R 015987

B31W Standard Method for Evaluation of the
Design of Rectangular Cross Section Attachments

on ASME B31 Piping Codes
Record Number: 15-987

ASME B31XXX-(October 4, 2018-DRAFT)
1
FOREWORD
In 2005 it was realized by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, B31 Code for Pressure
Piping and Technical Committee on Mechanical Design (MDC) that there was a need to develop a
standard method to analyzing integral attachment to piping for ASME piping. At the time the B31
Code books either referred to various other documents which provided proof testing procedures or
used unreferenced procedures. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes, Sections III, and Welding
Research Councils Bulletins and technical papers all have procedures in various forms which were
often referred to. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code procedures, however, address boilers and
pressure vessels and needed to be interpreted and adapted for pipe attachments. An agenda item
was initiated by the MDC to develop such an appendix but it soon became apparent that the
appendix might gain wider use if it were published independently as a standard.
The present standard is intended to provide a standard approach to the design of rectangular
integral attachments to straight sections of piping and extrados (outside surface of the bend) of the
elbow. Lugs on the sides, intrados (inside surface of the bend), of elbows are not covered. In its
development, the standard has been reviewed by individuals and appropriate committees of the
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
Comments resulting from the review have been considered and responded to, with revisions made
to the standard, as appropriate.
Under direction of ASME Codes and Standards, metric units are emphasized, being listed first.
U.S. customary units are also given in parentheses.
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INTRODUCTION
The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping consists of a number of individually published Sections
and Standards, each an American National Standard, under the direction of the ASME Committee
B31, Code for Pressure Piping.
Rules for each Section reflect the kinds of piping installations considered during its development,
as follows:
B31.1 Power Piping: piping typically found in electric generating stations, in industrial and
institutional plants, geothermal and solar power applications and central and district heating and
cooling systems;
B31.3 Process Piping: piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical,
textile, paper, semiconductor, cryogenic, and related processing plants and terminal;
B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids: piping
transporting products which are predominately liquid between plants and terminals and within
terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations;
B31.5 Refrigeration Piping: piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants;
B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems: piping transporting products which
are predominately gas between sources and terminals, including compressor, regulating, and
metering stations, and gas gathering pipelines;
B31.9 Building Services Piping: piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial,
public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which do not require the range of sizes, pressures, and
temperatures covered by B31.1;
B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems: piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants
and terminals and within terminals, pumping, and regulating stations.
B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines: piping for gaseous and liquid hydrogen service and to
pipelines in gaseous hydrogen service.
Rules for each Standard provide standardized guidance for a specific task found in one or more
B31 Section publications, as follows:
B31E Standard for Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems: provides a
method for the seismic design of above-ground piping systems in the scope of the ASME B31
Code for Pressure Piping.
B31G Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines: provides a simplified procedure to determine

the effect of wall loss due to corrosion or corrosion-like defects on pressure integrity in pipeline
systems;
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B31J Standard Method to Develop Stress Intensification and Flexibility Factors for Piping
Components: provides a standardized method to develop the stress intensification factors and
flexibility factors used in B31 piping analysis.
B31T Standard Toughness Requirements for Piping: provides requirements for evaluating the
suitability of materials used in piping systems that may be subject to brittle fracture due to low
temperature service conditions.
B31W Standard Method to for Evaluation of the Design of Rectangular Cross Section
Attachments on ASME B31 Piping Codes provides a method to analyze rectangular cross section
attachments to piping and determine the effect of the attachment on the pressure integrity on the
pipeline system. This methodology for rectangular lug attachments is based upon Welding
Research Council Bulletins 1071, 1982, 4483, and ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section
III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components, Nonmandatory Appendix Y, Article Y
30004. This document meets the B31 Code design methodology and allowable stress criteria.
ASME Committee B31 is organized and operates under procedures of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers which have been accredited by the American National
Standards Institute. The Committee is a continuing one and keeps all Code Sections and Standards
current with new developments in methods, materials, construction, and industrial practice. New
editions of Code Sections and Standards are published or reaffirmed at intervals of 3 years to 5
years. Addenda may be published on an as required basis.
It is intended that this edition of the B31W Standard and any subsequent addenda not be
retroactive. Unless agreement is specifically made between contracting parties to use another
edition and addenda, or a regulatory body having jurisdiction imposes the use of another edition or
addenda, the latest edition or addenda issued at least 6 months prior to the original contract date
for the piping installation activity in which a pipe fitting or joint qualified by this Standard is to be
used shall be the governing document for the determination of the maximum allowable pressure
for pipe fittings and joints. Users of this Standard are cautioned against making use of Standard
revisions without assurance that they are acceptable to the proper authorities in the jurisdiction
where the pipe fitting or joint is to be installed.
The B31 Committee has established an orderly procedure to consider requests for interpretation
and revision of Standard requirements. To receive consideration, such requests must be in writing
and must be given full particulars in accordance with the procedure found in any B31 Code. The
approved reply to an inquiry will be sent directly to the inquirer. In addition, the question and
reply (interpretation) will be published as part of an interpretation supplement issued to this
Standard’s editions or addenda. A request for revision to the Standard will be placed on the
Committee’s agenda. Further information or active participation on the part of the proponent may
be requested during consideration of the proposed revision. Approved revisions are published in
new editions of the Standard.
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Contents
Foreword
Introduction
1 Limitation to Applicability
2 Nomenclatures
3 General Weld and Lug Sizing Procedure/Requirements
4 Evaluation Procedures
5 References
Appendix A: Lug Geometry Calculation
Appendix B: Lug Calculation Example
Appendix C: Lug Calculation Example
Appendix D: Lug Calculation Example
5
B31W Standard Method to for Evaluation of
the Design of Rectangular Cross Section
Attachments on ASME B31 Piping Codes
1 LIMITATION TO APPLICABILITY
1.1 All other requirements from the individual Code books must be addressed.
1.1.1 The attachment is welded to the pipe by:
(a) A full penetration weld,
(b) A fillet or partial penetration weld along at least three sides of the attachment, or
(c) A fillet or partial penetration weld along the two long sides of the attachment, where
the length of the long side is at least three times the length of the short side.
1.2 The attachment material and pipe material have essentially the same moduli of elasticity
and coefficients of thermal expansion. Bimetallic welding should be avoided as much as
possible and if used on piping systems operating above 1500F additional stress calculations
should be developed.
1.3 β1 ≤ 0.5, β 2 ≤ 0.5, and the product β1 x β 2 ≤ 0.075, where β1 and β 2 are defined in Section
2.0.
1.4 The attachment is made on straight pipe, with the nearest edge of the attachment weld
located at a minimum distance of SQRT (rt) from any other weld or other discontinuity; r
and t are defined in Section 2.0. For multiple attachments located at a distance less than
SQRT (rt) to each other, the stress effects for each individual attachment shall be
superimposed.6
1.5 Do /t ≤ 100.
1.6 The centerline axis of the attachment should be parallel to and radial to the centerline axis
of the pipe.
1.7 This methodology is limited to straight pipe and extrados (outside surface of the bend) of
the elbow. Lugs on the sides, intrados (inside surface of the bend), or elbows are not
covered. This methodology is based Weld Research Bulletins, 1, 2, & 3, and ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 1, Nonmandatory Appendices Y, Article
Y20004. This document is tailored to B31 code methodology and allowable stresses.
1.8 Pipe welds (pressure boundary attachment welds) are any welds in or to the process pipe or
retaining components. These welds shall be qualified and inspected to the ASME Code
Section IX or the particular Code requirements.
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1.9 Structural welds are any welds outside the scope of the piping welds.
1.10 The maximum number of lugs used in resisting a radial load (W) is one per direction of
loading for each axis.
1.11 The physical orientation of two axial lugs for longitudinal load (Q2) along a common axis
is 1800 apart.
2.0 NOMENCLATURE (SEE ALSO FIGURE 1)
The equations and nomenclature are taken from WRC Bulletins1, 2 &3 and ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility
Components, Nonmandatory Appendix Y, Article Y 30004.
r = mean pipe radius, in.

t= nominal pipe-wall thickness, in.
Do = outside diameter of pipe, in.
γ = r/t
β1 = L1/r
β2 = L2/r
L1 and L2 are defined in Fig. 1.0
La = lesser of L2 and t, in.

Lb = lesser of L1 and t, in.
Lc = lesser of L1 and L2, in.
Ld = greater of L1 and L2, in.
CT is for a load applied perpendicular to the pipe (W)
CL is for a load applied parallel to the pipe (Q2)
CN is for a load applied radial to the pipe (Q1)
CT = 3.82 (γ)1.64 β1β2 ƞ 1.54 ≥1.0

CL= 0.26 (γ)1.74 β1β22 ƞ4.74 ≥1.0
CN = 0.38 (γ)1.90 β12β2 ƞ3.40 ≥1.0
Ƞ = -(X1cosƟ+Y1sinƟ)-(1/Ao)(X1sinƟ-Y1cosƟ)2
X1 = X0+log10 β1
Y1 = Y0+log10 β2
BT = (2/3)CT, but not less than 1.0

7
BL = (2/3)CL, but not less than 1.0
BN = (2/3)CN, but not less than 1.0
Al = 4L1L2, in.2
NL = number of lugs on the pipe for the longitudinal loading direction
ZlL = (4/3)L1(L2)2, in.3 (mm3)
ZlN = (4/3)(L1)2L2, in.3 (mm3)
ML= Longitudinal bending moment applied to the attachment shown in Figure 1.0, in-lb (mm N).
Mn = Circumferential bending moment applied to the attachment shown in Figure 1.0, in-lb (mm
N).
MT = torsional moment applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, in-lb (mm N).
Q1 = shear load applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, lb
Q2 = shear load applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, lb
W = thrust load applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, lb
ML, MN, MT, Q1, Q2, and W are determined at the surface of the pipe. The values of attachment
loads are used in the stress evaluation in section 3.0 are based on the loads used in the different
Code equations.
ML**, MN**, MT**, Q1**, Q2**, and W** are absolute values of the maximum loads occurring
simultaneously for the weld calculation.
MT = greater of MT/{LcLd t[1+(Lc/Ld)]} and MT/{[0.8+0.05(Ld/Lc)]Lc2Ld}
Sy = yield strength at temperature, psi (lesser of attachment material or pipe material), psi (kPa)
Aw = total fillet weld throat area, in.2 (mm2)
Zwd = section modulus of fillet or partial penetration weld about the neutral axis of bending
parallel to L1, in.3 (mm3)
Zwl = section modulus of fillet or partial penetration weld about the neutral axis of bending parallel
to L2, in.3 (mm3)
Zwt = torsional section modulus of fillet or partial penetration weld for torsional loading, in.3
(mm3)
k = the specific factor for occasional loading that should be taken from the particular B31 Code.
8
MA = resultant moment loading on cross section due to weight and other sustained loads, in-lb
(mm-M) as defined in the specific Code book section.
MB = resultant moment loading on cross section due to occasional loads, such as thrusts from
relief/safety valve loads, from pressure and flow transients, and earthquake, in-lb (mm-N). If
calculation of moments due to earthquake is required, use only one-half the earthquake moment
range. Effects of anchor displacement due to earthquake may be excluded from equation (6) if
they are included in equation (7).
MC = range of resultant moments due to thermal expansion, in-lb (mm N). Also include moment
effects of anchor displacement due to earthquake if anchor displacement effects were omitted from
equation (6).
i = stress intensification factor. The product 0.75i shall never be taken as less than 1.0.
SA = Allowable stress range for expansion stress, psi (kPa)
SC = basic material allowable stress at the minimum metal temperature expected during the
reference stress range cycle, psi (kPa)2
SE = Computed thermal expansion stress range, psi (kPa)
Sh = basic material allowable stress at maximum (hot) temperature from the Allowable Stress
Tables, psi (kPa)
SL = sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight, and other sustained loads, psi (kPa)
f = stress range reduction factor for cyclic conditions for total number N of full temperature cycles
over total number of years during which system is expected to be in operation.
f = 6/N0.2 ≤ 1.0 or applicable Code
Sml Sustained = the calculated lug stress for the sustained loading condition from resultant moments
as defined by MA
Sml Occasional=is the calculated lug stress for occasional loading conditions from resultant moments
as defined by MB
Snl displacement load=is the calculated lug stress due to displacement/thermal load ranges from range of
resultant moments as defined by Mc
Snl ** = Calculating the lug stress for the maximum loading occurring simultaneously to qualify
full, partial penetration and fillet welds.
Kl=2.0 for welded full penetration welds, partial penetration welds and fillet weld on
four sides4.
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Kl = 3.6 for fillet or partial penetration welds where the attachment is welded on two
or three sides4
Spl = Kl (Snl) used to calculate the stress due to displacement load ranges from range of resultant
moment defined by Mc
Ste= the effect of pressure, weight, other sustained loads, and thermal expansion from range of
resultant moments defined by MA, MB, Mc
N = total number of equivalent reference displacement stress range cycles expected during the
service life of the piping. A minimum value for f is 0.15, which results in an allowable
displacement stress range for a total number of equivalent reference displacement stress range
cycles greater than 108 cycles.
Z = section modulus of piping, in.3 (mm3)
a = the effective throat of the weld, in. (mm)
w = the weld size, in, (mm)
fr = Maximum total vector force on a fillet weld (pounds/inch) = SRT (fq12 + fq22+ fw2)5, 6, &7
fq1 =Force per inch of weld acting in the Q1 direction
fq2 = Force per inch of weld acting in the Q2 direction
fw= Force per inch of weld acting in theW direction
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Figure 1, Nomenclature Illustration
H= Maximum distance from the pipe surface to the centroid of the lug bearing surface, inches
H=h-d/2, inches
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3.0 General Weld and Lug Sizing Procedure/Requirements
3.1 Analysis of attachment welded to pipe with fillet, partial penetration welds and full penetration
welds:
(a) The weld strength of the connection between the pipe and lug for a fillet weld is based on
the lesser of the weld metal allowable which is 0.3 times the nominal tensile strength of
weld metal or 0.4 of yield of the base metal which is 0.4 time “Sy”7, 8 &9. The allowable
weld stress can be increased by “k” for occasional loading conditions (Occasional Loading
Condition) based on the specific B31 Code Books.
In addition the following equations for fillet welds attachments shall be satisfied to insure
that the lug and weld stresses are within allowable stresses are based on references 4 and 5
using B31 code allowables.
W**/Aw + ML**/Zwd +MN**/Zwl +2(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt ≤ 0.42Sy k (12)
{(W**/Aw) 2 + 4[(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt] 2}1/2 ≤0.6 Syk (13)
(b) When a full penetration weld or a fillet weld on all four sides Kt used in calculating Spl shall
be 2.0
(c) For attachments welded on two or three sides, the Kt used in calculating Spl shall be 3.6.
(d) The following additional equations shall be satisfied for full penetration and partial
penetration welds to ensure that the lug and weld stresses are within allowable stresses.
Calculating the lug stress for the maximum loading occurring simultaneously.
.
Snl ** =C tW**/Al + CL ML**/Z1L +CNMN**/Z1L + Q1**/2L1La+ Q2**/2L2Lb +
MT** ≤ .6Syk (10)
Q1**/2L1La + Q2**/ 2L2Lb + MT** ≤0.4 Sy k (11)
The “C” values are calculated in Appendix A or Sections 2.0 and 3.2 can be used to
calculate C for other configurations.
3.2 The lug dimensions will need to meet the requirements for β1 ≤ 0.5, β 2 ≤ 0.5, and the product
β1 x β 2 ≤ 0.075 and/or use Appendix A for lug that qualifies dimensionally for a variety of pipe
sizes and lug sizes.
The methodology used to calculate the required weld size for a fillet weld for a given
configuration typically treats the weld as a straight line and uses line properties of the connection
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to calculate the force per inch of weld. Then, the required weld size is calculated based on the
magnitude of the calculated force.
If there is more than one force applied to a connection then these are combined vectorially. When
three forces are added vectorially they must be the forces occurring at the same location in the
weld connection. The weld size is then obtained by dividing the resultant force on the connection
point by the allowable weld stresses. The loads are the absolute values of maximum loads
occurring simultaneously for the weld calculation. The minimum required size will be governed
by calculated fillet size but not smaller then minimum required size base metal thickness between
the pipe and lug for weld ability as specified by controlling code ASME book, Manual of Steel
Construction (AISC) –Specification for Structural Steel Buildings 8, or American Welding Society
(AWS) Structural Welding Code10..
Example: A B31.1 piping system that uses carbon steel pipe with a 60 ksi ultimate tensile strength
and an operating temperature of 650oF will be examined. The stress allowable is Sy=35,000 psi,
and a fillet weld size w=1/2”.
The fillet weld throat diminsion is “a” = Selected Weld (W) x 0.707 in. (mm)
The fillet weld maximum allowable load is based on the lesser load capacity of either 0.3St*k of
the weld or 0.4Sy (.707w) k the base metal.
The maximum allowable load on the fillet for the weld throat= 0.3St (.707w) k = 0.212k*St w
Max. Where k =1.2; Allowable Load on the fillet for the weld throat=.254(60KSI) (.5”) = 7635.6
lbs/in.
The Maximum Allowable Load on the fillet for the pipe base metal (lbs/in) =0.4Sy (.707w) k =
0.2828Sy (w) k=0.4 (35,000) (0.707x0.5) =5,938 lbs/in load capacity for a ½” fillet weld which is
less than the weld allowable as shown above.
Therefore, the allowable load is governed by the base metal which is 5,938 lbs/in of weld. For
different materials and temperatures, a similar approach can be taken to develop the size of the
weld and lug.
The potential for increased stress at the attachment welds, which may occur as a result of
differential metal temperature between the attachment and the run, should be considered in the
design evaluation. The weld qualification allowable limit of the base metal in shear is based upon
the lesser value of the pipe and lug material at temperature shall not be exceeded. Provisions shall
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be taken to consider the effects of the curved pipe surface and gap on the effective throat of the
fillet weld.
For Loading in all three directions (Q1, Q2, and W and moments) it is advised to use a four-sided
fillet weld6:
As most loadings are a combination of tension and shear the above method is based on shear
loading. Next step is to distribute the load from moments and shear forces and apply it to the weld
in a line to determine the length and width of the lug and weld. Then analyze the attachment loads
to pipe as described in Section 4.0.
3.3 Example of Weld Calculation
An example of calculating the weld size for two loads Q2** and W** is shown below assuming that
Q1**, ML**, MT** and MN** are zero. The load are the absolute values of Q2** and W**. The fq, fc,
and fr are the line stress by the specific loadings as defined in references 5 and 6 (Design of
Welded Structures5 and Design of Weldments6).
fq 2= Q2**/La= kips/in
fw = (W**/Lc) + [(Q2**x H)/ SMb2] = kips/in
fr = SQRT(fa2 + fb2) = kips/in

0
Allowable Stress (Sy) = ksi Temp = F Material:
Sy is taken at temperature and shall be the lesser of that for the lug material or the pipe
material.
Required fillet weld size throat = a = fr// k (.4Sy) = inches.
w = a/ (0.707) is the fillet weld size.
The minimum size fillet weld is based on the two different materials thicknesses, this will be
based on the applicable piping code first and second option is the American Weld Society
(AWS).10 or AISC 8, 11. In addition equations 12 and 13 must be met for fillet welds.
14
Figure 2, Nomenclature Illustration for Three-Sided Fillet Weld Loaded in the Q2 and W
directions.8, 12
For Loading in all three directions (Q1, Q2, and W and moments) it is advised to you a four sided
fillet weld with the section properties:
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4.0 EVALUATION PROCEDURE
This section a methodology for developing B and C values will discussed. Lug geometry may be
selected for specific schedule pipe size from Appendix A. This is a partial list of lugs that
conform to β1, β2 and β1x β2 requirements are listed. This is a partial list and an analyst can select
other lug geometries as that meet these requirements. The Ct, Cl, and Cn values are calculated for
these specific pipe and lug geometries in Appendix A.
The loads on the attachment cause stresses in the pipe wall. Equations are provided in section
4.1(a) to determine these stresses. The attachment stresses are then added to the piping system
stresses at the attachment. The piping system stresses are determined by B31 Codes equations for
straight pipe or bends. The Code Equations including the attachment stress terms given in 4.1(b).
The attachment stresses, Sml, Snl, and Spl are to be calculated for the loading conditions
corresponding to the specific B31 Code Book. For example, in calculating the lug stress Sml for
use in normal operating Code equation W, ML, MN, Q1, Q2, and MT are the loads on the
attachment due to weight and other sustained loads.
There are additional equations given in 4.2(b) for fillet welded attachments that also must be
checked for attachment stresses (Figure 2). These are based on the absolute values for maximum
loads occurring simultaneously for normal and abnormal loading conditions.
Note that the values for CT, CL, and CN must be calculated for their specific loading condition as
shown in Figure 1 and defined below.
4.1 Analysis of Attachment welded to pipe with a full penetration weld or fillet weld on four
sides Kt = 2.0 2, 6:
(a) Calculate the stresses: Sml, Snl, Spl, and Ste
MA = resultant moment loading on cross section due to weight and other sustained loads, in-lb
(mm-M) in equation 1 and 5
MB = resultant moment loading on cross section due to occasional loads, such as thrusts from
relief/safety valve loads, from pressure and flow transients, and earthquake, in-lb (mm-N). If
calculation of moments due to earthquake is required, use only one-half the earthquake moment
range. Effects of anchor displacement due to earthquake may be excluded from equation (6)
16
MC = range of resultant moments due to thermal expansion, in-lb (mm N). Also include moment
effects of anchor displacement due to earthquake if anchor displacement effects were omitted from
equation (7 and 8).
Sml Sustained is the calculated lug stress for the sustained loading condition, see equations 1, and 5
from resultant moments as defined by MA;
Sml Occasional also is used to calculate the lug stress for occasional loads see equations 2 and 6 such
as earthquake or dynamic loading used in MB
Snl is the calculated lug stresses for the displacement load range conditions see equations 3 and 4
from resultant moments as defined by Mc
Spl is used to calculate the stress due to displacement load ranges. See equation 3, 4 and 7 from
range of resultant moment defined by Mc
Sml Sustained load = BTW/Al +BLML/ZlL + BNMN/ZlN +Q1/2L1d + Q2/2L2Lb +MT (1)
Sml Occasional loads = BTW/Al +BLML/ZlL + BNMN/ZlN +Q1/2L1d + Q2/2L2Lb +MT (2)
Snl displacement load = CTW/Al + CLML/ZlL + CNMN/ZlN + Q1/2L1La + Q2/2L2Lb + MT (3)
Spl is used to calculate the stress due to displacement load ranges. See equation 3, 4 and 7.
Spl = Kl (Snl displacement) (4)
(b) The following modified Code equations shall be satisfied for straight pipe:
Stress due to sustained loads:
SL= PDo/4tn +0.75iMA/Z + Sml Sustained ≤ Sh (5)
Stress due to Occasional Loads:
SOL = PDo/4tn + 0.75iMA/Z + 0.75iMB/Z +Sml Sustained + Sml Occasional ≤ kSh (6)
Thermal Expansion Stress Range:
SE = iMC/Z +Spl/2 ≤ SA (7)
Where SA = f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) (8)
Ste= the effect of pressure, weight, other sustained loads, and thermal expansion this is an
upper limit stress check.
Ste=PDo/4tn +0.75i (MA/Z) + i (Mc/Z) + SML Sustained + Occasional+ Spl/2 ≤ (Sh + SA) (9)
Note that the Spl/2 discussion in WRC Bulletin 4486, the factor of 2 is to correct the stress from a
Class 1 stress (C*K*nominal stress) to a Class 2 or B31“stress” in a piping equation, using an
17
equivalent “i” factor and i = CK/2. Thus, if you calculate Spl per the lug procedure, you need to
use Spl/2 to get the equivalent “stress” that matches Class 2 as shown in WRC 448, which gives
you margin over the test data.
4.2 Analysis of Attachment welded to pipe with fillet or partial penetration welds:
(a) The requirements of section 3.1 and 3.2 shall be met. For attachments welded on two or three
sides, the Kt used in calculating Spl shall be 3.6.
(b) The following additional equations shall be satisfied for full penetration and partial penetration
welds to insure that the lug and weld stresses are within allowable stresses.
Snl ** = Calculating the lug stress for the maximum loading occurring simultaneously
Snl ** =C t W**/Al + CL ML**/Z1L +CNMN**/Z1L + Q1**/2L1La+ Q2**/2L2Lb + MT** ≤ .6Syk (10)
Q1**/2L1La + Q2**/ 2L2Lb + MT** ≤0.4Sy k (11)
(c) The following additional equations for fillet welds attachments shall be satisfied insure that the
lug and weld stresses are within allowable stresses.
W**/Aw + ML**/Zwd +MN**/Zwl +2(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt ≤ 0.42Sy k (12)
{(W**/Aw) 2 + 4[(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt] 2}1/2 ≤0.6 Syk (13)
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5.0 References
1. Welding Research Council Bulletin 107, “Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical
Shells Due to External Loading”, by K.R. Wichman, A.G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon,
August 1965, and March 1979.
2. Welding Research Council Bulletin 198, “Secondary Stress Indices for Integral Structural
Attachments to Straight Pipe”, by W.G. Dodge, and “Stress Indices at Lug Supports on
Piping Systems”, by E.C. Rodabaugh, W.G. Dodge, and S.E. Moore, September 1974.
3. Welding Research Council Bulletin 448, “Evaluation of Welded Attachments on Pipe and
Elbows”, January 2000.
4. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear
Facility Components, Nonmandatory Appendix Y, Article Y 3000 , “Procedure for
Evaluation of the Design of Rectangular Cross Section Welded Attachments on Class 2
and 3 Piping, 2013.
5. Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, Faris A. Malhas, “Steel Structures Design and
Behavior” Chapter 1, Introduction and Chapter 5, Welding, Pearson Prentice Hall, Fifth
Edition, 2009.
6. Omar W. Blodgett, “Design of Welded Structure”, Section 6.6, The Design of Hangers and
Supports and Section 7.4 Determining Weld Size, The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding
Foundation, 1972.
7. Omar W. Blodgett, “Design of Weldments” Section 6.3, Determining Weld Size. The
James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Sixth Edition 1972
8. Manual of Steel Construction – Allowable Stress Design, Chapter A, General Provisions A
Design Basis, Chapter J, Connections, Joints and Fasteners, Ninth Edition Copyright
1999.
9. ANSI/AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Table J2.5 Available
Strength of Welded Joints, 2016.
10. American Welding Society, AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code – Steel, Table
5.8, “Minimum Fillet Weld Size”, 2006.
11. ANSI/AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Table J2.4 Minimum
Size Fillet Welds, 2016.
19
Appendix A, B, C and D
1
Appendix A: Lug Geometry and CT, CL and CN calculated values for some lug geomerties.
The direction of lug is defined the Figure 1 below.

Figure 1, Nomenclature Illustration
Thrust Longitudinal Moment Circumferential Moment

Pipe Dia Sch Pipe Pipe OD Thickness Lug size L2 L1 Mean Radius g B2 B1 B2 xB1 Ao q Xo Yo Ao q Xo Yo Ao q Xo Yo
D0 t (inches) Wx Lx H (inches) Long (inches) Short (inches) r r/t L1/r L2/r 2.2 40 0 0.05 2 50 -0.45 -0.55 1.8 40 -0.75 -0.6
inches inches inches inches inches inches X1 Y1 h CT X1 Y1 h CL X1 Y1 h CN
1-1/4" Light Wall 1.66 0.109 1/4x5/8x1/2 0.3125 0.125 0.7755 7.11 0.403 0.16119 0.06495 -0.793 -0.345 0.801 4.407 -1.243 -0.945 1.463 1.256 -1.543 -0.995 1.792 1.202
1-1/2" 40 1.9 0.109 3/8 x 5/8 x 1/2 0.3125 0.1875 0.8955 8.22 0.349 0.20938 0.07307 -0.679 -0.407 0.775 5.960 -1.129 -1.007 1.474 1.626 -1.429 -1.057 1.768 2.205
2" Light Wall 2.375 0.109 1/2 x 3/4 x 1/2 0.375 0.25 1.133 10.39 0.331 0.22065 0.07303 -0.656 -0.430 0.775 8.770 -1.106 -1.030 1.483 2.393 -1.406 -1.080 1.768 3.636
2" 40 2.375 0.154 1/2 x5/8 x 1/2 0.3125 0.25 1.1105 7.21 0.2814 0.22512 0.063351 -0.648 -0.501 0.817 4.530 -1.098 -1.101 1.540 1.116 -1.398 -1.151 1.810 1.739
2-1/2" LW 2.875 0.12 3/8 x 1-3/8x 1/2 0.6875 0.1875 1.3775 11.48 0.4991 0.13612 0.067935 -0.866 -0.252 0.765 9.406 -1.316 -0.852 1.392 2.958 -1.616 -0.902 1.750 2.434
2-1/2" 40 2.875 0.203 3/8x1-1/4x1/2 0.625 0.1875 1.336 6.58 0.4678 0.14034 0.065655 -0.853 -0.280 0.783 3.779 -1.303 -0.880 1.418 1.110 -1.603 -0.930 1.769 0.874
3" LW 3.5 0.12 1/2x1.5x1/2 0.75 0.25 1.69 14.08 0.4438 0.14793 0.065649 -0.830 -0.303 0.789 13.328 -1.280 -0.903 1.434 4.174 -1.580 -0.953 1.777 3.971
4" LW 4.5 0.12 3/4x1-7/8x3/4 0.875 0.375 2.19 18.25 0.3995 0.17123 0.068415 -0.766 -0.348 0.788 21.197 -1.216 -0.948 1.457 6.614 -1.516 -0.998 1.779 7.861
5" 40 5.563 0.258 3/4x2.5x3/4 1.25 0.375 2.6525 10.28 0.4713 0.14138 0.066624 -0.850 -0.277 0.778 7.898 -1.300 -0.877 1.414 2.429 -1.600 -0.927 1.765 2.067
6" LW 6.625 0.134 3/4x2x3/4 1 0.375 3.2455 24.22 0.3081 0.11554 0.035601 -0.937 -0.461 0.986 24.794 -1.387 -1.061 1.632 7.452 -1.687 -1.111 1.977 6.762
6" 40 6.625 0.28 3/4x3x3/4 1.5 0.375 3.1725 11.33 0.4728 0.1182 0.055888 -0.927 -0.275 0.820 8.425 -1.377 -0.875 1.435 2.596 -1.677 -0.925 1.804 1.879
6 LW 6.625 0.134 3/4x3x3/4 1.5 0.375 3.2455 24.22 0.4622 0.11554 0.053402 -0.937 -0.285 0.834 28.740 -1.387 -0.885 1.448 9.501 -1.687 -0.935 1.818 7.637
8" LW 8.625 0.148 1x3x1 1.5 0.5 4.2385 28.64 0.3539 0.11797 0.041748 -0.928 -0.401 0.931 35.008 -1.378 -1.001 1.568 11.099 -1.678 -1.051 1.920 10.078
8" LW 8.625 0.148 1x4x1 2 0.5 4.2385 28.64 0.4719 0.11797 0.055664 -0.928 -0.276 0.821 38.484 -1.378 -0.876 1.436 13.004 -1.678 -0.926 1.805 10.902
8" 40 8.625 0.322 1x4x1 2 0.5 4.1515 12.89 0.4818 0.12044 0.058022 -0.919 -0.267 0.808 10.571 -1.369 -0.867 1.424 3.315 -1.669 -0.917 1.792 2.484
8" 40 8.625 0.322 1x4x1 2 0.5 4.1515 12.89 0.4818 0.12044 0.058022 -0.919 -0.267 0.808 10.571 -1.369 -0.867 1.424 3.315 -1.669 -0.917 1.792 2.484
10" LW 10.75 0.165 1x3x1 1.5 0.5 5.2925 32.08 0.2834 0.09447 0.026776 -1.025 -0.498 1.070 33.501 -1.475 -1.098 1.699 10.155 -1.775 -1.148 2.059 8.148
10" 30 10.75 0.307 1x4x1 2 0.5 5.2215 17.01 0.383 0.09576 0.036678 -1.019 -0.367 0.953 13.562 -1.469 -0.967 1.558 4.135 -1.769 -1.017 1.937 2.755
10" 40 10.75 0.365 1x5x1 2.5 0.5 5.1925 14.23 0.4815 0.09629 0.046361 -1.016 -0.267 0.859 10.907 -1.466 -0.867 1.447 3.394 -1.766 -0.917 1.839 2.089
12" LW 12.75 0.18 1x3x1 1.5 0.5 6.285 34.92 0.2387 0.07955 0.018987 -1.099 -0.572 1.177 31.638 -1.549 -1.172 1.800 9.248 -1.849 -1.222 2.167 6.800
12" 40 12.75 0.406 1x6x1 3 0.5 6.172 15.20 0.4861 0.08101 0.039377 -1.091 -0.263 0.892 10.940 -1.541 -0.863 1.456 3.367 -1.841 -0.913 1.868 1.784
12" 80 12.75 0.688 1x1x4 2 0.5 6.031 8.77 0.3316 0.0829 0.027493 -1.081 -0.429 1.043 3.944 -1.531 -1.029 1.642 1.087 -1.831 -1.079 2.029 0.593
14" LW 14 0.25 1x3x1 1.5 0.5 6.875 27.50 0.2182 0.07273 0.015868 -1.138 -0.611 1.233 19.201 -1.588 -1.211 1.853 5.348 -1.888 -1.261 2.223 3.601
14" 40 14 0.438 1x6x1 3 0.5 6.781 15.48 0.4424 0.07374 0.032621 -1.132 -0.304 0.952 10.321 -1.582 -0.904 1.511 3.118 -1.882 -0.954 1.928 1.552
16" LW 16 0.25 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 7.875 31.50 0.254 0.09524 0.024187 -1.021 -0.545 1.107 30.958 -1.471 -1.145 1.747 9.086 -1.771 -1.195 2.097 7.634
16" 40 16 0.5 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 7.75 15.50 0.3871 0.09677 0.037461 -1.014 -0.362 0.946 11.767 -1.464 -0.962 1.552 3.564 -1.764 -1.012 1.931 2.356
16" 30 16 0.375 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 7.8125 20.83 0.512 0.096 0.049152 -1.018 -0.241 0.834 20.654 -1.468 -0.841 1.417 6.728 -1.768 -0.891 1.812 4.337
18" LW 18 0.25 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 8.875 35.50 0.2254 0.08451 0.019044 -1.073 -0.597 1.181 32.783 -1.523 -1.197 1.817 9.431 -1.823 -1.247 2.172 7.539
18" 30 18 0.375 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 8.8125 23.50 0.3404 0.08511 0.028972 -1.070 -0.418 1.027 20.435 -1.520 -1.018 1.627 6.257 -1.820 -1.068 2.012 4.065
20" LW 20 0.25 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 9.875 39.50 0.2025 0.07595 0.015382 -1.119 -0.644 1.248 34.324 -1.569 -1.244 1.880 9.690 -1.869 -1.294 2.239 7.429
20" 30 20 0.375 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 9.8125 26.17 0.3057 0.07643 0.023368 -1.117 -0.465 1.095 21.690 -1.567 -1.065 1.690 6.539 -1.867 -1.115 2.080 4.044
20" 40 20 0.594 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 9.703 16.34 0.4122 0.0773 0.031865 -1.112 -0.335 0.972 11.365 -1.562 -0.935 1.543 3.442 -1.862 -0.985 1.951 1.831
24" LW 24 0.25 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 11.875 47.50 0.1684 0.06316 0.010637 -1.200 -0.724 1.363 36.782 -1.650 -1.324 1.989 10.028 -1.950 -1.374 2.354 7.192
24" 20 24 0.375 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 11.8125 31.50 0.254 0.06349 0.016125 -1.197 -0.545 1.211 23.715 -1.647 -1.145 1.798 6.949 -1.947 -1.195 2.197 3.973
24" 30 24 0.375 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 11.8125 31.50 0.3386 0.06349 0.0215 -1.197 -0.420 1.096 27.113 -1.647 -1.020 1.657 8.385 -1.947 -1.070 2.076 4.369
24" 30 24 0.562 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 11.719 20.85 0.3413 0.064 0.021844 -1.194 -0.417 1.091 13.906 -1.644 -1.017 1.652 4.134 -1.944 -1.067 2.071 2.026
26" 10 26 0.312 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 12.844 41.17 0.1557 0.05839 0.009093 -1.234 -0.758 1.412 26.249 -1.684 -1.358 2.035 6.890 -1.984 -1.408 2.403 4.645
26" 40 26 0.375 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 12.8125 34.17 0.2341 0.05854 0.013706 -1.233 -0.581 1.262 24.544 -1.683 -1.181 1.845 7.097 -1.983 -1.231 2.249 3.930
26" XS 26 0.5 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 12.75 25.50 0.3137 0.05882 0.018454 -1.230 -0.453 1.145 17.589 -1.680 -1.053 1.701 5.231 -1.980 -1.103 2.125 2.516
28" 10 28 0.312 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 13.844 44.37 0.1445 0.05418 0.007827 -1.266 -0.790 1.458 26.862 -1.716 -1.390 2.079 6.940 -2.016 -1.440 2.450 4.567
28" STD 28 0.375 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 13.8125 36.83 0.2172 0.0543 0.011793 -1.265 -0.613 1.310 25.280 -1.715 -1.213 1.889 7.216 -2.015 -1.263 2.296 3.885
28" XS 28 0.805 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 13.5975 16.89 0.2942 0.05516 0.016226 -1.258 -0.481 1.185 8.306 -1.708 -1.081 1.738 2.334 -2.008 -1.131 2.166 1.012
30" LW 30 0.312 1.5x4x1.5 2 0.75 14.844 47.58 0.1347 0.05053 0.006808 -1.296 -0.821 1.502 27.406 -1.746 -1.421 2.121 6.974 -2.046 -1.471 2.493 4.490
30" 20 30 0.375 1.5x6x1.5 3 0.75 14.8125 39.50 0.2025 0.05063 0.010255 -1.296 -0.644 1.354 25.936 -1.746 -1.244 1.930 7.311 -2.046 -1.294 2.340 3.838
30" 40 30 0.688 1.5x8x1.5 4 0.75 14.656 21.30 0.2729 0.05117 0.013967 -1.291 -0.514 1.233 11.112 -1.741 -1.114 1.782 3.137 -2.041 -1.164 2.214 1.353
36" 10 36 0.312 2x6x2 3 1 17.844 57.19 0.1681 0.05604 0.009422 -1.251 -0.724 1.396 45.852 -1.701 -1.324 2.006 12.752 -2.001 -1.374 2.386 8.426
36" 30 36 0.375 2x8x2 4 1 17.8125 47.50 0.2246 0.05614 0.012607 -1.251 -0.599 1.289 40.003 -1.701 -1.199 1.870 11.820 -2.001 -1.249 2.275 6.747
36" XS 36 0.5 2x8x2 4 1 17.75 35.50 0.2254 0.05634 0.012696 -1.249 -0.597 1.287 24.923 -1.699 -1.197 1.868 7.159 -1.999 -1.247 2.273 3.908
42" STD 42 0.375 2x6x2 3 1 20.8125 55.50 0.1441 0.04805 0.006926 -1.318 -0.791 1.492 35.545 -1.768 -1.391 2.096 9.400 -2.068 -1.441 2.483 5.738
42" STD 42 0.375 2x8x2 4 1 20.8125 55.50 0.1922 0.04805 0.009234 -1.318 -0.666 1.387 42.334 -1.768 -1.266 1.961 12.162 -2.068 -1.316 2.373 6.564
42" XSTRONG 42 0.5 2x8x2 4 1 20.75 41.50 0.1928 0.04819 0.00929 -1.317 -0.665 1.385 26.384 -1.767 -1.265 1.959 7.369 -2.067 -1.315 2.371 3.802
48" STD 48 0.375 2x6x2 3 1 23.8125 63.50 0.126 0.04199 0.005291 -1.377 -0.850 1.576 36.842 -1.827 -1.450 2.175 9.454 -2.127 -1.500 2.567 5.542
48" XS 48 0.5 2x8x2 4 1 23.75 47.50 0.1684 0.04211 0.007091 -1.376 -0.724 1.469 27.542 -1.826 -1.324 2.037 7.492 -2.126 -1.374 2.456 3.695
MAXIMUMS 45.852 13.004 10.902

4 3 2 1
W - Thrust Load W - Thrust Load
DETERMINE IF FULL
B 3/16 PEN. OR FILLET B
LUG: CARBON STEEL, 40 KSI SMYS, 70 KSI UTS

5.00 4.00
PIPE: NPS 8 SCH40, A106 GRADE C 1.00
NOTES
1. DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES, UNO
2. THRUST LOADS, W, ARE:
2.1 DEAD LOAD: 800 LBF
2.2 THERMAL: 600 LBF
2.3 OCCASIONAL: 500 LBF
3. CODE BOOK: B31.1
A 4. MATERIAL: A106 C A
5. Sc = Sh = 20 KSI
6. N = 7,000 CYCLES
7. DESIGN PRESSURE: 800 PSI
8. TEMPERATURE: 400°F
8. SL, SE ARE ASSUMED TO BE AT CODE ALLOWABLE
9. MA, MB, MC ARE CALCULATED FROM SL AND SE:
8.1 MA = 184,213 LBF*IN ASME B31W EXAMPLE #1
8.2 MB = 92,107 LBF*IN Date: 11/25/2017
8.3 MC = 172,700 LBF*IN Drawn By: Lyle Sweeney
Reviewed By: Joe Graziano
4 3 2 1
ASME B31W CALCULATION WORKSHEET - EXAMPLE CALCULATION #1
By: Joe Graziano, Lyle Sweeney

Date: 11/25/2017
NOTES:
-This document is a calculation worksheet for the lug evaluation method outlined in B31W, record
number 15-987
-The reference document is ASME B31XXX-2015 (-18 September-15 DRAFT, Revision 10)
-Section numbers within this calculation template do not match B31W.
-Calculation assumed non-full-penetration lug welds
1.0 DIAGRAM(S): Refer to the attached drawing for problem-specific input
1.1 LUG AND LOAD DIAGRAMS
1.2 WELD GEOMETRY DIAGRAMS
Revision F 1 of 9
2.0 INPUTS
2.1 PIPE GEOMETRY
Do ≔ 8.625 Outside diameter of pipe
t ≔ 0.322 Nominal pipe wall thickness
2.2 LUG GEOMETRY
NL ≔ 1 Number of equally spaced lugs (not used in calculation)
L1 ≔ 0.5 1/2 width of lug
L2 ≔ 2 1/2 length of lug
h≔5 Lug height
d≔0 Contact surface length

3
w≔― Weld leg dimension
16
2.3 LUG LOADS - Refer to Figure 1. Loads are in matrix form - the first entry is sustained; second is
occasional; third is thermal. Loads are at the surface of the pipe.
⎡0⎤
Q1 ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥ Shear load applied to the attachment - lateral
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡0⎤
Q2 ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥ Shear load applied to the attachment - axial
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡ 800 ⎤
W ≔ ⎢ 500 ⎥ Thrust load applied to the attachment
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 600 ⎦
⎡0⎤
ML ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⋅ Bending moment applied to the attachment per Figure 1.0
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡0⎤
MN ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⋅ Bending moment applied to the attachment per Figure 1.0
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡0⎤
MT ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⋅ Bending moment applied to the attachment per Figure 1.0
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
Revision F 2 of 9
2.3.1 Coincident Loading: Absolute Values of Maximum Loads Occurring Simultaneously
Q1_ss ≔ 0 Shear load per Figure 1.0. This variable is Q1** in B31W.
Wss ≔ ∑ W = 1900 Thrust load per Figure 1.0. This variable is W** in B31W.
ML_ss ≔ 0 ⋅ Bending moment per Figure 1.0. This variable is ML** in B31W.
MN_ss ≔ 0 ⋅ Bending moment per Figure 1.0. This variable is MN** in B31W.
MT_ss ≔ 0 ⋅ Bending moment per Figure 1.0. This variable is MT** in B31W.
2.4 RESULTANT PIPING SYSTEM MOMENTS AT LUG LOCATION
MA ≔ 184213 ⋅ Moment at cross section due to sustained loading
MB ≔ 92107 ⋅ Moment at cross section due to occasional loading
MC ≔ 172700 ⋅ Moment at cross section due to thermal stress range.
2.5 MATERIAL PROPERTIES & CODE INPUTS
Sy_lug ≔ 40 SMYS of lug material
Sy_pipe ≔ 40 SMYS of pipe material at hot design temperature
St ≔ 60 Tensile stength weld base material
Sc ≔ 20 Basic material allowable stress at minimum metal temperature

expected during the reference stress range cycle
Sh ≔ 20 Basic material allowable stress at maximum temperature from
the allowable stress tables
k ≔ 1.2 Specific factor for occassional loading, taken from the

appropriate B31 Code
i≔1 Stress intensification factor. 0.75i should be > 1
N ≔ 7000 Total number of equivalent reference displacement stress range

cycles expected during the piping service life
P ≔ 800 Design pressure
SL ≔ Sh Sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and

other sustained loads
Revision F 3 of 9
kl ≔ 2 Factor for welds: 2.0 for full penetration or partial penetration
or fillet welds on four sides; 3.6 for fillet or partiala
penetration welds on two or three sides
3.0 CALCULATIONS
3.1 GEOMETRIC CALCULATIONS - PIPE & LUGS

⎛⎝Do + Do - 2 t⎞⎠
r ≔ ――――― = 4.1515 Mean pipe radius
4
r
γ≔― = 12.893 Dimensionless parameter: pipe radius-to-pipe wall thickness
t
Do
― = 26.786 Ratio of pipe outside diameter to nominal wall thickness
t
⎛ 4⎞
⋅ ⎝Do 4 - ⎛⎝Do - 2 ⋅ t⎞⎠ ⎠
Z ≔ ――――――― Section modulus of pipe
32 Do
3
Z = 16.809
La ≔ min ⎛⎝L2 , t⎞⎠ = 0.322 Calculate La per B31W Section 2.0
Lb ≔ min ⎛⎝L1 , t⎞⎠ = 0.322 Calculate Lb per B31W Section 2.0
Lc ≔ min ⎛⎝L1 , L2⎞⎠ = 0.5 Calculate Lc per B31W Section 2.0
Ld ≔ max ⎛⎝L1 , L2⎞⎠ = 2 Calculate Ld per B31W Section 2.0
d
H ≔ h - ―= 5 Maximum distance from pipe surface to the centroid of the
2 bearing surface
L1
β1 ≔ ―= 0.12 Dimensionless parameter: lug width-to-pipe radius
r
L2
β2 ≔ ―= 0.482 Dimensionless parameter: lug length-to-pipe radius
r
β1 ⋅ β2 = 0.058 Dimensionless parameter used to check geometric limitation
2
Al ≔ 4 ⋅ L1 ⋅ L2 = 4 Lug cross sectional area
4
ZlL ≔ ―L1 ⋅ L2 2 = 2.667 3
Lug section modulus, longitudinal direction
3
4
ZlN ≔ ―L1 2 L2 = 0.667 3
Lug section modulus, normal direction
3
Revision F 4 of 9
3.2 CHECK GEOMETRIC LIMITATIONS OF B31W
Do
― ≤ 100 = 1 Ratio must be less than or equal to 100 to utilize B31W
t
‾‾‾
r ⋅ t = 1.156 Attachments/discontinuities must be farther than SQRT(rt) from
toe of lug weld
β1 ≤ 0.5 = 1 Check 1 meets limits of applicability per Section 1.3
β1 ⋅ β2 ≤ 0.075 = 1 Check 1 *  limitation per Section 1.3
3.3 GEOMETRIC DATA - WELD
NOTE: 4-sided fillet weld is assumed in the following calculations. Welds are treated as lines.
a ≔ cos ((45 )) ⋅ w = 0.133 Weld throat dimension
2
Aw ≔ 2 ⋅ a ⋅ ⎛⎝L1 + L2⎞⎠ = 0.663 Weld throat area
b ≔ 2 ⎛⎝L2⎞⎠ = 4 Weld geometry - per B31W Figure 2
d ≔ 2 ⎛⎝L1⎞⎠ = 1 Weld geometry - per B31W Figure 2

d
Zwl ≔ ―((3 b + d)) ⋅ w ⋅ cos ((45 )) Weld as a line - section modulus, per B31W Figure 2
3
3
Zwl = 0.575
d
Zwd ≔ ―((b + 3 d)) ⋅ w ⋅ cos ((45 )) Weld as a line - section modulus, per B31W Figure 2
3
3
Zwd = 0.309
3
((b + d))
PMI ≔ ―――w ⋅ cos ((45 )) Weld as a line - polar moment of inertia, per B31W Figure 2
6
4
PMI = 2.762
PMI 3
Zwt ≔ ――= 1.381 Weld as a line - section modulus for torsion
0.5 ⋅ b
b
ca ≔ ―= 2 Centroid of weld group - per B31 W Figure 2
2
d
cb ≔ ―= 0.5 Centroid of weld group - per B31W Figure 2
2
3.4 CALCULATE ALLOWABLE STRESSES
f ≔ min ⎛⎝1 , 6 ⋅ N -0.2⎞⎠ = 1 Stress range reduction factor
Sy ≔ min ⎛⎝Sy_lug , Sy_pipe⎞⎠ = 40 Yield strength utilized in B31W calculations
Revision F 5 of 9
SA ≔ f ⋅ ⎛⎝1.25 ⎛⎝Sc + Sh⎞⎠ - SL⎞⎠ Allowable stress range for expansion stress
SA = 30
3.5 CALCULATE EFFECTIVE TORSIONAL STRESSES
Calculate effective torsional stress. First entry is sustained; second is occasional; third is thermal.
j≔0‥2
⎛ MT MT ⎞ ⎡0⎤
⎜ j j ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
M_T ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=⎢0⎥
j ⎛ Lc ⎞ ⎛ Lc ⎞
⎜ L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ L ⋅ L ⎟ ⎣ 0 ⎦
2
c d c d
⎜⎝ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎟⎠
Calculate effective torsional stress for loads occurring simultaneously. MT** in B31W
⎛ MT_ss MT_ss ⎞
M_T_ss ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=0
⎜ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎟
L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ Lc 2 ⋅ Ld
c c
⎜ c d ⎟
⎝ ⎝ Ld⎠ ⎝ Ld⎠ ⎠
3.6 CHECK WELD SIZING

Wss
fc ≔ ―――= 0.19 ―― Calculate weld demand. Lug is welded on 4 sides.
2 ((b + d))
fc
amin ≔ ―――― = 0.0099 Calculate minimum weld throat based on demand and yield
0.4 ⋅ k ⋅ Sy srength
amin
wmin ≔ ――= 0.014 Calculate minimum weld leg based on demand and yield
0.707 srength
Per AISC 360, the weld must meet a minimum size based on base-metal thickness. Since
the base metal is 1/4" < T < 1/2", the minimum fillet weld size is 3/16".
3.7 CALCULATE B & C VALUES
⎡ 2.2 ⎤ ⎡ 40 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.05 ⎤
Ao ≔ ⎢ 2.0 ⎥ θ ≔ ⎢ 50 ⎥ X0 ≔ ⎢ -0.45 ⎥ Y0 ≔ ⎢ -0.55 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.8 ⎦ ⎣ 40 ⎦ ⎣ -0.75 ⎦ ⎣ -0.60 ⎦
Revision F 6 of 9
⎡ -0.919 ⎤
――――→ ⎢
X1 ≔ X0 + log ⎛⎝β1⎞⎠ = -1.369 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.669 ⎦
⎡ -0.267 ⎤
―――→ ⎢
Y1 ≔ Y0 + log ⎝β2⎠ = -0.867 ⎥
⎛ ⎞
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -0.917 ⎦
――――――――――――――――――→ ⎡ 0.808 ⎤
1 2
η ≔ -⎝X1 ⋅ cos (θ) + Y1 ⋅ sin (θ)⎠ - ― ⎝X1 ⋅ sin (θ) - Y1 ⋅ cos (θ)⎠ = ⎢ 1.424 ⎥
⎛ ( ) ( ) ⎞ ⎛ ( ) ( ) ⎞
Ao ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.792 ⎦
CT ≔ max ⎛1 , 3.82 ⋅ γ 1.64 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 1.54⎞ = 10.571

⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
CL ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.26 ⋅ γ 1.74 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 2 ⋅ η 4.74⎞ = 3.315
⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
CN ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.38 ⋅ γ 1.90 ⋅ β1 2 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 3.40⎞ = 2.484
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BT ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CT⎟ = 7.048
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BL ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CL⎟ = 2.21
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BN ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CN⎟ = 1.656
⎝ 3 ⎠
3.8 CALCULATE THE LUG/PIPE STRESSES PER SECTION 4.1(a) OF B31W
3.8.1 Calculate the lug/pipe stress for the sustained loading condition:
W ML MN Q1 Q2
0 0 0 0 0
Sml_sus ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 1.41
Al ZlL ZlN 2 L1 ⋅ Ld 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb 0
3.8.2 Calculate the lug/pipe stress for the occasional loading condition:
W ML MN Q1 Q2
1 1 1 1 1
Sml_occ ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 0.881
Revision F 7 of 9
3.8.3 Calculate the lug/pipe stress to qualify the weld/pipe/lug for the thermal loading condition:
Wnl ≔ W = 600
2
MLnl ≔ ML = 0 ⋅
2
MNnl ≔ MN = 0 ⋅
2
Q1nl ≔ Q1 = 0
2
Q2nl ≔ Q2 = 0
2
M_Tnl ≔ M_T = 0
2
Wnl MLnl MNnl Q1nl Q2nl

Snl ≔ CT ―― + CL ――+ CN ――+ ―――+ ―――+ M_Tnl = 1.586
Al ZlL ZlN 2 L1 ⋅ La 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
3.8.4 Calculate the lug/pipe stress for the displacement load ranges:
Spl ≔ kl ⋅ Snl = 3.171
3.8.5 Calculate the lug/pipe stress for the maximum loading occurring simultaneously:
Wss ML_ss MN_ss Q1_ss Q2_ss
Snl_ss ≔ CT ―― + CL ――+ CN ――+ ―――+ ―――+ M_T_ss = 5.021
Al ZlL ZlL 2 L1 ⋅ La 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
3.9 CHECK THE MODIFIED CODE EQUATIONS PER SECTION 4.1(b) OF B31W
3.9.1 Stress due to sustained loads:

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA
SL ≔ ――+ ―――― + Sml_sus = 14.986
4⋅t Z
Sh = 20
SL
― = 0.749 Check that the sustained stress is less than Sh. If less than 1, then pipe
Sh stress is acceptable.
3.9.2 Stress due to occasional loads:

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MB
――= 5.357 ―――― = 8.219 ――――= 4.11
4t Z Z
Sml_sus = 1.41 Sml_occ = 0.881
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MB
SOL ≔ ――+ ―――― + ――――+ Sml_sus + Sml_occ = 19.977
4⋅t Z Z
Revision F 8 of 9
k ⋅ Sh = 24
SOL
――= 0.832 Check that the occasional stress is less than k * Sh. If less than 1, then
k ⋅ Sh pipe stress is acceptable.
3.9.3 Stress due to thermal expansion stress range:

i ⋅ MC Spl
SE ≔ ――+ ―― = 11.86
Z 2
SA = 30
SE
― = 0.395 Check that the expansion stress range is less than SA. If less than 1,
SA then pipe stress is acceptable.
3.9.4 Stress due to pressure, weight, other sustained loads and thermal expansion:
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC
――= 5.357 ―――― = 8.219 ――= 10.274
4t Z Z
Spl
Sml_sus = 1.41 ―― = 1.586
2
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC Spl
Ste ≔ ――+ ―――― + ――+ Sml_sus + ―― = 26.846
4t Z Z 2
Sh + SA = 50
Ste
――― = 0.537 Check that the combined stress is less than Sh + SA. If true, then pipe
Sh + SA stress is acceptable.
3.10 CHECK ADDITIONAL EQUATIONS FOR LUG AND WELD STRESSES
Snl_ss = 5.021
0.6 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k = 28.8
Snl_ss ≤ 0.6 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k = 1 If true, then the criteria is met.
Q1_ss Q2_ss
EQN11 ≔ ―――+ ―――+ M_T_ss = 0
2 ⋅ L1 ⋅ La 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
EQN11 ≤ 0.4 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k = 1 If true, then the criteria is met.
END
Revision F 9 of 9
4 3 2 1
FULL PEN.
1.00
TYP
Q2 / NL
A
PIPE: NPS 12, SCH80, SA106 GRADE B
B B
Q2 / NL
4.00
NOTES
2. AXIAL LOADS, Q2, ARE: Q2 bearing surface:
2.1 DEAD LOAD: 500 LBF 1.00 d = 3/4"; H=5/8"
2.2 THERMAL: 3,500 LBF
2.3 SEISMIC ANCHOR MOVEMENT: ±2,000 LBF
2.4 SEISMIC: ±2,100 LBF
2.5 DYNAMIC: ±3,000 LBF
3. CODE BOOK: B31.3
4. MATERIAL: A106 B
A 5. Sc = Sh = 18.9 KSI A
6. N = 7,000 CYCLES
7. DESIGN PRESSURE: 1,000 PSI
8. TEMPERATURE: 500 °F
9. SL, SE ARE ASSUMED TO BE AT CODE ALLOWABLE DETAIL A
10. MA, MB, MC ARE CALCULATED FROM SL AND SE:
9.1 MA = 497,740 LBF*IN
SCALE 1 / 2 ASME B31W EXAMPLE #2
9.2 MB = 994,800 LBF*IN
9.3 MC = 1,044,624 LBF*IN Date: 11/25/2017
Drawn By: Lyle Sweeney
Reviewed By: Joe Graziano
4 3 2 1
ASME B31W CALCULATION WORKSHEET - EXAMPLE CALCULATION #2

Date: 11/25/2017
NOTES:
number 15-987
Revision F 1 of 10
2.0 INPUTS
2.1 PIPE GEOMETRY
Do ≔ 12.75 Outside diameter of pipe
2.2 LUG GEOMETRY
h≔1 Lug height
d ≔ 0.75 Contact surface length
H ≔ h - 0.5 ⋅ d = 0.625 Max distance: pipe surface and centroid of lug bearing surface
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡ 500 ⎤
⎢ 2100 + 3000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 250 ⎤
⎣ 3500 + 2000 ⎦
Q2 ≔ ――――――= 2550 ⎥ ⎢ Shear load applied to the attachment - axial
NL ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2750 ⎦
⎡0⎤
W≔ 0⎥
⎢ Thrust load applied to the attachment
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡ 156 ⎤
ML ≔ Q2 ⋅ H = ⎢ 1594 ⎥ ⋅ Bending moment applied to the attachment per Figure 1.0
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1719 ⎦
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
Revision F 2 of 10
Q2_ss ≔ ∑ Q2 = 5550 Shear load per Figure 1.0. This variable is Q2** in B31W.
Wss ≔ 0 Thrust load per Figure 1.0. This variable is W** in B31W.
ML_ss ≔ Q2_ss ⋅ H = 3.469 ⋅ Bending moment per Figure 1.0. This variable is ML** in B31W.
MB ≔ 997800 ⋅ Moment at cross section due to occasional loading
Sc ≔ 18.9 Basic material allowable stress at minimum metal temperature

Sh ≔ 18.9 Basic material allowable stress at maximum temperature from



Revision F 3 of 10
kl ≔ 2.0 Factor for welds: 2.0 for full penetration or partial penetration
or fillet welds on four sides; 3.6 for fillet or partial penetration
welds on two or three sides
3.0 CALCULATIONS

⎛⎝Do + Do - 2 t⎞⎠
4
r
t
Do
― = 18.532 Ratio of pipe outside diameter to nominal wall thickness
t
⎛ 4⎞
⋅ ⎝Do 4 - ⎛⎝Do - 2 ⋅ t⎞⎠ ⎠
32 Do
3
Z = 74.617
d
H ≔ h - ―= 0.625 Maximum distance from pipe surface to the centroid of the
2 bearing surface
L1
r
L2
r
2
4
ZlL ≔ ―L1 ⋅ L2 2 = 2.667 3
Lug section modulus, longitudinal direction
3
4
ZlN ≔ ―L1 2 L2 = 0.667 3
3
Revision F 4 of 10
Do
t
‾‾‾
toe of lug weld
NOTE: Not applicable as weld is full penetration.
SA = 28.35
j≔0‥2
⎛ MT MT ⎞ ⎡0⎤
⎜ j j ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
M_T ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=⎢0⎥
j ⎛ Lc ⎞ ⎛ Lc ⎞
⎜ L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ― ⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ Lc ⋅ Ld ⎟ ⎣ 0 ⎦
2
c d
⎜⎝ ⎝ L d⎠ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎛ MT_ss MT_ss ⎞
M_T_ss ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=0
⎜ ⎛ Lc ⎞ ⎛ Lc ⎞ 2 ⎟
L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ Lc ⋅ Ld
⎜ c d ⎟
⎝ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎠
Revision F 5 of 10
NOTE: Not applicable as weld is full penetration.
⎡ 2.2 ⎤ ⎡ 40 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.05 ⎤
Ao ≔ ⎢ 2.0 ⎥ θ ≔ ⎢ 50 ⎥ X0 ≔ ⎢ -0.45 ⎥ Y0 ≔ ⎢ -0.55 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.8 ⎦ ⎣ 40 ⎦ ⎣ -0.75 ⎦ ⎣ -0.60 ⎦
⎡ -1.081 ⎤
――――→ ⎢
X1 ≔ X0 + log ⎛⎝β1⎞⎠ = -1.531 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.831 ⎦
⎡ -0.429 ⎤
―――→ ⎢
Y1 ≔ Y0 + log ⎝β2⎠ = -1.029 ⎥
⎛ ⎞
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.079 ⎦
――――――――――――――――――→ ⎡ 1.043 ⎤
1 2
η ≔ -⎝X1 ⋅ cos (θ) + Y1 ⋅ sin (θ)⎠ - ― ⎝X1 ⋅ sin (θ) - Y1 ⋅ cos (θ)⎠ = ⎢ 1.642 ⎥
⎛ ( ) ( ) ⎞ ⎛ ( ) ( ) ⎞
Ao ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2.029 ⎦
CT ≔ max ⎛1 , 3.82 ⋅ γ 1.64 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 1.54⎞ = 3.944

⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
CL ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.26 ⋅ γ 1.74 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 2 ⋅ η 4.74⎞ = 1.087
⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
CN ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.38 ⋅ γ 1.90 ⋅ β1 2 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 3.40⎞ = 1
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BT ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CT⎟ = 2.629
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BL ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CL⎟ = 1
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BN ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CN⎟ = 1
⎝ 3 ⎠
W ML MN Q1 Q2
0 0 0 0 0
Sml_sus ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 0.184
Revision F 6 of 10
ML Q2
1 1
BL ―― = 0.598 ―――= 1.275
ZlL 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
W ML MN Q1 Q2
1 1 1 1 1
Sml_occ ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 1.873
Wnl ≔ W = 0
2
MLnl ≔ ML = ⎛⎝1.719 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ⋅
2
MNnl ≔ MN = 0 ⋅
2
Q1nl ≔ Q1 = 0
2
Q2nl ≔ Q2 = ⎛⎝2.75 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
2
M_Tnl ≔ M_T = 0
2
MLnl Q2nl
CL ――= 0.701 ―――= 1.375
ZlL 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb

Snl ≔ CT ―― + CL ――+ CN ――+ ―――+ ―――+ M_Tnl = 2.076
Spl ≔ kl ⋅ Snl = 4.151

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA
SL ≔ ――+ ―――― + Sml_sus = 9.82
4⋅t Z
Sh = 18.9
Revision F 7 of 10
SL

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MB
4⋅t Z Z
k ⋅ Sh = 25.137
SOL
i ⋅ MC Spl
――= 14 ―― = 2.076
Z 2
i ⋅ MC Spl
SE ≔ ――+ ―― = 16.076
Z 2
SA = 28.35
SE
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC
――= 4.633 ―――― = 5.003 ――= 14
4t Z Z
Spl
Sml_sus = 0.184 ―― = 2.076
2
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC Spl
Ste ≔ ――+ ―――― + ――+ Sml_sus + ―― = 25.895
4t Z Z 2
Sh + SA = 47.25
Ste
3.10 CALCULATE THE WELD STRESSES PER SECTION 4.3 OF B31W
Snl_ss = 4.189
0.6 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k = 27.93
Revision F 8 of 10
Q1_ss Q2_ss
EQN11 ≔ ―――+ ―――+ M_T_ss = 2.775
2 ⋅ L1 ⋅ La 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
3.11 DETERMINE IF A FILLET WELD ON TWO SIDES IS ACCEPTABLE
3.11.1 Size weld:
b ≔ 2 ⋅ L2 = 4 Total length of fillet weld

b2 2
Sb ≔ ― = 5.333 Section modulus of weld treates as a line
3
Q2_ss
fq ≔ ――= 693.75 ―― Weld demand - shear
2b
ML_ss
fc ≔ ――= 650.391 ―― Weld demand - bending
Sb
fR ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fq 2 + fc 2 = 950.945 ―― Resultant weld demand
fR
amin ≔ ―――― = 0.051 Minimum weld throat thickness
0.4 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k
amin
wmin ≔ ――= 0.072 Minimum fillet weld
0.707
w ≔ 0.25 Select minimum fillet weld based on thickness

of pipe
3.11.1 Recalculate lug/pipe stress for displacement load:
kl_fillet ≔ 3.6
Spl_fillet ≔ kl_fillet ⋅ Snl = 7.473
3.11.2 Recheck allowable for displacement load:

i ⋅ MC Spl_fillet
SE_fillet ≔ ――+ ――― = 17.736 SE = 16.076
Z 2
SA = 28.35
SE_fillet
――― = 0.626
SA
SE_fillet < SA = 1 Stress is less than allowable, therefore OK
Revision F 9 of 10
3.11.3 Recalculate Stress due to pressure, weight, other sustained loads and thermal expansion:
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC Spl_fillet
Ste_fillet ≔ ――+ ―――― + ――+ Sml_sus + ――― = 27.556
4t Z Z 2
Sh + SA = 47.25
Ste_fillet
A two-sided 1/4" fillet would also be acceptable.
END
Revision F 10 of 10
4 3 2 1
W / NL
DETERMINE IF FULL PEN.
1.50 OR PARTIAL PEN. OR
FILLET
Q2 / NL
A
PIPE: NPS 24, SCH STD, SA106 GRADE C
B B
W / NL
Q2 / NL

NOTES W / NL
2. AXIAL LOADS, Q2, ARE:
2.1 DEAD LOAD: 0 LBF Q2 bearing surface:
2.2 THERMAL: ±2,900 LBF 3.00 d = 1"; H=2.5"
2.3 SEISMIC ANCHOR MOVEMENT: ±1,100 LBF
2.4 SEISMIC: ±500 LBF
3. THRUST LOADS, W, ARE:
2.1 DEAD LOAD: 3,000 LBF
2.2 THERMAL: ±1,100 LBF 6.00
2.3 SEISMIC ANCHOR MOVEMENT: ±500 LBF
2.4 SEISMIC: ±700 LBF
A 3. CODE BOOK: B31.1 A
4. MATERIAL: A106 C
5. Sc = Sh = 20 KSI
6. N = 7,000 CYCLES DETAIL A
7. DESIGN PRESSURE: 300 PSI
8. TEMPERATURE: 500°F NTS ASME B31W EXAMPLE #3
9. SL, SE ARE ASSUMED TO BE AT CODE ALLOWABLE
10. MA, MB, MC ARE CALCULATED FROM SL AND SE: Date: 11/25/2017
9.1 MA = 1,726,507 LBF*IN Drawn By: Lyle Sweeney
9.2 MB = 863,254 LBF*IN Reviewed By: Joe Graziano
9.3 MC = 1,618,600 LBF*IN
4 3 2 1
ASME B31W CALCULATION WORKSHEET - EXAMPLE CALCULATION #3 -
PARTIAL PENETRATION LUG WELD
Date: 11/25/2017
NOTES:
number 15-987
Revision C 1 of 10
2.0 INPUTS
2.1 PIPE GEOMETRY
Do ≔ 24 Outside diameter of pipe
2.2 LUG GEOMETRY
h≔3 Lug height

3
16
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 500 ⎥
⎢( ⎥ ⎡ 0⎤
⎣ (2900 + 1100)) ⎦
Q2 ≔ ―――――― = 250 ⎥ ⎢ Shear load applied to the attachment - axial
NL ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2000 ⎦
⎡ NL ⋅ 3000 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
700
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3000 ⎤
⎣ 1100 + 500 ⎦
W ≔ ――――― = ⎢ 350 ⎥ Thrust load applied to the attachment. Note: sustained
NL ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 800 ⎦ load is assumed to act on one lug only.
⎡ 0⎤
ML ≔ Q2 ⋅ H = 625 ⎥
⎢ ⋅ Bending moment applied to the attachment per Figure 1.0
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5000 ⎦
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
Revision C 2 of 10
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
((2900 + 500 + 1100))
Q2_ss ≔ ――――――― Shear load per Figure 1.0. This variable is Q2** in B31W.
NL
Q2_ss = 2250
1100 + 700 + 500
Wss ≔ 3000 + ―――――― Thrust load per Figure 1.0. This variable is W** in B31W.
NL
Wss = 4150
ML_ss ≔ Q2_ss ⋅ H = ⎛⎝5.625 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ⋅ Bending moment per Figure 1.0. This variable is ML** in B31W.
MB ≔ 0.5 ⋅ MA = ⎛⎝8.633 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ ⋅ Moment at cross section due to occasional loading

Revision C 3 of 10


kl ≔ 2 Factor for welds: 2.0 for full penetration or partial penetration

3.0 CALCULATIONS

⎛⎝Do + Do - 2 t⎞⎠
4
r
t
Do
― = 64 Ratio of pipe outside diameter to nominal wall thickness
t
⎛ 4⎞
⋅ ⎝Do 4 - ⎛⎝Do - 2 ⋅ t⎞⎠ ⎠
32 Do
3
Z = 161.858
d
2 bearing surface
L1
r
Revision C 4 of 10
L2
r
2
4
ZlL ≔ ―L1 ⋅ L2 2 = 9 3 Lug section modulus, longitudinal direction
3
4
ZlN ≔ ―L1 2 L2 = 2.25 3
3

Do
t
‾‾‾
toe of lug weld
2
d ≔ 2 ⎛⎝L1⎞⎠ = 1.5 Weld geometry - per B31W Figure 2

d
3
3
Zwl = 1.293
d
3
3
Zwd = 0.696
3
((b + d))
6
4
PMI = 9.322
Revision C 5 of 10
PMI 3
0.5 ⋅ b
b
2
d
2
SA = 30
j≔0‥2
⎛ MT MT ⎞ ⎡0⎤
⎜ j j ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
M_T ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=⎢0⎥
j ⎛ Lc ⎞ ⎛ Lc ⎞
⎜ L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ L ⋅ L ⎟ ⎣ 0 ⎦
2
c d c d
⎜⎝ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎛ MT_ss MT_ss ⎞
M_T_ss ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=0
⎜ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎟
L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ Lc 2 ⋅ Ld
c c
⎜ c d ⎟
⎝ ⎝ Ld⎠ ⎝ Ld⎠ ⎠

Wss ML_ss
fc ≔ ―――+ ――――= 1.348 ―― Calculate weld demand. Lug is welded on 4 sides.
2 ((b + d)) d
―((b + 3 d))
3
Q2_ss
fQ ≔ ――――= 0.15 ――
4 ⋅ L2 + 4 ⋅ L1
fR ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fc 2 + fQ 2 = 1.356 ――
Revision C 6 of 10
fc
amin ≔ ―――― = 0.07 Calculate minimum weld throat based on demand and yield
0.4 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k srength
amin
wmin ≔ ――= 0.099 Calculate minimum weld leg based on demand and yield
0.707 srength
Per Table 2, the weld must meet a minimum size based on base-metal thickness. Since the
base metal is 1/4" < T < 1/2", the minimum fillet weld size is 3/16".
⎡ 2.2 ⎤ ⎡ 40 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.05 ⎤
Ao ≔ ⎢ 2.0 ⎥ θ ≔ ⎢ 50 ⎥ X0 ≔ ⎢ -0.45 ⎥ Y0 ≔ ⎢ -0.55 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.8 ⎦ ⎣ 40 ⎦ ⎣ -0.75 ⎦ ⎣ -0.60 ⎦
⎡ -1.197 ⎤
――――→ ⎢
X1 ≔ X0 + log ⎛⎝β1⎞⎠ = -1.647 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.947 ⎦
⎡ -0.545 ⎤
―――→ ⎢
Y1 ≔ Y0 + log ⎛⎝β2⎞⎠ = -1.145 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.195 ⎦
――――――――――――――――――→ ⎡ 1.211 ⎤
1 2
η ≔ -⎛⎝X1 ⋅ cos ((θ)) + Y1 ⋅ sin ((θ))⎞⎠ - ― ⎛⎝X1 ⋅ sin ((θ)) - Y1 ⋅ cos ((θ))⎞⎠ = ⎢ 1.798 ⎥
Ao ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2.197 ⎦
CT ≔ max ⎛1 , 3.82 ⋅ γ 1.64 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 1.54⎞ = 23.715

⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
CL ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.26 ⋅ γ 1.74 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 2 ⋅ η 4.74⎞ = 6.949
⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
CN ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.38 ⋅ γ 1.90 ⋅ β1 2 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 3.40⎞ = 3.973
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BT ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CT⎟ = 15.81
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BL ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CL⎟ = 4.633
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BN ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CN⎟ = 2.649
⎝ 3 ⎠
Revision C 7 of 10
W ML MN Q1 Q2
0 0 0 0 0
Sml_sus ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 5.27
W ML Q2
1 1 1
BT ―― = 614.825 BL ―― = 321.724 ―――= 111.111
Al ZlL 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
W ML MN Q1 Q2
1 1 1 1 1
Sml_occ ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 1.048
Wnl ≔ W = 0.8
2
MLnl ≔ ML = 5000 ⋅
2
MNnl ≔ MN = 0 ⋅
2
Q1nl ≔ Q1 = 0
2
Q2nl ≔ Q2 = 2000
2
M_Tnl ≔ M_T = 0
2
Wnl MLnl Q2nl

CT ―― = ⎛⎝2.108 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ CL ――= ⎛⎝3.861 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ―――= 888.889
Al ZlL 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb

Snl ≔ CT ―― + CL ――+ CN ――+ ―――+ ―――+ M_Tnl = 6.858
Spl ≔ kl ⋅ Snl = 13.715
Revision C 8 of 10

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA
SL ≔ ――+ ―――― + Sml_sus = 18.07
4⋅t Z
Sh = 20
SL

P ⋅ Do P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MB
――= ⎛⎝4.8 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ――= ⎛⎝4.8 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ――――= ⎛⎝4 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
4⋅t 4⋅t Z
Sml_sus = ⎛⎝5.27 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ Sml_occ = ⎛⎝1.048 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MB
4⋅t Z Z
k ⋅ Sh = 24
SOL
i ⋅ MC Spl
――= ⎛⎝1.2 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ―― = ⎛⎝6.858 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
Z 2
i ⋅ MC Spl
SE ≔ ――+ ―― = 18.858
Z 2
SA = 30
SE
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC
――= ⎛⎝4.8 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ―――― = ⎛⎝8 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ――= ⎛⎝1.2 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠
4t Z Z
Spl
Sml_sus = ⎛⎝5.27 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ―― = ⎛⎝6.858 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
2
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC Spl
Ste ≔ ――+ ―――― + ――+ Sml_sus + ―― = 36.928
4t Z Z 2
Revision C 9 of 10
Sh + SA = 50
Ste
Snl_ss = 16.278 See Section 3.8.3 for calculation of this variable
0.6 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k = 28.8
Q1_ss Q2_ss
EQN11 ≔ ―――+ ―――+ M_T_ss = 1
2 ⋅ L1 ⋅ La 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
END
Revision C 10 of 10
ASME B31W CALCULATION WORKSHEET - EXAMPLE CALCULATION #3 -
FULL PENETRATION LUG WELD
Date: 11/25/2017
NOTES:
-This document is a calculation worksheet for the lug evaluation method outlined in B31W, record number
15-987
Revision C 1 of 9
2.0 INPUTS
2.1 PIPE GEOMETRY
Do ≔ 24 Outside diameter of pipe
2.2 LUG GEOMETRY
h≔3 Lug height

3
16
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 500 ⎥
⎢( ⎥ ⎡ 0⎤
⎣ (2900 + 1100)) ⎦
Q2 ≔ ―――――― = 250 ⎥ ⎢ Shear load applied to the attachment - axial
NL ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2000 ⎦
⎡ NL ⋅ 3000 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
700
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3000 ⎤
⎣ 1100 + 500 ⎦
W ≔ ――――― = ⎢ 350 ⎥ Thrust load applied to the attachment. Note: sustained
NL ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 800 ⎦ load is assumed to act on one lug only.
⎡ 0⎤
ML ≔ Q2 ⋅ H = 625 ⎥
⎢ ⋅ Bending moment applied to the attachment per Figure 1.0
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5000 ⎦
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
Revision C 2 of 9
⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣0⎦
((2900 + 500 + 1100))
Q2_ss ≔ ――――――― Shear load per Figure 1.0. This variable is Q2** in B31W.
NL
Q2_ss = 2250
1100 + 700 + 500
Wss ≔ 3000 + ―――――― Thrust load per Figure 1.0. This variable is W** in B31W.
NL
Wss = 4150
ML_ss ≔ Q2_ss ⋅ H = ⎛⎝5.625 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ ⋅ Bending moment per Figure 1.0. This variable is ML** in B31W.
MB ≔ 0.5 ⋅ MA = ⎛⎝8.633 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ ⋅ Moment at cross section due to occasional loading

Revision C 3 of 9


kl ≔ 2.0 Factor for welds: 2.0 for full penetration or partial penetration
3.0 CALCULATIONS

⎛⎝Do + Do - 2 t⎞⎠
4
r
t
Do
― = 64 Ratio of pipe outside diameter to nominal wall thickness
t
⎛ 4⎞
⋅ ⎝Do 4 - ⎛⎝Do - 2 ⋅ t⎞⎠ ⎠
32 Do
3
Z = 161.858
d
2 bearing surface
L1
r
Revision C 4 of 9
L2
r
2
4
ZlL ≔ ―L1 ⋅ L2 2 = 9 3 Lug section modulus, longitudinal direction
3
4
ZlN ≔ ―L1 2 L2 = 2.25 3
3

Do
t
‾‾‾
toe of lug weld
2
d ≔ 2 ⎛⎝L1⎞⎠ = 1.5 Weld geometry - per B31W Figure 2

d
3
3
Zwl = 1.293
d
3
3
Zwd = 0.696
3
((b + d))
6
4
PMI = 9.322
Revision C 5 of 9
PMI 3
0.5 ⋅ b
b
2
d
2
SA = 30
j≔0‥2
⎛ MT MT ⎞ ⎡0⎤
⎜ j j ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
M_T ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=⎢0⎥
j ⎛ Lc ⎞ ⎛ Lc ⎞
⎜ L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ L ⋅ L ⎟ ⎣ 0 ⎦
2
c d c d
⎜⎝ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎝ Ld ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎛ MT_ss MT_ss ⎞
M_T_ss ≔ max ⎜――――――, ―――――――― ⎟=0
⎜ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞ ⎟
L ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜1 + ―⎟ ⎜0.8 + 0.05 ⋅ ―⎟ ⋅ Lc 2 ⋅ Ld
c c
⎜ c d ⎟
⎝ ⎝ Ld⎠ ⎝ Ld⎠ ⎠
Weld qualified by equation 10 & 11 (see section 3.10 of this calculation).
Revision C 6 of 9
⎡ 2.2 ⎤ ⎡ 40 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.05 ⎤
Ao ≔ ⎢ 2.0 ⎥ θ ≔ ⎢ 50 ⎥ X0 ≔ ⎢ -0.45 ⎥ Y0 ≔ ⎢ -0.55 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.8 ⎦ ⎣ 40 ⎦ ⎣ -0.75 ⎦ ⎣ -0.60 ⎦
⎡ -1.197 ⎤
――――→ ⎢
X1 ≔ X0 + log ⎛⎝β1⎞⎠ = -1.647 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.947 ⎦
⎡ -0.545 ⎤
―――→ ⎢
Y1 ≔ Y0 + log ⎛⎝β2⎞⎠ = -1.145 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ -1.195 ⎦
――――――――――――――――――→ ⎡ 1.211 ⎤
1 2
η ≔ -⎛⎝X1 ⋅ cos ((θ)) + Y1 ⋅ sin ((θ))⎞⎠ - ― ⎛⎝X1 ⋅ sin ((θ)) - Y1 ⋅ cos ((θ))⎞⎠ = ⎢ 1.798 ⎥
Ao ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2.197 ⎦
CT ≔ max ⎛1 , 3.82 ⋅ γ 1.64 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 1.54⎞ = 23.715

⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
CL ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.26 ⋅ γ 1.74 ⋅ β1 ⋅ β2 2 ⋅ η 4.74⎞ = 6.949
⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
CN ≔ max ⎛1 , 0.38 ⋅ γ 1.90 ⋅ β1 2 ⋅ β2 ⋅ η 3.40⎞ = 3.973
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BT ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CT⎟ = 15.81
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BL ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CL⎟ = 4.633
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
BN ≔ max ⎜1 , ―⋅ CN⎟ = 2.649
⎝ 3 ⎠
W ML MN Q1 Q2
0 0 0 0 0
Sml_sus ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 5.27
Revision C 7 of 9
W ML MN Q1 Q2
1 1 1 1 1
Sml_occ ≔ BT ―― + BL ―― + BN ―― + ―――+ ―――+ M_T = 1.048
Wnl ≔ W = 0.8
2
MLnl ≔ ML = 5000 ⋅
2
MNnl ≔ MN = 0 ⋅
2
Q1nl ≔ Q1 = 0
2
Q2nl ≔ Q2 = 2000
2
M_Tnl ≔ M_T = 0
2

Snl ≔ CT ―― + CL ――+ CN ――+ ―――+ ―――+ M_Tnl = 6.858
3.8.4 Calculate the lug stress for the displacement load ranges:
Spl ≔ kl ⋅ Snl = 13.715
3.8.5 Calculate the lug stress for the maximum loading occurring simultaneously:

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA
SL ≔ ――+ ―――― + Sml_sus = 18.07
4⋅t Z
Sh = 20
SL

P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MB
4⋅t Z Z
Revision C 8 of 9
k ⋅ Sh = 24
SOL

i ⋅ MC Spl
SE ≔ ――+ ―― = 18.858
Z 2
SA = 30
SE
P ⋅ Do 0.75 ⋅ i ⋅ MA i ⋅ MC Spl
Ste ≔ ――+ ―――― + ――+ Sml_sus + ―― = 36.928
4t Z Z 2
Sh + SA = 50
Ste
Snl_ss = 16.278 See Section 3.8.3 for calculation of this variable
0.6 ⋅ Sy ⋅ k = 28.8
Q1_ss Q2_ss
EQN11 ≔ ―――+ ―――+ M_T_ss = 1
2 ⋅ L1 ⋅ La 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ Lb
END
Revision C 9 of 9

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B31W Standard Method for Evaluation of the

Design of Rectangular Cross Section Attachments

Record Number: 15-987

B31.5 Refrigeration Piping: piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants;

B31G Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines: provides a simplified procedure to determine

2.0 NOMENCLATURE (SEE ALSO FIGURE 1)

r = mean pipe radius, in.

L1 and L2 are defined in Fig. 1.0

La = lesser of L2 and t, in.

CT is for a load applied perpendicular to the pipe (W)

CL is for a load applied parallel to the pipe (Q2)

CN is for a load applied radial to the pipe (Q1)

CT = 3.82 (γ)1.64 β1β2 ƞ 1.54 ≥1.0

BT = (2/3)CT, but not less than 1.0

BN = (2/3)CN, but not less than 1.0

NL = number of lugs on the pipe for the longitudinal loading direction

ZlL = (4/3)L1(L2)2, in.3 (mm3)

ZlN = (4/3)(L1)2L2, in.3 (mm3)

Q1 = shear load applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, lb

Q2 = shear load applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, lb

W = thrust load applied to the attachment as shown in Figure 1.0, lb

MT = greater of MT/{LcLd t[1+(Lc/Ld)]} and MT/{[0.8+0.05(Ld/Lc)]Lc2Ld}

Aw = total fillet weld throat area, in.2 (mm2)

SA = Allowable stress range for expansion stress, psi (kPa)

SE = Computed thermal expansion stress range, psi (kPa)

f = 6/N0.2 ≤ 1.0 or applicable Code

Z = section modulus of piping, in.3 (mm3)

a = the effective throat of the weld, in. (mm)

w = the weld size, in, (mm)

fq1 =Force per inch of weld acting in the Q1 direction

fq2 = Force per inch of weld acting in the Q2 direction

fw= Force per inch of weld acting in theW direction

W**/Aw + ML**/Zwd +MN**/Zwl +2(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt ≤ 0.42Sy k (12)

{(W**/Aw) 2 + 4[(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt] 2}1/2 ≤0.6 Syk (13)

Q1**/2L1La + Q2**/ 2L2Lb + MT** ≤0.4 Sy k (11)

3.3 Example of Weld Calculation

fw = (W**/Lc) + [(Q2**x H)/ SMb2] = kips/in

fr = SQRT(fa2 + fb2) = kips/in

Required fillet weld size throat = a = fr// k (.4Sy) = inches.

w = a/ (0.707) is the fillet weld size.

CT is for a load applied perpendicular to the pipe (W)

CL is for a load applied parallel to the pipe (Q2)

CN is for a load applied radial to the pipe (Q1)

(a) Calculate the stresses: Sml, Snl, Spl, and Ste

Snl displacement load = CTW/Al + CLML/ZlL + CNMN/ZlN + Q1/2L1La + Q2/2L2Lb + MT (3)

Spl = Kl (Snl displacement) (4)

Stress due to sustained loads:

SL= PDo/4tn +0.75iMA/Z + Sml Sustained ≤ Sh (5)

Stress due to Occasional Loads:

Thermal Expansion Stress Range:

SE = iMC/Z +Spl/2 ≤ SA (7)

Where SA = f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) (8)

Snl ** =C t W**/Al + CL ML**/Z1L +CNMN**/Z1L + Q1**/2L1La+ Q2**/2L2Lb + MT** ≤ .6Syk (10)

Q1**/2L1La + Q2**/ 2L2Lb + MT** ≤0.4Sy k (11)

W**/Aw + ML**/Zwd +MN**/Zwl +2(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt ≤ 0.42Sy k (12)

{(W**/Aw) 2 + 4[(Q1**+ Q2**)/Aw + MT**/Zwt] 2}1/2 ≤0.6 Syk (13)

The direction of lug is defined the Figure 1 below.

Figure 1, Nomenclature Illustration

Thrust Longitudinal Moment Circumferential Moment

MAXIMUMS 45.852 13.004 10.902

W - Thrust Load W - Thrust Load

LUG: CARBON STEEL, 40 KSI SMYS, 70 KSI UTS

By: Joe Graziano, Lyle Sweeney

W/Aw + ML/Zwd +MN/Zwl +2(Q1+ Q2)/Aw + MT/Zwt ≤ 0.42Sy k (12)

{(W/Aw) 2 + 4[(Q1+ Q2)/Aw + MT/Zwt] 2}1/2 ≤0.6 Syk (13)

Q1/2L1La + Q2/ 2L2Lb + MT** ≤0.4 Sy k (11)

fw = (W/Lc) + [(Q2x H)/ SMb2] = kips/in

Snl =C t W/Al + CL ML/Z1L +CNMN/Z1L + Q1/2L1La+ Q2/2L2Lb + MT** ≤ .6Syk (10)

Q1/2L1La + Q2/ 2L2Lb + MT** ≤0.4Sy k (11)

W/Aw + ML/Zwd +MN/Zwl +2(Q1+ Q2)/Aw + MT/Zwt ≤ 0.42Sy k (12)

{(W/Aw) 2 + 4[(Q1+ Q2)/Aw + MT/Zwt] 2}1/2 ≤0.6 Syk (13)