effect of mixed color WG as Recycled Glass
Sand (RGS) and Pozzolonic Glass Powder in concrete as sand and cement replacement
material respectively. Severe bleeding and segregation were observed when normal sand was
replaced by RGS and the plastic properties of the concrete undergo clear changes. Due to the
inherent smooth surface and negligible water absorption of glass particles, the presence of
RGS in concrete will reduce the consistency of the concrete mix and adhesive bond of the
ingredients inside the concrete mix. Therefore, severe bleeding and segregation were
observed when natural sand was replaced by waste recycled glass sand, and plastic properties
of the concrete mix undergo notable changes. No significant differences were observed in
compressive strength of concrete with the presence of RGS in concrete, while an average
reduction of 16% was occurred when 20% of the Portland cement was replaced by PGP.
7
Bishr (2008) studied the effect of elevated temperature on the compressive strength of
concrete made with silica fume (as a partial replacement of cement). Six mixture proportions
were made. First was control mix (without Silica fume), and the other five mixes contained
Silica fume. Cement was replaced with Silica fume by weight. The proportions of cement
replaced ranged from 0% to 15%. The 100 mm cubes were casted and cured for 28 days.
Three cubes of each mix proportion were placed at elevated temperature i.e.
20,150,300,500,700 and 900°C for four hours in the electric oven. The values of the
compressive strength for the various mixes at elevated temperatures were measured. The
results demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete with or without silica fume
decreases with increasing temperature, the peak value in the ratio of the compressive strength
at high temperature to that at ambient temperature is observed around 300°C. This peak value
could be attributed to the evaporation of free water inside the concrete.
Cordeiro et al (2008) investigated the pozzolanic and filler effects of a residual SCBA
in mortars. Initially, the influence of particle size of SCBA on the packing density, pozzolanic
activity of SCBA and compressive strength of mortars was analyzed. In addition, the behavior
of SCBA was compared to that of an insoluble material of the same packing density. In
results, a direct relationship exists between the compressive strength of mortar containing
SCBA and the Blaine fineness of the ash. On the other hand, the compressive strength of
mortar containing SCBA is inversely proportional to SCBA’s particle size. According to the
investigation of the SCBAs produced by vibratory grinding, the finest SCBA provided the
highest packing density of mortar, which generated a higher compressive strength and
pozzolanic activity. Moreover, a clear correlation was observed between Chapelle reactivity
and fineness of SCBA. The pozzolanic activity of SCBA was established from the
comparison with an insoluble material at the same packing density. In that case, a different
behavior was verified in relation to compressive strength of mortars produced with the
mineral admixtures, SCBA and quartz. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of
SCBA mortar was 31% higher than the strength of crushed quartz mixture. This discrepancy
was also observed in pozzolanic activity, mechanical response, as well as in results from the
modified Chapelle method. It was concluded that the SCBA presents physico-chemical
properties appropriate for its use as mineral admixture and its reactivity was mainly
dependent on particle size and fineness.
Behnood and Ghandehari (2009) studied the comparison of compressive and splitting
tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene (PP) fibers heated
to high temperatures. Mixtures were prepared with silica fume at 0%, 6% and 10% cement
replacement and polypropylene fibers content of 0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/m3. The specimens were
heated at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C for three hours. A strength loss was observed for
all concrete mix after exposure to 600°C. The relative compressive strengths of concretes
8
containing PP fibers were higher than those of concretes without PP fibers. The splitting
tensile strength of concrete was more sensitive to high temperatures than the compressive
strength. Presence of PP fibers was more effective for compressive strength than splitting
tensile strength above 200°C. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the addition
of 2kg/m3 PP fibers can significantly promote the residual mechanical properties of high
strength concrete during heating.
Chusilp et al (2009) studied the physical properties of concrete containing ground
bagasse ash (BA) including compressive strength, water permeability, and heat evolution.
Bagasse ash from a sugar factory was ground using a ball mill until the particles retained on a
No. 325 sieve were less than 5% by weight. They were then used as a replacement for Type I
Portland cement at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of binder. The water to binder (W/B) ratio
and binder content of the concrete were held constant at 0.50 and 350 kg/m3 respectively. The
results showed that at the age of 28 days, the concrete samples containing 10–30% ground
bagasse ash by weight of binder had greater compressive strengths than the control concrete
(concrete without ground bagasse ash) while the water permeability was lower than the
control concrete. Concrete containing 20% ground bagasse ash had the highest compressive
strength at 113% of the control concrete. The water permeability of concrete has decreased as
the fractional replacement of ground bagasse ash increased. For the heat evolution, the
maximum temperature rise of concrete containing ground bagasse ash was lower than the
control concrete. It was also found that the maximum temperature rise of the concrete was
reduced to 13%, 23%, and 33% as compared with the control concrete when the cement
replaced by ground bagasse ash at 10%, 20%, and 30% respectively. The results indicate that
ground bagasse ash can be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete with an acceptable
strength, lower heat evolution, and reduced water permeability with respect to the control
concrete.
Turgut and Yahlizade (2009) conducted study on paving blocks using fine and coarse
WG. Some of the physical and mechanical properties of paving blocks having various levels
of fine glass (FG) and coarse glass (CG) replacements with fine aggregate (FA) are
investigated. The test results show that the replacement of FG by FA at level of 20% by
weight has a significant effect on the compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile
strength and abrasion resistance of the paving blocks as compared with the control sample
because of pozzolonic nature of FG. The compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting
tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the paving block samples in the FG replacement
level of 20% are 69%, 90%, 47% and 15 % higher as compared with the control sample
respectively. It is reported in the earlier works the replacement of FG by FA at level of 20%
by weight suppress the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in the concrete. The test results show that
the FG at level of 20% has a potential to be used in the production of paving blocks. The
9
beneficial effect on these properties of CG replacement with FA is little as compared with
FG.
Cordeiro et al (2010) described the characterization of SCBA produced by controlled
burning and ultrafine grinding. Initially, the optimum burning conditions of the bagasse were
examined which helped to find maximum pozzolanic activity. The results demonstrated that
an amorphous SCBA with high specific surface area and reduced loss on ignition can be
produced with burning at 600°C in muffle oven. After observing optimum burning authors
investigated the grinding procedure of SCBA. The result also shows that the grinding in
vibratory mill for 120 min enabled the production of an ash with pozzolanic activity index of
100% which can be replaced cement up to 20%.
Janjaturaphan and Wansom (2010) studied the pozzolanic activity of SCBA. It was
found that the total amounts of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 for all SCBAs are higher than the
minimum requirement stated for Class N pozzolan (> 70%) according to ASTM C618 (2003).
Although the moisture contents for all SCBAs are higher than the maximum requirement of
3%, this possesses no serious problem to the use of SCBAs as an SCM, since it can be easily
reduced by oven-drying at 105-110ºC overnight or by sun-drying, for a more energy-efficient
and economical means.
Fairbairn et al (2010) studied the effect of cement replacement by SCBA on
properties of concrete. In this study, the specimen was cured for 7, 28, 90 and 180 days for 0,
10, 15 and 20 % of cement replacement with SCBA respectively. It was concluded that an
optimum of 10% SCBA blend with ordinary Portland cement could be used for reinforced
concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a pozzolan that can partially replace clinker in
cement production and reduces emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Srinivasan and Sathiya (2010) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement of
cement in concrete. The study was carried out on SCBA obtained by controlled combustion of
sugarcane bagasse which was procured from the Tamilnadu province in India. SCBA was
partial replace with cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% by weight. In the
experimental work, a total of 180 numbers of concrete specimens were casted. The specimens
considered in this study consisted of 36 numbers of 150 mm side cubes, 108 numbers of 150
mm diameter and 300 mm long cylinders, and 36 numbers of 750 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm
size prisms. The specimens were removed from the mould after 24h and then cured under
water for a period of 7 and 28 days. The study examined the compressive strength, split
tensile strength, flexural strength, young’s modulus and density of concrete. It was concluded
that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly higher compressive strength, tensile
strength, and flexural strength compare to that of the concrete without SCBA. It was also
found that the cement could be advantageously replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of
10%.
10
Paula et al (2010) evaluated the effects of the partial replacement of OPC by SCBA in
mortars. The SCBA was burned at 600°C and then at 700°C. The second burn was lasted for
3 hrs. After this burn, it was cooled naturally and then ground by using ball mill at different
grinding time at different grind times (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 420, 540 and 660 min). The
SCBA was replaced with cement at different replacement levels i.e. 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%
in mortar proportion (1:3). The results showed that the addition of SCBA retards the setting
time of mortars by 10 minutes. It was also observed that SCBA in blended mortar had
significantly higher strength up-to 10% of replacement.
Ismail et al (2011) studied the residual compressive strength of concrete containing
palm oil fuel ash (POFA) after exposure to elevated temperatures and subsequent cooling.
Specimens from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and POFA concrete mixes were prepared
and subjected to various temperature levels. The POFA concrete contains 20% partial
replacement of cement by weight and the temperature levels are 100, 300, 500 and 800°C.
Two cooling systems which include cooling at room temperature by the natural breeze and
water-spray were involved. Compressive strength test was conducted on control specimens as
well as concrete specimens revived through the two cooling systems. Physical properties
accompanying thermal degradations were also assessed. Residual performance as a ratio of
residual strength to original strength was evaluated. The residual performance was found to
be higher in POFA concrete than in the normal concrete. In addition, water-cooling was
realized to aggravate strength reduction in both normal and POFA concretes when compared
with air-cooling. High temperature and cooling system were also found to have great
influence on physical properties, such as mass loss, discoloration and crack patterns.
Krishna et al (2011) studied the effect of elevated temperature on strength of
differently cured concretes. The study investigated the effect of sustained elevated
temperature on compressive strength, strength loss, weight loss, and method of curing.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), OPC with 10%
replacement by micro silica were used in the experimentation. The experiments were
conducted on a design M40 grade concrete mix proportions of 1:1.61:1.95, designated as mix
A: 1:1.59:1.95, designated as mix B: and 1:1.595:1.95, designated as mix C: containing OPC-
43, PPC-43 and OPC with 10% micro silica respectively as cementing materials with a w/c
ratio = 0.43. After conducting workability tests, this homogeneous concrete mass was poured
into the cube moulds of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm and compacted on vibrating table. The
cubes were cured for 28 days employing two different curing techniques such as conventional
wet curing (curing tank) and by application of membrane forming curing compound. After 28
days of curing, the specimens were transferred to the muffle furnace wherein they were
heated to 150°C, 300°C and 450°C for 1 hour. After 1 hour the cubes were air cooled to room
temperature. The results revealed that the specimens of the concrete mixes: A, B and C
11
suffered an increasing loss in their compressive strength on exposure to increasing sustained
elevated temperatures. The loss of strength is comparable in mixes A & B while it’s more in
mix C when cured by conventional water curing.
Fairbairn et al (2012) observed the viability of possible CO2 emissions reductions
scenarios for the cement manufacturing through the implementation of Clean Development
Mechanisms (CDM) associated with the partial replacement of cement by sugar cane bagasse
ash (SCBA). The prime motive of this study was to explore thermal, chemical and mechanical
behavior of concretes containing 5 to 20%. This study revealed that there is improvement on
the performance of all analyzed properties. Moreover, the CO2 emissions of two hypothetical
scenarios of CDM Project implementation were evaluated. The analysis of the experimental
results indicated that there are emission reductions on both scenarios.
Lavanya et al (2012) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement of cement in
concrete. SCBA was partially replaced with cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
30% for three different water cement ratios i.e. 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45. For each water cement
ratio and replacement,s 3 cubes were casted and its average compressive strength is tabulated
for 7, 14 and 28 days. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that SCBA can
increase the overall strength of the concrete when used up to a 15% cement replacement level
with w/c ratio of 0.35. SCBA is a valuable pozzolanic material and it can potentially be used
as a partial replacement for cement.
Otuoze et al (2012) investigated the effect of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as
partial replacement of cement in concrete. In this study, a total of one hundred and eight (108)
specimens in all, each measuring 100mm x 100mm x 100mm were casted. The cubes were
cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%
SCBA blended with OPC. This study concluded that SCBA is a good pozzolana for concrete
cementation and partial blends of it with OPC could give good strength development and
other engineering properties in concrete. An optimum of 10% SCBA blend with OPC could
be used for reinforced concrete. Higher blends of 15% and up to 35% of SCBA with OPC are
acceptable for plane or mass concrete.
Rukzon and Chindaprasirt (2012) studied the effect of SCBA as partial replacement
of cement in high strength concrete. In the study cement was partially replaced with 10%,
20% and 30% of SCBA. For all mixes, 100 mm diameters and 200 mm height of cylindrical
specimens were cast for compressive strength testing. They were tested at the ages of 7, 28
and 90 days. The results demonstrated that SCBA improves the strength of concrete. The
concrete containing up to 30% of SCBA exhibited better compressive strength than
conventional concrete. Ghazi (2013) studied the benefit gained from using steel fiber
reinforcement on concrete mixture. The effect of fire on compressive strength was
investigated. Two different tests, one of them was the non destructive test which was the
12
ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test and the other was the destructive compression test, were
carried out using (10cm) cubes. Forty-eight cubes (half of them were with steel fiber
reinforcement of fiber/concrete ratio of (0.01) by volume and the remaining cubes were
without fiber reinforcement) were heated to temperature levels of (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000,
5000, 6000 and 700°C). Their after these specimens were air cooled and (UPV) test was done,
the specimens were destructively tested. The results indicated that the addition of steel fiber
increases the compressive strength at all tested heating levels with a maximum percentage
increase of (56.9%) at a temperature level of (500°C), in spite of that they have the same
behavior but the residual compressive strength decreases with the addition of steel fiber for
the tested heating levels lower than (400°C) and increases for the heating levels above this
degree.
Madandoust and Ghavidel (2013) studied the use of the combination of WG powder
(GP) and rice husk ash (RHA) as replacement for Portland cement. Hybrid mixtures
containing 0-20% GP and 0-20% RHA were prepared. The best values of replacements by GP
and RHA, based on the 28-days compressive strength and strength activity index, were
determined as 10% and 5% respectively. From these results, the properties of hybrid concrete
tended to increase with age due to the development of higher pozzolanic activity. The results
also revealed good evidence that both GP and RHA can be used together in concrete without
any adverse effects.
Malik et al (2013) conducted study on the utilization of WG as fine aggregates in
concrete. In their experimental work, authors replaced the fine aggregates by WG powder as
10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age
and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. It was concluded 20%
replacement of fine aggregates by WG showed 15% increase in compressive strength at 7
days and 25% increase in compressive strength at 28 days. Fine aggregates can be replaced by
WG up to 30% by weight showing 9.8% increase in compressive strength at 28 days. With
increase in WG content, percentage water absorption decreases. With increase in WG content,
average weight decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% WG content thus making WG concrete
light weight. Workability of concrete mix increases with increase in WG content. Use of WG
in concrete can prove to be economical as it is non useful waste and free of cost. Use of WG
in concrete will eradicate the disposal problem of WG and prove to be environment friendly
thus paving way for greener concrete. Use of WG in concrete will preserve natural resources
particularly river sand and thus make concrete construction industry sustainable.
Muangtong et al (2013) examined the effects of fine SCBA on the workability and
compressive strength of mortars. Initially, the clinker was designed. After that it was replaced
with SCBA with different replacement levels at the range of 0, 20 and 40%, whereas gypsum
13
was constant added. For cement mortars, sand, cement, SCBA and water were mixed and
cast into cube moulds (50mm x 50mm x 50mm) for compressive strength and fluidity of
cement mortar testing. The results revealed that replacing clinker with 20% SCBA was
appropriate for production in laboratory scale and w/c ratio of 0.735 is suitable on workability
of the resultant cement.
14
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 General
In this chapter, materials and methods employed to perform the study of workability,
compressive strength at room temperature and at elevated temperature of concrete containing
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and WG are discussed.
3.2 Material used
3.2.1 Cement
Cement is powdery formed substance, obtained by the calcinations of lime and clay.
Apart from this, there are various minerals used to make cement like, limestone, shells, and
chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand and iron ore.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) classified various kinds of cement according to their
physical as well as chemical properties as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland
pozzolana cement, rapid hardening Portland cement, Portland slag cement, hydrophobic
Portland cement, low heat Portland cement and sulphate resisting Portland cement. OPC is
made by heating lime and clay at a high temperature (about1450°C) in a specially designed
apparatus known as kiln. This process of heating at high temperature to obtain hard
substances (clinker) from these minerals is called calcination. Thereby, this clinker is
grounded with small amount of gypsum to make OPC. Chemistry of limestone and clay
cement mainly consists of silicates and aluminates of limestone and clay. OPC is produced in
large quantities than other cements. OPC is classified into three grades, namely 33 grade, 43
grade and 53 grade depending upon the compressive strength of cement at 28 days. In this
study, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) conformed to BIS: 8112-2013 was used. The
properties of cement were determined and the detail of which are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.2 Aggregates
Aggregates are the main constituents of the concrete. Sand, gravel, and crushed
stones are used as aggregates in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be
clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine
materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. The main function of the aggregates
is to increase the volume of concrete by making rigid skeletal structure. Aggregates of
different size are required to make rigid structure while their proportion may vary according
to particular mix requirements. Generally aggregates can be classified as normal weight
aggregates, light weight aggregates and heavy weight aggregates. Normal weight aggregates
can be further classified as natural aggregates and artificial aggregates.
On the basis of their size, these can be classified in to two categories such as coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate.
3.2.2.1 Coarse aggregates
Coarse aggregates are aggregates, the most of which are retained on 4.75-mm BIS
Sieve. There are various kinds of coarse aggregates described as:
i) Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock.
ii) Crushed gravel or stone which results from crushing of gravel or hard stone.
iii) Partially crushed gravel or stone which is a product of the blending of above two
The grading of the coarse aggregate is described by their nominal size i.e. 40 mm, 20
mm, 16 mm and 10 mm. Regarding the characteristics of different types of aggregate, crushed
aggregates tend to improve the strength because of interlocking of angular particles, while
rounded aggregates improve the flow because of lower internal friction. Crushed stone
aggregates of nominal size 20 mm and 10 mm in the proportion of 50:50 were used
throughout the experimental study. The aggregates were washed to remove dust and dirt and
were dried to surface dry condition. The properties of coarse aggregates such as specific
gravity and fineness modulus were determined and are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.2.2 Fine aggregates
Fine aggregates are aggregate, the most of which pass through 4.75-mm BIS Sieve.
i) Natural sand - Fine aggregates resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and
which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
ii) Crushed stone sand - Fine aggregates produced by crushing hard stone.
iii) Crushed gravel sand - Fine aggregates produced by crushing natural gravel.
According to size, the fine aggregates may be classified as coarse, medium or fine
aggregates. Depending upon the particle size distribution, the fine aggregates are divided into
four grading zones as per BIS: 383-1970 that are zone I, zone II, zone III and zone IV. Sieve
analysis of fine aggregates was performed and it was confirmed to grading zone II. It was
brown in colour, collected from Chakki River (Pathankot). Some tests followed by BIS: 2386-
1963 were conducted, the detail of which are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.3 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
India is an agriculture based country. Sugarcane is the one of the most cultivated crop
in all over country. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that India is the second
largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is an agro waste,
is by product of bagasse. Bagasse is fibrous residue after the extraction of sugar from
sugarcane. When this bagasse is burn at controlled temperature conditions, it turns into
bagasse ash.
16
Figure 3.1: Sugarcane bagasse ash
It has chemical composites like SiO2, AL2O3 and Fe2 O3. After burning, waste residue
is collected from the boiler. To meet the requirements of replaced material, ash was sieved
through 45 micron sieve. Bagasse ash used in this research was collected from the boiler of a
sugar mill situated at village Budhewal, at a distance of about 4 kms from Jandaili on
Ludhiana-Chandigarh road. The properties of SCBA are given in Chapter IV.
3.2.4 Waste Glass
Glass in an inert material, produced in various forms. But it is not possible to recycle
the whole waste glass (WG). Thus the utilization of this waste material is very essential to
generate eco friendly environment. In this study, WG was collected from various places of the
city. This WG is generally known as ground glass. It includes container glass, bulb glass and
flat glass. Thereafter, ground glass is wasted with water to remove dust particle and other
undesirable materials from ground glass.
Figure 3.2: Waste glass
After the removal of silt and other undesirable particles, it was fined to change their
physical properties. To provide suitable size as fine aggregates, it was sieved through 4.75
mm sieve. After the completion of 50% passing through BIS-sieve, that ground glass was
ready for the use as fine aggregates in concrete. The physical properties of glass were
determined and are given in Chapter IV.
17
3.2.5 Water
Water is an important constituent of concrete as it is responsible for chemical reaction
with cement. Due to its importance, mixing and curing water should not contain undesirable
organic substances or inorganic constituents in excessive proportions. In this project clean
potable water was used for both mixing and curing of concrete. It was free from organic
matter, silt, oil, sugar, chloride and acidic material as per BIS: 456-2000.
3.3 Methods
The procedure of methods used for testing cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates
and concrete are given below:
3.3.1 Methods of concrete mix design
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required strength,
durability and workability as economical as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. In
present study mix design was done by ISI mix design method which is based on Bureau of
Indian Standards BIS: 10262-2009.
ISI mix design method
The basic steps involved in the concrete mix design can be summarized as follows:
i) Based on the level of quality control, the target mean strength is estimated from the
specified characteristic strength.
ii) The water cement ratio is selected for the mean target strength and checked for the
requirements of durability.
iii) The water content for the required workability is determined.
iv) The cement content can be determined from the water cement ratio and water content
obtained in step (ii) and (iii) respectively and is checked for the water requirements.
v) The relative proportion of fine and coarse aggregates is selected from the
characteristic of coarse and fine aggregates.
vi) The trial mix proportions are determined.
vii) The trial mixes are tested for verifying the compressive strength and suitable
adjustments are made to arrive at the final mix composition.
The procedure of methods used for testing cement, coarse aggregates and concrete are
given below:
3.3.2 Specific gravity
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a
substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. The
reference substance is water for liquids or air for gases. The specific gravity of the solid is the
ratio of its weight in air to the difference between its weight in air and its weight after
18
immersed in water.
3.3.3 Standard consistency of cement as per BIS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit a vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of
33-35 mm from the top of the mould.
i) Weigh approximately 400 g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water.
The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
ii) Fill the vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.
iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
v) Note the reading on the gauge.
vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of
water until the reading on the gauge is 5 mm to 7 mm. The water content for the cube
is the standard consistency of cement.
3.3.4 Determination of Initial and Final Setting time as per BIS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988
i) Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85P of water by weight
of cement where P is standard consistency of cement as found earlier.
ii) Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes.
iii) Fill the vicat mould with cement and smoothen the surface of the paste making it
level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is known as test
block.
iv) For initial setting time place the test block confined in the mould and resting on non
porous plate under the rod bearing needle, lower the needle gently in contact with the
surface of the test block.
v) In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure
until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of
the mould.
vi) The period elapsing between the times when water is added to the time at which the
needle fails to pierce the test block by about 5 mm is the initial setting time.
vii) For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of vicat apparatus by the
needle with an annular attachment.
viii) The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the final setting needle
gently to the surface of the block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the
attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time when water is added
to the cement and the time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of
the test block while the attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
19
3.3.5 Compressive strength of cement as per BIS: 4031 (Part 6) - 1988
Compressive strength of cement is determined from cubes of 70.6 mm X 70.6 mm X
70.6 mm in size, made of cement mortar with one part of cement and three parts of standard
sand. The quantity of materials for each cube taken as follows:-
Cement : 200 g
Standard sand : 600 g
Water : (P/4+3.0) percent weight of cement and sand
Where P is the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency
determined as found in 3.4.2
Procedure:
i) Gauge a mixture of cement and standard sand in the proportion of 1:3 by weight
using (P/4+3.0) percent of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Fill the cube moulds by compacting it for two minutes on a vibrating machine.
iii) Smoothen the top surface of the cubes with flat side of trowel.
iv) Immediately upon completion of moulding, place the cube moulds in an atmosphere
of 27⁰C± 2°C.
v) After 24 hours, remove the specimen from the moulds and keep them in water for
curing till testing.
vi) Test the cubes at 3, 7 and 28 days age in the compression testing machine.
vii) Report the average compressive strength in N/mm2.
3.3.6 Sieve analysis for coarse and fine aggregates as per BIS: 2386 (Part 1) - 1963
i) The sample was dried on a hot plate or in an oven at a temperature of 110ºC (230ºF).
ii) The air dry sample was weighed and sieved successfully on the appropriate sieves
starting with the large.
iii) Each sieve was shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace passes,
but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking was done with
a varied motion, left to right, backward and forward, circular clockwise and anti-
clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the
sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
iv) Lumps of fine materials, if present, was broken by gentle pressure with fingers
against the side of the sieve. Light brushing with a soft brush on the underside of the
sieve was used to clear the sieve openings.
v) On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, was weighed.
3.3.7 Workability of concrete as per BIS: 1199-1959
Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar which determines the
ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated, and finished.
20
Workability is not just based on the properties of the concrete, but also on the nature of the
application. The strength and durability of hardened concrete, in addition to labor costs,
depend on concrete having appropriate workability. Workability test methods have been
classified in terms of the type of flow produced during the test. Commonly used test methods
are:-
i) Slump Test
ii) Compacting Factor Test
iii) Vee Bee Consistometer Test
iv) Flow Table Test
In present study, workability was found by slump test. The concrete slump test is
used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test that
measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures consistency
between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple
procedure. The apparatus consist of slump cone, scale for measurement and tamping rod
(steel).
The basic steps involved in Slump Test can be summarized as follows:
i) The mould for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm of height. The base is
200 mm in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm.
ii) The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability is to be tested.
iii) Each layer is tamped 25 times with a standard 16 mm diameter steel rod, rounded at
the end.
iv) When the mould is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(leveled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the
tamping rod.
v) The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it
could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of
handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
vi) Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
vii) The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
21
Figure 3.3: Procedure of slump test
viii) The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
tamping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.
ix) The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale (usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm.
Table 3.1: Slump and degree of workability of concrete (Reproduced from BIS
456-2000)
Degree of Slump
Use for which concrete is suitable
workability mm
Very dry mixes; used in road making. Roads vibrated by power
Very low 0-25
operated machines.
Low workability mixes; used for foundations with light
Low 25-50
reinforcement. Roads vibrated by hand operated machines.
Medium workability mixes; manually compacted flat slabs using
50-
Medium crushed aggregates. Normal reinforced concrete manually compacted
100
and heavily reinforced sections with vibrations.
100- High workability concrete; for sections with congested reinforcement.
High
175 Not normally suitable for vibration
3.3.8 Compressive strength of concrete as per BIS: 516 -1959

The quantities of cement, coarse aggregates (20 mm and 10 mm), fine aggregates,
SCBA, WG and water and for each batch (varying the percentage of SCBA and WG) were
22
weighed separately. Firstly, the cement and SCBA were uniformly mixed dry. Fine
aggregates and WG were also properly mixed to this mixture in dry form. The coarse
aggregates were mixed to get uniform distribution throughout the batch. Then all the
ingredients were mixed thoroughly for 3 to 4 minutes.
Figure 3.4: Dry mixing of ingredients
Compressive strength of concrete was determined from cubes of 150 mm X 150 mm

X 150 mm in size. Cube moulds were cleaned and oil was applied. Then the concrete was
filled into the cube moulds.
Figure 3.5: Casting of cube specimens
23
To ensure proper compaction, concrete moulds were vibrated. The surface of the
concrete was finished level with the top of the mould using trowel. The finished specimens
were left to harden in air for 24 hours. The specimens were removed from the moulds after 24
hours of casting and were placed in the water tank, filled with potable water in the laboratory.
They were taken out from the curing tank at the ages of 14, 28 and 60 days. Surface water
was wiped off and specimens were immediately tested after removal from the curing tank.
The compressive strength of concrete cubes was found on Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
The load was applied gradually without shock till the failure of the specimen occur and thus
the compressive strength of concrete cubes was found.
3.3.9 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature
Compressive strength of concrete was also determined at different temperature
ranges. The cubes of 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm in size were used for this purpose. All the
cubes were cured for 28 days prior to heating. The hardened concrete cubes were then
transferred to the muffle furnace as shown in Figure 3.6(a).
(a) (b)
Figure 3.6: Heating of cube specimens into muffle furnace
They were heated from room temperature to 150°C, 300°C and 600°C for two and
half hours to achieve a uniform temperature distribution across them as shown in Figure
3.6(b).After that furnace was turned off and samples were cooled to room temperature. All
cooled specimens were subjected to compression test under Universal Testing Machine.
3.3.10 Statistical analysis of compressive strength test results
Statistical analysis was performed on results of compressive strength test. Statistical
analysis was done by using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The effect of
24
SCBA and WG on compressive strength of 14, 28 and 60 days were found out with the help
of factorial CRD and critical difference was also found. The numbers of levels for SCBA and
WG were five. The experiments were replicated three times. The results are given in Chapter
IV.
25
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, results of tests conducted on materials used in research work are
shown. The performance of various mixes containing different percentage of SCBA and WG
is discussed. All the tests conducted were in accordance with the methods described in
Chapter III.
4.1 Properties of materials
The main focus of studying various properties of material used in research is to
confirm the code specification. This confirmation helps to enable an engineer to design a
concrete mix for a particular strength. The following materials were used in the present
research.
4.1.1 Properties of ordinary Portland cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 43 was used in the research. It was fresh
and free from any lumps. To protect cement from moisture and other mixings, it was carefully
stored. All basic tests like specific gravity, standard consistency, setting time, and
compressive strength was conducted. These determined physical properties of the cement
from various tests are listed in Table 4.1 and the corresponding standard for that parameter as
per BIS: 8112-2013 is also listed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Properties of OPC 43 grade cement
Sr. Characteristics Value Obtained Values specified by
No. experimentally BIS: 8112-2013
1. Specific Gravity 3.15 -
2. Standard consistency 31% -
3. Initial Setting time 135 minutes 30 minutes (minimum)
4. Final Setting time 220 minutes 600 minutes (maximum)
5. Compressive Strength
3 days 25.54 N/mm2 23 N/mm2
7 days 36.12 N/mm2 33 N/mm2
28 days 49.53 N/mm2 43 N/mm2
The values are conforming to specifications given in BIS: 8112-2013
4.1.2 Properties of aggregates
4.1.2.1 Properties of coarse aggregates
In present study, crushed gravel of two stone sizes of 10 mm and 20 mm, with equal
proportions were used. The coarse aggregates were free from dust and dried to surface dry
condition. As specified by BIS: 383-1970, all required properties were determined. The
physical properties such as color, shape, maximum size, water absorption, sieve analysis, and
fineness modulus were calculated and are given in Table 4.2, Table 4.3, Table 4.4 and Table
4.5 respectively. All coarse aggregates properties are confirming to BIS: 383-1970.
Table 4.2: Properties of coarse aggregates
Colour Grey
Shape Angular
Maximum Size 20 mm
Specific Gravity 2.65
Water Absorption (%) 0.61
Fineness Modulus 6.61
Table 4.3: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (10 mm size)

Total weight of sample = 2000 g
BIS- Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative %age passing
Designation Retained on weight retained %age weight
sieve (g) (g) retained
80 mm Nil Nil Nil 100
12.5 mm 14 14 0.70 99.30
10 mm 614 628 31.40 68.60
4.75 mm 1240 1868 93.40 6.60
2.36 mm 105 1973 98.65 1.35
Table 4.4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (20 mm size)

BIS- Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative %age %age
Designation Retained on weight retained weight retained passing
sieve (g) (g)
10 mm 1904 1904 95.20 4.80
4.75 mm 96 2000 100 0
Table 4.5: Sieve analysis of proportioned coarse aggregates

BIS- Sieve 50:50 Cumulative Cumulative % age BIS: 383-1970
Designation Proportion weight %age weight passing Requirements
(10mm:20mm) retained Retained
(gm)
Weight Retained
80 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 100
20 mm Nil Nil Nil 100 95-100
10 mm 1262 1262 63.10 36.90 25-55
4.75 mm 629 1891 94.55 5.45 0-10
Coarse aggregates are conforming to Table 2 of BIS: 383-1970
27
4.1.2.2 Properties of fine aggregates
Natural sand was used as fine aggregates, collected from Chakki River (Pathankot).
The specific gravity, water absorption and fineness modulus of fine aggregates was
experimentally determined as 2.71, 1.21 and 2.70 respectively. It was brown in color with
coarser shape of particles. The sieve analysis of fine aggregates is given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Sieve analysis of fine aggregates
BIS-Sieve Weight Percentage Cumulative Percentage Percentage
Designation Retained Weight Percentage passing passing for
on Retained on Weight Grading Zone-
Sieve (g) sieve Retained on II as per BIS:
sieve 383-1970
4.75 mm 42 8.40 8.40 91.60 90-100
2.36 mm 24 4.80 13.20 86.80 75-100
1.18 mm 70 14.00 27.20 72.80 55-90
600 micron 106 21.20 48.40 51.60 35-55
300 micron 121 24.20 72.60 27.40 8-30
150 micron 125 25.00 97.60 2.40 0-10
Fine aggregates are conforming to grading zone II as per BIS-383:1970

4.1.3 Properties of sugarcane bagasse ash
The ash was obtained from the boiler of a Budhewal Co-Operative Suger Mills Ltd.
situated at village Budhewal, which falls at a distance of about 4 kms from Jandaili on
Ludhiana-Chandigarh road. The chemical properties of SCBA are given in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: Chemical properties of SCBA
(Source: Budhewal Co-Operative Suger Mills Ltd.)
Sr. No. Chemical component % of Chemical component
1. SiO2 78.34%
2. Fe2O3 3.61%
3. Al2O3 8.55%
4. CaO 2.15%
5. Na2O 0.12%
6. K2O 3.46%
7. Ignition loss 0.42%
4.1.4 Properties of waste glass

WG was collected from various places which included container glass, bulb glass and
flat glass. Thereafter, it was fined and the physical properties of glass were calculated after
28
sieving through 4.75-mm sieve. The physical properties of WG are given in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8: Physical properties of WG
Color Mixed color
Particles shape and texture Angular and irregular
Specific Gravity 2.65
4.2 Testing of concrete

In this study, the specimens were tested after 14, 28 and 60 days of curing to study
the effect of SCBA and WG in concrete while all the cubes were tested after 28 days of
curing to study the effect of different temperature ranges on compressive strength of all
mixtures. The 24 mixes were prepared other than control mix. The cement was replaced with
different replacement levels of SCBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%) while fine aggregates
were replaced with different ranges of WG (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40%). The water/cement
(w/c) ratio in all the mixes was kept 0.55. The cubes considered in this study consisted of 225
numbers of 150mm side cubes and same numbers of 100mm side cubes. The ratio of different
materials used in each mix and mix designation are given below in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9: Designation of concrete mixture
Mix WG (%) SCBA (%) Cement (%)
S1 0 0
S2 5 95
S3 10 90
S4 0 15 85
S5 20 80
S6 0 0
S7 5 95
S8 10 90
S9 10 15 85
S10 20 80
S11 0 0
S12 5 95
S13 10 90
S14 20 15 85
S15 20 80
S16 0 0
S17 5 95
S18 10 90
S19 30 15 85
S20 20 80
S21 0 0
S22 5 95
S23 10 90
S24 40 15 85
S25 20 80
29
4.2.1 Mix design of concrete by BIS recommendations
The present investigation includes design of concrete mix for M20 grade of concrete.
The guideline given in codes BIS: 10262-2009 and BIS: 456-2000 has been adopted for mix
design of concrete.
4.2.1.1 Stipulation for proportioning
a) Grade designation : M-20
b) Type of cement : OPC 43 grade conforming to BIS 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
d) Minimum cement content : 300 kg/m3
e) Maximum water-cement ratio : 0.55
f) Workability : 50 mm (slump)
g) Degree of supervision : Good
h) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
i) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3
4.2.1.2 Test data for materials
a) Cement used : OPC 43 grade conforming to BIS: 8112
b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
c) Specific gravity of:
i) Coarse aggregate : 2.65
ii) Fine aggregate : 2.71
d) Water absorption
i) Coarse aggregate : 0.61%
ii) Fine aggregate : 1.21 %
e) Free (surface) moisture
i) Coarse aggregate : Nil
ii) Fine aggregate : Nil
f) Sieve analysis
i) Coarse aggregate : Conforming to Table 2 of BIS: 383-1970
ii) Fine aggregates : Conforming to grading Zone II of Tabl
of BIS 383-1970.
4.2.1.3 Target strength for mix proportioning

f 'ck = fck + 1.65 s
Where
f 'ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days
fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and
s = Standard deviation
30
From Table 4.10, standard deviation for M20 is 4 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 20 + 1.65 x 4 = 26.6 N/mm2
Table 4.10: Assumed Standard Deviation (Source: Table 1 of BIS: 10262:2009)
Grade of Concrete Assumed Standard Deviation in N/mm2
M 10 3.5
M 15 3.5
M 20 4.0
M 25 4.0
M 30 5.0
M 35 5.0
M 40 5.0
M 45 5.0
M 50 5.0
4.2.1.4 Selection of water-cement ratio

Table 4.11 give values of minimum cement content, maximum water-cement ratio
and minimum grade of concrete for different exposures with normal weight aggregates of 20
mm nominal maximum size.
Table 4.11: Minimum Cement Content, Maximum Water-Cement Ratio and Minimum
Grade of Concrete for Different Exposures with Normal Weight Aggregates
of 20 mm Nominal Maximum Size (Source: Table 5 of BIS 456)
Sr. Exposure Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete

No. Minimum Maximum Minimum Minimum Maximum Minimum
Cement Free W/C Grade of Cement Free W/C Grade of
Content Ratio Concrete Content Ratio Concrete
3 3
kg/m kg/m
1. Mild 220 0.60 -- 300 0.55 M 20
2. Moderate 240 0.60 M 15 300 0.50 M 25
3. Severe 250 0.50 M 20 320 0.45 M 30
4. Very 260 0.45 M 20 340 0.45 M 35
Severe
5. Extreme 280 0.40 M 25 360 0.40 M 40
From Table 4.11, maximum water cement ratio: 0.55

Based on experience, adopt water-cement ratio as 0.55
Maximum water cement ratio is 0.55, Hence O.K.
31
4.2.1.5 Selection of water content
Table 4.12 give values of maximum water content per cubic metre of concrete for
nominal maximum size of aggregate.
Table 4.12: Maximum water content per cubic metre of concrete for nominal
maximum size of aggregate. (Source: Table 2 of BIS: 10262-2009)
Sr. No. Maximum Size Of Aggregates Maximum Water Content

mm Kg
I. 10 208
II. 20 186
III. 40 165
From Table 4.12, maximum water content is 186 litre (for 25 to 50 mm slump range) for 20
mm aggregate.
Based on experience, adopt 186 litres.
4.2.1.6 Calculation of cement content
Water-cement ratio = 0.55
Cement content = 186/0.55 = 338.18 kg/m3
From Table 4.12, minimum cement content for 'mild' exposure condition is 300 kg/m3
338.18 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3. Hence, O.K.
4.2.1.7 Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content
Table 4.13 give values of volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total
aggregate for different zone of fine aggregate.
Table 4.13: Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate for different
zone of fine aggregate. (Source: Table 3 of BIS: 10262-2009)
SI NO. Nominal Volume Of Coarse Aggregate per unit Volume of total

Maximum Size Aggregate for Different Zones of Fine Aggregate
Aggregate
Mm Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I
i. 10 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
ii. 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
iii. 40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
From Table 4.13, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine
aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 is 0.62.
In present investigation water cement ratio is 0.55. Therefore, volume of coarse
aggregate has to be decreased to increase the content of fine aggregate. As water cement ratio
is higher by 0.05, the proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is decreased by 0.01 (at the
rate of +/- 0.01 for every +/- 0.05 change in water cement ratio). Therefore, corrected
32
proportion of volume of coarse aggregates for water cement ratio of 0.55 is 0.61.
4.2.1.8 Mix calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete : 1 m3
Mass of cement 1
b) Volume of cement : 
Specific gravity of cement 1000
338.18 1
: 
3.15 1000
= 0.107 m3
186 1
c) Volume of water : 
1 1000
= 0.186 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate : [a-(b+c)]
: [1-(0.107 + 0.186 )]
= 0.707 m3
e) Mass of coarse aggregate : d  Volume of coarse aggregate  Specific
gravity of coarse aggregate  1000
: 0.707 x 0.61 x 2.65 x 1000
= 1142.87 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate : d  Volume of fine aggregate  Specific
gravity of fine aggregate  1000
: 0.707 x 0.39 x 2.71 x 1000
= 747.23 kg
Table 4.14: Proportion of different materials
Water Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates
186 liters 338.18 kg 747.23 kg 1142.87 kg
0.55 1 2.21 3.38
4.2.2 Preparation of trial mixes

Based on the concrete mix design by BIS method, four trials mixes were prepared.
Two trials mixes were prepared with water cement ratio of 0.55 and other two mixes were
prepared with water cement ratio of 0.50. The nine cubes were cast for each mix and were
tested at 3, 7 and 28 days. The mix proportions for various constituents have been
summarized in Table 4.15.
33
Table 4.15: Quantities per cubic meter for trial mixes (M20)
Mix Water Water Cement Sand Coarse Average Average Average Slump
No. Cement (L/m3) (kg) (kg) Aggregates cube cube cube (mm)
Ratio (kg) strength strength strength
at 7 at 14 at 28
days days days
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
MR1 0.55 186 338.18 747.23 1142.87 18.01 23.65 28.40 35
MR2 0.55 197.16 358.47 728.20 1113.77 17.72 23.57 27.73 110
MR3 0.50 186 372.00 716.74 1143.52 19.72 25.40 31.90 28
MR4 0.50 197.16 394.32 698.20 1113.95 18.23 23.74 29.85 86
The mix MR2 was chosen as the control mix because its average cube strength was
very close to the target mean strength of concrete among all mixes. Furthermore, this mix also
had good workability characteristics. Based on mix MR2 the mix proportions of concrete
mixes are given in Table 4.16.
Table 4.16: Mix proportions of different concrete mixes
Mix SCBA WG Cement SCBA Fine WG Coarse Water
(%) (%) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) Aggregates (Kg/m3) Aggregates (L/m3)
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
S1 0 0 358.47 0 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
S2 5 0 340.55 17.92 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
S3 10 0 322.62 35.85 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
S4 15 0 304.70 53.77 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
S5 20 0 286.78 71.69 728.20 0 1113.77 197.16
S6 0 10 358.47 0 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
S7 5 10 340.55 17.92 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
S8 10 10 322.62 35.85 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
S9 15 10 304.70 53.77 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
S10 20 10 286.78 71.69 655.38 72.82 1113.77 197.16
S11 0 20 358.47 0 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
S12 5 20 340.55 17.92 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
S13 10 20 322.62 35.85 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
S14 15 20 304.70 53.77 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
S15 20 20 286.78 71.69 582.56 145.64 1113.77 197.16
S16 0 30 358.47 0 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
S17 5 30 340.55 17.92 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
S18 10 30 322.62 35.85 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
S19 15 30 304.70 53.77 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
34
S20 20 30 286.78 71.69 509.74 218.46 1113.77 197.16
S21 0 40 358.47 0 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
S22 5 40 340.55 17.92 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
S23 10 40 322.62 35.85 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
S24 15 40 304.70 53.77 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
S25 20 40 286.78 71.69 436.92 291.28 1113.77 197.16
4.3 Workability of concrete

In fresh condition, workability characteristics for high quality concrete should be
acceptable (90-100mm slump height). The desired strength of concrete can be obtained if
fresh concrete has adequate slump value. In the present research, workability was measured in
terms of slump values and percentage losses are shown in Table 4.17 and table 4.18
respectively. Slump values are also presented by Figure 4.1. The given data reveals that the
workability of concrete decreased with increase in percentage of SCBA, while there is a huge
incline in workability with increase in percentage of WG. The slump value falls down from
110 mm to 91 mm with 0% to 40% replacement of SCBA with cement, due to rough and
angular shape of SCBA partials. On the other hand, as the percentage of WG is increased
from 0% to 40%, slump values instantly increased from 110 mm to 133 mm. It was observed
that the slump value was highest (about 133mm) at 0% replacement of SCBA with
combination of 40% WG. This is mainly due to the non porous structure of the WG.
Table 4.17: Test results for workability of concrete
Mix SCBA (%) WG (%) Slump(mm)
S1 0 110
S2 5 107
S3 10 0 103
S4 15 95
S5 20 91
S6 0 112
S7 5 104
S8 10 10 101
S9 15 95
S10 20 90
S11 0 117
S12 5 111
S13 10 20 108
S14 15 99
S15 20 97
35
S16 0 127
S17 5 119
S18 10 114
S19 15 30 105
S20 20 103
S21 0 133
S22 5 132
S23 10 40 123
S24 15 121
S25 20 119
Table 4.18: Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in workability of concrete

Mix SCBA (%) WG (%) Slump (%)
S1 0 0
S2 5 -2.72
S3 10 -6.36
S4 15 0 -13.63
S5 20 -17.27
S6 0 +1.82
S7 5 -5.46
S8 10 -8.18
S9 15 10 -13.63
S10 20 -18.18
S11 0 +6.36
S12 5 +0.90
S13 10 -1.82
S14 15 20 -10.00
S15 20 -11.81
S16 0 +15.45
S17 5 +8.18
S18 10 +3.64
S19 15 30 -4.54
S20 20 -6.36
S21 0 +20.90
S22 5 +20.00
S23 10 40 +11.82
S24 15 +10.00
S25 20 +8.18
36
140
0% WG
120
10% WG
100
Slump (mm) 80
20% WG
30% WG
60
40% WG
40
20
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
SCBA (%)
Figure 4.1: Slump values of concrete with different replacement levels of SCBA and
WG
4.4 Compressive strength of concrete
The compressive strength of all the mixes was determined at the ages of 14, 28 and
60 days for the various replacement levels of SCBA with cement and WG with fine
aggregates. The values of average compressive strength and percentage loss for different
replacement levels of SCBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and WG (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40%) at the end of different curing periods (14 days, 28 days & 60 days) are given in Table
4.19 and Table 4.20 respectively. The effect of both waste materials on compressive strength
at curing ages of 14, 28 and 60 days is illustrated by Figure 4.2 to Figure 4.4. It is quite
obvious from the data that there was a gradual increase in compressive strength as the
percentage of SCBA is increased up to 15%. After 15%, the value of compressive strength
suddenly falls down at all curing periods. The highest percentage gain was observed at 10%
SCBA replacement level, it was about 4.6, 6.1 and 5.9 at 14, 28 and 60 days curing
respectively. Nevertheless, the replacement of 15% of SCBA still improves the compressive
strength of concrete as compared to the control concrete but for much better results, the 10%
of SCBA seems to be the optimum. This improvement is basically due to physical as well as
chemical effect of SCBA. The chemical effect is mainly due to the reaction between the
reactive silica and calcium hydroxide whereas the physical effect relates to the finer particle
of SCBA. In contrast, there was a loss in strength of concrete due to replacement of fine
aggregates with WG. The substitution of WG produced relatively low strength concrete
compared to control mix. This decline may be due to the decrease in adhesive strength
between the surface of the WG aggregates and the cement paste as well as the increase in
fineness modulus (FM) of the fine aggregates and the decrease in compacting factor in
accordance with the increase in the mixing ratio of the WG. At the curing age of 14 days,
there was about 0.6%, 2.5%, 5.9% and 8.1% loss in compressive strength of concrete
37
containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% WG as fine aggregates respectively. The same trend
was observed for curing period of 28 and 60 days. It can be seen that the loss in compressive
strength was minor up to 10% of WG but beyond 10%, there was large reduction in
compressive strength. From Table 4.19 and Table 4.20, it can be concluded that the
combination of 10% SCBA and 20% WG gives better results without any loss in strength. In
order to make higher strength concrete compared to reference mix, the combination of 10%
SCBA and 10% WG is the most significant.
Table 4.19: Test results for average compressive strength of concrete
Mix SCBA (%) WG (%) Average compressive strength (N/mm2) of
concrete for different curing days
14 days 28 days 60 days
S1 0 23.01 27.35 32.10
S2 5 23.63 28.41 33.44
S3 10 0 24.06 29.01 33..99
S4 15 23.33 27.86 32.42
S5 20 22.84 26.93 31.81
S6 0 22.87 27.10 31.93
S7 5 23.51 28.17 33.28
S8 10 10 23.92 28.79 33.86
S9 15 23.21 27.65 32.32
S10 20 22.71 26.74 31.61
S11 0 22.43 26.55 31.23
S12 5 23.05 27.59 32.64
S13 10 20 23.53 28.19 33.15
S14 15 22.73 27.11 31.42
S15 20 22.29 26.11 30.84
S16 0 21.65 25.79 30.14
S17 5 22.25 26.83 31.45
S18 10 30 22.68 27.21 32.00
S19 15 21.99 26.28 30.49
S20 20 21.46 25.68 30.10
S21 0 21.14 24.80 29.17
S22 5 21.79 25.84 30.49
S23 10 40 22.23 26.50 31.04
S24 15 21.44 25.27 29.56
S25 20 20.96 24.36 29.30
38
Table 4.20: Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in compressive strength of concrete
Mix SCBA (%) WG (%) Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in
compressive strength for different curing
days
14 days 28 days 60 days
S1 0 0 0 0
S2 5 +2.7 +3.9 +4.2
S3 10 0 +4.6 +6.1 +5.9
S4 15 +1.4 +1.9 +1.0
S5 20 -0.7 -1.5 -0.9
S6 0 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5
S7 5 +2.1 +3.01 +3.6
S8 10 10 +3.9 +5.3 +5.5
S9 15 +0.9 +1.1 +0.7
S10 20 -1.3 -2.2 -1.5
S11 0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.7
S12 5 +0.2 +0.9 +1.7
S13 10 20 +2.3 +3.1 +3.3
S14 15 -1.2 -0.9 -2.1
S15 20 -3.1 -4.5 -3.9
S16 0 -5.9 -5.7 -6.1
S17 5 -3.3 -1.9 -2.0
S18 10 30 -1.4 -0.5 -0.3
S19 15 -4.4 -3.9 -5.0
S20 20 -6.7 -6.1 -6.2
S21 0 -8.1 -9.3 -9.1
S22 5 -5.3 -5.5 -5.0
S23 10 40 -3.4 -3.1 -3.3
S24 15 -6.8 -7.6 -7.9
S25 20 -8.9 -10.9 -8.7
39
25
Compressive Strength
24
23 0% WG
(N/mm2) 22 10% WG
21 20% WG
20 30% WG
19 40% WG
0% SCBA 5% SCBA 10% SCBA 15% SCBA 20% SCBA
SCBA (%)
Figure 4.2: Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of

30
29
28
27 0% WG
(N/mm2)
26 10%WG
25
20% WG
24
30% WG
23
22 40% WG
SCBA (%)

35
34
33
32
0% WG
(N/mm2)
31
30 10% WG
29 20% WG
28
30% WG
27
26 40% WG
SCBA (%)

40
4.5 Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature
In the present study, the compressive strength was measured both at room
temperature and elevated temperature. The residual compressive strength and percentage loss
in compressive strength of all concretes mixes at room temperature and after heating to
150°C, 300°C and 600°C is given in Table 4.21 and Table 4.22 respectively. The effect of
elevated temperature and replacement of waste materials on compressive strength at curing
age of 28 days is illustrated by Figure 4.5 to Figure 4.14. It is quite obvious from the given
data that the compressive strength of all concrete mixes decreases with increase in
temperature. The strength of concrete with 0% replacement of SCBA and WG after heating
to150°C, 300°C and 600°C was 81.0%, 84.0%, and 39.1% of its unheated strength
respectively. Almost similar trend was observed in SCBA and WG concrete mixes also. At
1500, the reduction in compressive strength was lower as compared to other temperature
ranges. At the replacement level of 20% SCBA and 20% WG, the loss in strength was the
higher as compared to other replacement level. There was approximately 15% to 19%
strength loss as the temperature was increased to 3000 C In concrete mix (S19) containing
15% SCBA and 30% WG, there was the highest loss of strength about (62.1%) at 6000. In
contrast at 15% SCBA and 20% WG replacement level, the percentage loss of strength was
the lowest at same temperature condition. The loss of strength in all concrete mixes is mainly
due to the evaporation of water. As water evaporates from cubes, cracks are developed due to
internal pressure. Moreover, the other reason behind this cracking is the expansion of
aggregates at higher temperature due to evaporation of water. As water evaporates, it
contracts the cement paste, ultimately affecting the bonding of concrete.
Table 4.21: Residual compressive strength of concrete mixes at different temperature
Mix SCBA WG Residual compressive strength (N/mm2) at

(%) (%) different temperature ranges
Room 150°C 300°C 600°C
Temperature
(R.T.)
S1 0 29.35 26.71 24.66 11.45
S2 5 30.26 26.93 25.11 12.41
S3 10 31.38 28.86 26.36 13.18
S4 15 0 30.22 26.59 24.78 12.09
S5 20 29.02 26.12 24.09 11.32
S6 0 29.14 26.19 23.63 11.30
S7 5 30.08 26.10 25.17 12.12
S8 10 31.14 27.12 26.25 13.01
S9 15 10 29.99 26.66 24.62 11.96
S10 20 28.79 25.73 24.03 11.17
41
S11 0 28.64 25.86 23.34 10.88
S12 5 29.61 26.20 25.67 11.99
S13 10 30.64 27.91 25.82 12.74
S14 15 20 29.52 25.94 23.94 12.57
S15 20 28.29 24.44 23.70 11.40
S16 0 27.58 24.24 23.33 10.97
S17 5 28.46 25.18 23.28 11.12
S18 10 29.29 26.21 23.75 11.80
S19 15 30 28.44 25.68 23.40 10.77
S20 20 27.32 24.12 22.97 10.40
S21 0 26.91 23.62 22.01 10.62
S22 5 27.85 24.20 22.92 11.50
S23 10 28.99 25.16 24.20 12.20
S24 15 40 27.73 24.43 23.37 11.42
S25 20 26.53 23.79 22.04 10.58
Table 4.22: Percentage loss in compressive strength at different temperature

Mix SCBA WG Percentage loss in compressive strength with
(%) (%) increase in temperature
Room Room Room
Temperature Temperature Temperature
to 150°C to 300°C to 600°C
S1 0 9.0 15.9 60.9
S2 5 11.0 17.0 58.9
S3 10 8.0 15.9 57.9
S4 15 0 12.0 18.0 59.9
S5 20 9.9 16.9 60.9
S6 0 10.1 18.9 61.2
S7 5 13.2 16.3 59.7
S8 10 12.9 15.7 58.2
S9 15 10 11.1 17.9 60.1
S10 20 10.6 16.5 61.2
S11 0 9.7 18.5 62.0
S12 5 11.5 15.3 59.5
S13 10 8.9 15.7 58.4
S14 15 20 12.1 18.9 57.4
S15 20 13.6 16.2 59.7
S16 0 12.1 15.4 60.2
S17 5 11.5 18.2 60.9
S18 10 10.5 18.9 59.7
S19 15 30 9.7 17.7 62.1
S20 20 11.7 15.9 61.9
S21 0 12.2 18.2 60.5
S22 5 13.1 17.7 58.7
S23 10 13.2 16.5 57.9
S24 15 40 11.9 15.7 58.8
S25 20 10.5 16.9 60.1
42
600°C
40 300°C
30
(N/mm2)
150°C
20
R.T R.T
10 150…
0 300…
0% SCBA 600…
5% SCBA
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA
SCBA (%)
Figure 4.5: Compressive strength of concrete at different temperature ranges with

40
30
(N/mm2)
20 600°C
10 R.T 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
0% SCBA 5% SCBA 600°C R.T
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA
SCBA (%)

40
30
(N/mm2)
20 600°C
10 R.T 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA
SCBA (%)

43
30
(N/mm2)
20
600°C
10 R.T 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA
SCBA (%)

30
(N/mm2)
20
600°C
10 R.T 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
10% SCBA
15% SCBA
20% SCBA
SCBA (%)

30
(N/mm2)
20
600°C
10 R.T 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
0% WG 600°C R.T
10% WG
20% WG
30% WG
40% WG
WG (%)

44
40
30
(N/mm2)
20 600°C
10 R.T 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
0% WG 600°C R.T
10% WG
20% WG
30% WG
40% WG
WG (%)

40
30
(N/mm2)
20 600°C
10 RT 300°C
150°C
0 300°C 150°C
0% WG 600°C RT
10% WG
20% WG
30% WG
40% WG
WG (%)

40
30 600°C
(N/mm2)
20 300°C
10 R.T 150°C
150°C
0 R.T
300°C
0% WG 600°C
10% WG
20% WG
30% WG
40% WG
WG (%)

45
30
25
20
(N/mm2) 600°C
15
10 300°C
R.T
5 150°C 150°C
0 300°C
R.T
0% WG 600°C
10% WG
20% WG
30% WG
40% WG
WG (%)

4.6 Cost analysis

Cost analysis of concrete can be done by multiplying the cost of concrete ingredients
with their respective quantity. However, the cost of concrete ingredients depends upon the
transportation charges as well as manufacturing charges. While, it is not relevant to include
transportation charges because transportation price depends on the distance between
manufacturing place and delivery destination. Thus, in present research the cost analysis of
concrete has been done without considering the transportation expenditure (Table 4.23 to
Table 4.25). The present results depicts that the cost of concrete decreases as percentage of
SCBA increases while there is no change in the cost of concrete during replacement of WG.
The cost of concrete remains same as the reference mix at every replacement level. In mixes
S5, S10, S15, S20, and S25, about 11.3% reduction is observed while at the same time
strength of concrete also decreases. Moreover, mix S8 and S13 reduces 5.7 percent cost of
concrete which is recommended for higher strength and acceptable workability. Therefore,
this analysis spreads the awareness towards the use of these waste materials in concrete which
provides economic benefits for concrete industries.
Table 4.23: Cost of concrete’s ingredients (without considering transportation
expenditure)
Sr. Ingredients Cost (Rs/Kg)
No
1 Cement 4.60
2 Fine Aggregates 0.20
3 Coarse Aggregates 0.14
46
Table 4.24: Cost of Waste Materials (without considering transportation expenditure)
Sr. No Waste Materials Grinding Charges Total Cost (Rs/Kg)
1 SCBA 1.50 1.50
2 WG 0.20 0.20
Table 4.25: Total Cost of each mixture of concrete

Mix Cement SCBA Fine WG Coarse Total Percentage
(Rs/m3) (Rs/m3) Aggregates (Rs/m3) Aggregates Cost decrease
(Rs/m3) (Rs/m3) (Rs/m3) in cost
S1 1648.96 0 145.64 0 155.92 1950.52 0
S2 1566.53 26.88 145.64 0 155.92 1894.97 2.8
S3 1484.05 53.78 145.64 0 155.92 1839.39 5.7
S4 1401.62 80.66 145.64 0 155.92 1783.83 8.5
S5 1319.19 107.54 145.64 0 155.92 1728.29 11.3
S6 1648.96 0 131.07 14.56 155.92 1950.51 0
S7 1566.53 26.88 131.07 14.56 155.92 1894.96 2.8
S8 1484.05 53.78 131.07 14.56 155.92 1839.38 5.7
S9 1401.62 80.66 131.07 14.56 155.92 1783.82 8.5
S10 1319.19 107.54 131.07 14.56 155.92 1728.28 11.3
S11 1648.96 0 116.51 29.12 155.92 1950.51 0
S12 1566.53 26.88 116.51 29.12 155.92 1894.96 2.8
S13 1484.05 53.78 116.51 29.12 155.92 1839.38 5.7
S14 1401.62 80.66 116.51 29.12 155.92 1783.82 8.5
S15 1319.19 107.54 116.51 29.12 155.92 1728.28 11.3
S16 1648.96 0 101.94 43.69 155.92 1950.51 0
S17 1566.53 26.88 101.94 43.69 155.92 1894.96 2.8
S18 1484.05 53.78 101.94 43.69 155.92 1839.38 5.7
S19 1401.62 80.66 101.94 43.69 155.92 1783.82 8.5
S20 1319.19 107.54 101.94 43.69 155.92 1728.28 11.3
S21 1648.96 0 87.38 58.25 155.92 1950.51 0
S22 1566.53 26.88 87.38 58.25 155.92 1894.96 2.8
S23 1484.05 53.78 87.38 58.25 155.92 1839.38 5.7
S24 1401.62 80.66 87.38 58.25 155.92 1783.82 8.5
S25 1319.19 107.54 87.38 58.25 155.92 1728.28 11.3
47
4.7 Statistical analysis
4.7.1 Analysis of variance
The effect of various percentages of SCBA and WG for 14, 28 and 60 days of
compressive strength was statistically determined using factorial CRD at 5% level of
significance. The analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and WG for 14, 28
and 60 days of compressive strength of concrete are given in Table 4.26, Table 4.27 and
Table 4.28 respectively.
Table 4.26: Analysis of variance for various percentages of SCBA and WG for 14 days
compressive strength
Mean Values of 14 days compressive strength in N/mm2
SCBA%
WG 0% WG 10% WG 20% WG 30% WG 40%
0% 23.01 22.87 22.43 21.65 21.14
5% 23.63 23.51 23.05 22.25 21.79
10% 24.06 23.92 23.53 22.68 22.23
15% 23.33 23.21 22.73 21.99 21.44
20% 22.84 22.71 22.29 21.46 20.96
Critical difference for SCBA at 5% level of significance = .79
Critical difference for WG at 5% level of significance =.79
Coefficient of variation = 4.81
SCBA%
WG 0% WG 10% WG 20% WG 30% WG 40%
0% 27.35 27.10 26.55 25.79 24.80
5% 28.41 28.17 27.59 26.83 25.84
10% 29.01 28.79 28.19 27.21 26.50
15% 27.86 27.65 27.10 26.28 25.27
20% 26.93 26.74 26.11 25.68 24.36

Critical difference for WG at 5% level of significance = .58
48
SCBA%
WG 0% WG 10% WG 20% WG 30% WG 40%
0% 32.10 31.93 31.23 30.14 29.17
5% 33.44 33.28 32.64 31.45 30.49
10% 33..99 33.86 33.15 32.00 31.04
15% 32.42 32.32 31.42 30.49 29.56
20% 31.81 31.61 30.84 30.10 29.30
Critical difference for WG at 5% level of significance = .55
4.7.2 Multiple comparisons among replacement levels of SCBA and WG
As we know that the analysis of variance gives only whether there are significant
differences among treatments in the experiments as a whole but it does not tell us which
treatments differ from one another. So we do Post Hoc tests to find out pair wise comparison.
In present situation, Tukey’s method was used. The comparisons have been done according to
different replacement levels of SCBA and WG. This analysis is given in Table 4.29 and Table
4.30. The figures followed different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 4.29: Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of SCBA
Curing days
SCBA (%) 14 Days 28 Days 60 days
0 22.22b,c 26.31c,d 31.24b
5 22.85a,b 27.36a,b 32.26a
10 23.28a 27.80a 32.81a
15 22.54b,c 26.83b,c 30.19b
20 22.05c 25.96d 30.73b
Table 4.30: Multiple comparisons among different replacement levels of WG

Curing days
WG (%) 14 Days 28 Days 60 days
0 23.36a 27.91a 32.75a
10 23.24a, 27.69a 32.60a,b
20 22.80a,b 27.10a 31.85a,b
30 22.00b,c 26.22b 30.83c
40 21.51c 25.35c 32.91d
49
4.7.3 Development of prediction equation for compressive strength of concrete and
the checking of developed relationship
The all results regarding strength are clearly indicating that the compressive strength
(response variable) depends upon the proportions of SCBA and WG (predictor variables). So
the equation has been established to relate the compressive strength with these proportions
with the help of multiple regression analysis. This analysis was performed to generate the best
fit equation between compressive strength and proportions of SCBA and WG.
The compressive strength of concrete is given as
σ14 = 23.962 - 0.0100 SCBA - 0.04986 WG (i)
σ28 = 28.366 - 0.0099 SCBA - 0.06390 WG (ii)
σ60 = 32.649 - 0.0112 SCBA - 0.0754 WG (iii)
Where σ14 = 14 days compressive strength of concrete

σ28 = 28 days compressive strength of concrete
σ60 = 60 days compressive strength of concrete
Equations (i), (ii) and (iii) indicate the dependency of the compressive strength on the
different proportions of SCBA and WG. The estimated compressive strength values are
calculated from these regression equations. The percentage error is also calculated from the
estimated and measured values of compressive strength of different curing ages concretes
shown in Table 4.31 to Table 4.33. The error shown in Figure 4.15 to Figure 4.17 depicts that
the variation between estimated compressive strength and measured compressive strength for
different mixes is within ±5% range.
Table 4.31: Measured and estimated compressive strength values of 14 days concrete
Measured Estimated compressive
Mix compressive strength strength % Error
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
S1 23.01 23.96 -4.13
S2 23.63 23.91 -1.18
S3 24.06 23.86 0.83
S4 23.33 23.81 -2.06
S5 22.84 23.26 -1.84
S6 22.87 23.46 -2.58
S7 23.51 23.41 0.43
S8 23.92 23.36 2.34
S9 23.21 23.31 -0.43
S10 22.71 22.76 -0.22
S11 22.43 22.96 -2.36
50
S12 23.05 22.91 0.61
S13 23.53 22.86 2.85
S14 22.73 22.81 -0.35
S15 22.29 22.26 0.13
S16 21.65 22.47 -3.79
S17 22.25 22.42 -0.76
S18 22.68 22.37 1.36
S19 21.99 22.32 -1.50
S20 21.46 21.76 -1.39
S21 21.14 21.97 -3.93
S22 21.79 21.92 -0.59
S23 22.23 21.87 1.62
S24 21.44 21.82 -1.77
S25 20.96 21.76 -3.82
The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.746.
24.5
Line of agreement
24
23.5
Measured Compressive Stength
23
22.5
(N/mm2)
22
21.5
21
20.5
21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5
Estimated Compressive Strentgh
(N/mm2)
Figure 4.15: 5% error line for measured and estimated compressive strength values of
14 days concrete
51

(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
S1 27.35 28.37
-3.73
S2 28.41 28.32 0.32
S3 29.01 28.27
2.55
S4 27.86 28.22
-1.29
S5 26.93 27.53 -2.23
S6 27.10 27.73
-2.32
S7 28.17 27.68
1.74
S8 28.79 27.63 4.03
S9 27.65 27.58 0.25
S10 26.74 26.89 -0.56
S11 26.55 27.09
-2.03
S12 27.59 27.04
1.99
S13 28.19 26.99 4.27
S14 27.10 26.94 0.63
S15 26.11 26.25
-0.54
S16 25.79 26.45 -2.56
S17 26.83 26.40 1.60
S18 27.21 26.35 3.16
S19 26.28 26.30
-0.08
S20 25.68 25.61
0.27
S21 24.80 25.81
-4.07
S22 25.84 25.76 0.30
S23 26.50 25.71
2.98
S24 25.27 25.66 -1.54
S25 24.36 25.61 -5.13
52
30
Line of agreement
29
Measured Compressive Stength +5% Error line
(N/mm2) 28
27
26
-5% Error line
25
24
25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
(N/mm2)
28 days concrete

(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
S1 32.10 32.65 -1.71
S2 33.44 32.59 2.54
S3 33..99 32.54
4.11
S4 32.42 32.48 -0.18
S5 31.81 31.67 0.44
S6 31.93 31.90
0.09
S7 33.28 31.84 4.32
S8 33.86 31.78
6.14
S9 32.32 31.73 1.82
S10 31.61 30.92
2.18
S11 31.23 31.14
0.29
S12 32.64 31.09 4.75
S13 33.15 31.03
6.39
53
S14 31.42 30.97
1.43
S15 30.84 30.16 2.20
S16 30.14 30.39
-0.83
S17 31.45 30.33
3.56
S18 32.00 30.28 5.37
S19 30.49 30.22
0.88
S20 30.10 29.41
2.29
S21 29.17 29.63
-1.57
S22 30.49 29.58
2.98
S23 31.04 29.52 4.89
S24 29.56 29.47
0.30
S25 29.30 29.41
-0.37
35
34 Line of agreement
Measured Compressive Strength
33 +5 % Error line
32
(N/mm2)
31
-5% Error line

30
29
29 29.5 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33
(N/mm2)
60 days concrete
54
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY
In the present study, the workability characteristics, strength characteristics and

thermal stability of concrete containing SCBA and WG are investigated. In experimental
work twenty five concrete mixes were prepared each with 0.55 water/cement ratio by
replacing the cement with SCBA from 0% to 20% and fine aggregates with WG from 0% to
40%. In order to determine the effect of replacement of SCBA and WG on compressive
strength, 225 cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm in size were prepared by varying percentage
of SCBA and WG. The effect of elevated temperature on compressive strength was also
investigated by same number of 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm sized cubes. Apart from this, results
were statically analyzed by analysis of variance method. From the whole experimental study,
it can be concluded that:
i) The workability of concrete decreases with the increase in percentage of SCBA
content. On the other hand there is hike in slump value i.e increase in workability as
replacement of WG increases.
ii) The slump values decreased from 110 mm to 91 mm with increase in percentage of
SCBA from 0% to 20%. However, as the percentage of WG is increased from 0% to
40% workability starts increasing from 110 mm to 133 mm.
iii) The compressive strength of concrete increases as SCBA content increases for all
curing ages. The maximum improvement in compressive strength is observed at 10%
of SCBA but beyond 10% replacement of SCBA strength starts decreasing. There is a
significant reduction in compressive strength at 20% replacement of SCBA.
iv) The replacement of WG with fine aggregates decreases the compressive strength of
concrete for all curing ages. As the percentage of WG increases there is a continuous
loss in strength at every replacement level.
v) The combination of 10% SCBA and 20% WG give better results without any loss in
strength for all curing age. For instance, the value of compressive strength at 28 days
is about 28.19.
vi) In order to make higher strength concrete compared to reference mix, the
combination of 10% SCBA and 10% WG is the most significant for higher strength
and acceptable workability with 5.7 % decrease in cost.
vii) At elevated temperature, SCBA and WG are unable to improve the thermal properties
of concrete. There is a huge decline in compressive strength as the temperature is
hiked.
viii) As the temperature is raised up 1500C, the loss in strength is minor. It is between
8.0% - 13.6%. An obvious reduction is observed when concrete was heated at 300°C
about 18.9%. At 600°C, strength properties of concrete become critical due to internal
cracks. The concrete looses almost 60% of its original strength.
ix) The results obtained from statistical analysis reveals that the addition of SCBA and
WG significantly affects the compressive strength at all curing ages (14 days, 28 days
and 60 days).
x) The cost analysis shows that the utilization of waste materials is not only eco-friendly
solution but also provides economic benefits to concrete industries.
56
REFERENCES
Behnood A and Ghandehari M (2009) Comparison of compressive and splitting tensile

strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers heated to
high temperatures. Fire Saf J 44:1015-22.
BIS: 10262-2009: Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian
Standard, New Delhi-2004.
BIS: 1199-1959 (Reaffirmed 2004): Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete, Bureau
of Indian Standard, New Delhi-1999.
BIS: 2386 (Part I)-1963(Reaffirmed 2002): Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete,
Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi-1963.
BIS: 383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2002): Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from
Natural Sources for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi-1997.
BIS: 4031 (Part 4, 5&6)-1988: Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement, Bureau of
Indian Standard, New Delhi-1988.
BIS: 456-2000(Reaffirmed 2005): Code of practice- plain and reinforced concrete, Bureau of
Indian Standard, New Delhi-2000.
BIS: 516-1959 (Reaffirmed 2004): Methods of tests for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian
BIS: 8112-2013: Specification for 43 grade Ordinary Portland Cement, Bureau of Indian
Bishr H A M (2008) Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Concrete Compressive Strength.

Int Confe Constr Build Technol. Pp 217-20. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Chusilp N, Jaturapitakkul C and Kiattikomol K (2009) Utilization of bagasse ash as a

pozzolanic material in concrete. Constr Build Mater 23:3352–58.
Cordeiro G C, Filho R D T and Fairbairn E M R (2010) Ultrafine sugarcane bagasse ash:

High potential pozzolanic material for tropical countries. IBRACON Struct Mater
3(1):50-67.
Cordeiro G C, Filho R D T, Tavares L M and Fairbairn E M R (2008) Pozzolanic activity and

filler effect of sugar cane bagasse ash in Portland cement and lime mortars. Cem
Concr Compos 30: 410–18.
Fairbairn E M R, Cordeiro G C, Toledo Filho R D, Silvoso M M, Paula T P and Americano B

B (2010) Durability of concretes containing sugar cane bagasse ash
http://www.rilem.org/gene/main.php?base=500218&id_publication=70&id_papier=
7851 (accessed on 22 July 2014).
Fairbairn E M R, Cordeiro G C, Toledo Filho R D, Silvoso M M, Paula T P and Americano B

B (2012) Evaluation of partial clinker replacement by sugar cane bagasse ash: CO2
emission reductions and potential for carbon credits. IBRACON Struct Mater J
5(2):229-51
57
Ganesan K, Rajagopal K and Thangavel K (2007) Evaluation of bagasse ash as
supplementary cementitious material. Cem Concr Compos 29:515–24.
Ghazi O M (2013) The Effect of Elevated Temperature of Compressive Strength of Steel

Fiber Concrete. J Babylon Univ Eng Sci 21(3):1006-12.
Husem M (2006) The effects of high temperature on compressive and flexural strengths of
ordinary and high-performance concrete. Fire Saf J 41:155-63.
Ismail M, Ismail M E and Muhammad B (2011) Influence of elevated temperatures on

physical and compressive strength properties of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash
Constr Build Mater 25:2358–64.
Janjaturaphan S and Wansom S(2010) Pozzolanic activity of industrial sugarcane bagasse

ash. Suranaree J Sci Technol 17(4):349-57.
Krishna Rao M V, Shobha M and Dakshina Murthy N R (2011) Effect of elevated

temperature on strength of differently cured concretes-an experimental study. Asian J
Civil Eng 12(1):73-85.
Lavanya M R, Sugumaran B and Pradeep T (2012) An Experimental study on the

compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with sugarcane
bagasse ash. Int J Eng Invent 1(11):1-4.
Madandoust R and Ghavidel R (2013) Mechanical properties of concrete containing WG

powder and rice husk ash. Bio Sys Eng 116:113-19.
Malik M I, Bashir M, Ahmad S, Tariq T, Chowdhary U Study of Concrete Involving Use of

Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates IOSR Journal of Engineering
(IOSRJEN) Vol. 3,ISSN: 2278-8719, PP 08-13.
Muangtong P, Sujjavanich S, Boonsalee S, Poomiapriadee S and Chaysuwan D (2013)

Effects of fine Bagasse ash on the workability and compressive strength of mortars.
Chiang Mai J Sci 40(1):126-34.
Nimyat P S, Tok Y (2013) Effect of Saw Dust ash Pozzolana on the Performance of Blended
Cement Paste Concrete at High Tempratures. Civil and Environment Research Vol 3.
No 11: ISSN 2224-5790.
Otuoze H S, Amartey Y D, Sada B H, Ahmed H A, Sanni M I and Suleiman M A (2012)

Characterization of sugar cane bagasse ash and ordinary portland cement blends in
concrete I: Laryea S, Agyepong S A, Leiringer R and Hughes W (ed) Proc 4th West
Africa Built Env Res Confer, pp 1231-37, Abuja, Nigeria.
Park S B, Lee B H and Kim J H (2004) Studies on mechanical properties of concrete

containing WG aggregate. Cem Concr Res 34:2181-89.
Paula M O D, Tinoco I D F F, Conrado D S R and Saraz J A O (2010) Sugarcane bagasse ash

as a partial-portland-cement-replacement material
Poutos K H, Alani A M, Walden P J and Sangha C M (2008) Relative temperature changes

with in concrete made with recycled WG. Const Build Mater 22 :557-67.
Rukzon S and Chindaprasirt P (2012) Utilization of bagasse ash in high-strength concrete.

MaterDes 34:45-50.
58
Shao Y, Lefort T, Moras S and Rodriguez D (2000) Studies on concrete containing ground
WG. Cem Concr Res 30:91-100.
Shayan A (2002) Value-added utilisation of WG in concrete. IABSE Symp 86: 1-11,

Melbourne.
Shayan A and Xu A (2005) Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete:

A field trail on concrete slab. Cem Concr Res 36:457-68.
Shi C and Zheng K (2007) A review on the use of waste glasses in the production of cement
and concrete Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52 : 234–47.
Souza L M S D, Cordeiro G C and Filho R D (2007) Mechanical properties and durability of

mortars containing ultrafine sugar cane bagasse ash.
Srinivasan R and Sathiya K (2010) Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in Concrete. Int J
Serv Learn Eng 5(2):60-66.
Taha B and Nounu G (2008) Properties of concrete contains mixed colour waste recycled
glass as sand and cement replacement. Constr Build Mater 22:713–20.
Terro M J (2006) Properties of concrete made with recycled crushed glass at elevated
temperatures. Build Env 41:633-39.
Topcu I B and Canbaz M (2004) Properties of concrete containing WG. Cem Concr Res
34:267-272
Turgut P and Yahlizade E S (2009) Research into concrete blocks with WG. Int J Civil Env
Eng 1(4):204-09.
Worrell E, Price L, Martin N, Hendriks C and Meida L O (2001) Carbon Dioxide Emission
from the Global Cement Industry. Annu Rev Energy Environ 26: 303–29.
59
VITA
Name of the student Mr. Gurjit Singh
Father’s name S. Harbans Singh
Mother’s name Smt. Parmjit Kaur
Nationality Indian
Date of Birth 20-05-1990
Contact No. +91-9915768002
Permanent address V.P.O Sidhwan Bet, Teh. Jagraon,

Dist. Ludhiana
PIN 142033
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
Bachelor’s Degree B. Tech. (Civil Engineering)
University and Year of award Guru Nanak Dev Engineering. College

Ludhiana
2012
%age Marks 68.69
Master’s Degree M. Tech. (Civil Engineering)
University and Year of award Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

2016
OCPA 7.01
Title of the Master’s Thesis Study on the performance of concrete using

waste glass and sugarcane bagasse ash
60

Thesis

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Thesis

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF

CONCRETE USING WASTE GLASS AND

Submitted to the Punjab Agricultural University

Department of Civil Engineering

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Study on the performance of

Keywords: Compressive strength, Waste glass, Elevated Temperature, Sugarcane bagasse

ividAwrQI dw nW : gurjIq isMG

mu`K ivSw : isvl ieMjInIAirMg

Koj pRbMD dy ku`l pMny : 59 + vItw

sIimMt dy auqpwdn dy dOrwn kwrbnfweIAwksweIf dy inkws dw vwqwvrx au~pr iBAwnk pRBwv

Chapter Title Page No.

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26-55

Table No. Title Page No.

Figure Title Page

SCBA Sugarcane bagasse ash

Concrete has become an indispensable part in construction works due to its

Figure 3.2: Waste glass

3.3.8 Compressive strength of concrete as per BIS: 516 -1959

Figure 3.4: Dry mixing of ingredients

Compressive strength of concrete was determined from cubes of 150 mm X 150 mm

Figure 3.5: Casting of cube specimens

Table 4.3: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (10 mm size)

Table 4.4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates (20 mm size)

Table 4.5: Sieve analysis of proportioned coarse aggregates

Fine aggregates are conforming to grading zone II as per BIS-383:1970

4.1.4 Properties of waste glass

4.2 Testing of concrete

4.2.1.3 Target strength for mix proportioning

4.2.1.4 Selection of water-cement ratio

Sr. Exposure Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete

From Table 4.11, maximum water cement ratio: 0.55

Sr. No. Maximum Size Of Aggregates Maximum Water Content

SI NO. Nominal Volume Of Coarse Aggregate per unit Volume of total

4.2.2 Preparation of trial mixes

4.3 Workability of concrete

Table 4.18: Percentage loss (-) or gain (+) in workability of concrete

S2 5 +2.7 +3.9 +4.2

S3 10 0 +4.6 +6.1 +5.9

S4 15 +1.4 +1.9 +1.0

S5 20 -0.7 -1.5 -0.9

S6 0 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5

S7 5 +2.1 +3.01 +3.6

S8 10 10 +3.9 +5.3 +5.5

S9 15 +0.9 +1.1 +0.7

S10 20 -1.3 -2.2 -1.5

S11 0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.7

S12 5 +0.2 +0.9 +1.7

S13 10 20 +2.3 +3.1 +3.3

S14 15 -1.2 -0.9 -2.1

S15 20 -3.1 -4.5 -3.9

S16 0 -5.9 -5.7 -6.1

S17 5 -3.3 -1.9 -2.0

S18 10 30 -1.4 -0.5 -0.3

S19 15 -4.4 -3.9 -5.0

S20 20 -6.7 -6.1 -6.2

S21 0 -8.1 -9.3 -9.1

S22 5 -5.3 -5.5 -5.0

S23 10 40 -3.4 -3.1 -3.3

S24 15 -6.8 -7.6 -7.9

S25 20 -8.9 -10.9 -8.7

Figure 4.2: Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of

Figure 4.3: Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of

Figure 4.4: Compressive strength of concrete with different replacement levels of

Mix SCBA WG Residual compressive strength (N/mm2) at