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Energy
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Article history: This paper compared the effects of hydrogen and hydrogeneoxygen blends (hydroxygen) additions on
Received 3 March 2011 the performance of a gasoline engine at 1400 rpm and a manifolds absolute pressure of 61.5 kPa. The
Received in revised form tests were carried out on a 1.6 L gasoline engine equipped with a hydrogen and oxygen injection system.
22 August 2011
A hybrid electronic control unit was applied to adjust the hydrogen and hydroxygen volume fractions in
Accepted 26 August 2011
the intake increasing from 0% to about 3% and keep the hydrogen-to-oxygen mole ratio at 2:1 in
Available online 17 September 2011
hydroxygen tests. For each testing condition, the gasoline flow rate was adjusted to maintain the mixture
global excess air ratio at 1.00. The test results confirmed that engine fuel energy flow rate was decreased
Keywords:
Hydrogen
after hydrogen addition but increased with hydroxygen blending. When hydrogen or hydroxygen volume
Hydroxygen fraction in the intake was lower than 2%, the hydroxygen-blended gasoline engine produced a higher
Gasoline thermal efficiency than the hydrogen-blended gasoline engine. Both the additions of hydrogen and
Combustion hydroxygen help reduce flame development and propagation periods of the gasoline engine. HC emis-
Emissions sions were reduced whereas NOx emissions were raised with the increase of hydrogen and hydroxygen
SI engines addition levels. CO was slightly increased after hydrogen blending, but reduced with hydroxygen
addition.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction output of the hydrogen engine is obviously lower than that of the
gasoline engine. Although the application of hydrogen direct
Concerning the fossil fuel depletion, developing new alternative injection could heighten the power output of a hydrogen engine,
fuels has become a pressing issue nowadays. Moreover, the the poor lubricity of hydrogen brings new challenges to the lifespan
adversely increased environmental pollution also requires of the high-pressure hydrogen injector [11,12].
controlling the harmful emissions during the combustion process Comparatively, since hydrogen has many good combustion and
[1]. Hydrogen is a green and renewable fuel, which combustion physicochemical properties, fueling an engine with the blends of
produces no carbon related emissions, such as CO, HC and CO2. hydrogen and other conventional fuels could also enable the engine
Generally, hydrogen can be produced from wind, solar and other to gain the improved thermal efficiency and emissions perfor-
renewable energies [2e5]. Besides, hydrogen has many excellent mance [13e15]. Because of the high flame and diffusion speeds of
combustion and physicochemical properties that avail enhancing hydrogen, the hydrogen-blended engines could gain the shortened
the engine performance. Thus, hydrogen has been proved to be one flame development and propagation durations which contribute to
of the most promising alternative fuels for vehicle engines [6e9]. the improved engine thermal efficiency. Moreover, the wide flam-
Sopena et al. [10] compared the combustion and emissions char- mability of hydrogen also enables the hydrogen engines to run at
acteristics of the hydrogen and gasoline engines. It is found that high excess air ratios where the dropped combustion temperature
thermal efficiency of the hydrogen engine was obviously higher and decreased cooling loss can be achieved [16]. Huang et al. [17,18]
than that of the gasoline engine. Moreover, since hydrogen found that the lean burn limit of the natural gas engine was
possesses a wide flammability, NOx emissions from the hydrogen extended, and HC emissions were decreased with the increase of
engine can be reduced by adopting lean combustion. However, hydrogen addition fraction. Ma et al. [19e21] investigated the cyclic
because of the low volume energy density of hydrogen, the torque variation characteristic of a hydrogen-enriched CNG engine. The
experimental results confirmed that the coefficient of variation in
indicated mean effective pressure was distinctly reduced with the
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: þ86 1067392126. increase of hydrogen blending fraction. Meanwhile, the engine lean
E-mail address: chwji@bjut.edu.cn (C. Ji). burn limit was also extended after hydrogen addition. Ji et al.
0360-5442/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.042
S. Wang et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 5832e5837 5833
Fig. 4. CA0e10 versus am with hydrogen and standard hydroxygen additions. Fig. 6. HC versus am with hydrogen and standard hydroxygen additions.
5836 S. Wang et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 5832e5837
Fig. 8 depicts NOx emissions versus am for the hydrogen and the
standard hydroxygen-blended gasoline engines at 1400 rpm, a MAP
of 61.5 kPa and MBT spark timing. Fig. 8 demonstrates that NOx
emissions are raised after hydrogen and hydroxygen additions. This
is because hydrogen possesses a high adiabatic flame temperature
and the additions of hydrogen and hydroxygen lead to the short-
ened combustion duration, the cylinder temperature tends to be
increased after hydrogen and hydroxygen additions. As the
increased combustion temperature may shift the thermodynamic
equilibrium to stimulate the formation of NOx emissions [1], NOx
are increased after hydrogen and hydroxygen additions. Moreover,
as the hydroxygen provides more oxygen which could stimulate the
formation of NOx, for a specified am, NOx emissions from the
standard hydroxygen-blended engine are higher than those from
the hydrogen-blended gasoline engine.
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
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