OCTOBER 6, 2018

ENGLISH LESSON: VOCABULARY

Think of English vocabulary as the bricks of the language

THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

When spelling (especially over the phone) you can use the phonetic alphabet to avoid confusion
between similar sounding letters - P/B S/F T/D etc.
A Alpha B Bravo
C Charlie D Delta
E Echo F Foxtrot
G Golf H Hotel
I India J Juliet
K Kilo L Lima
M Mike N November
O Oscar P Papa
Q Quebec R Romeo
S Sierra T Tango
U Uniform V Victor
W Whisky X X-Ray
Y Yankee Z Zulu

COMMON SYMBOLS

Symbol Word (common term in brackets)

. full stop
, comma
? question mark
! exclamation mark
: colon
; semi-colon
- hyphen (dash)
& ampersand
/ virgule (forward slash)
\ reversed virgule (backward slash)
@ at
# hash
£ pound symbol
€ euro symbol
$ dollar symbol
' apostrophe
~ tilde
* asterisk
´ acute accent
` grave accent
" quotation mark
() left / right parentheses
 [] left / right square bracket
{} left / right brace
<> left / right angle bracket

Learn English Grammar

SIMPLE CAPITALISATION GUIDE

Capital letters are used for two main purposes in English:

 to show the beginning of a sentence

 to show that a noun is a proper noun.

1. The first letter of every new sentence is capitalised.

For example:-
The postman delivered the parcel. It was very heavy.
2. The pronoun I is always capitalised.
For example:-
My name is Lynne, I am a teacher.
3. Proper nouns ( also called proper names) are the words which name specific people,
organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter.

For example:-

EACH PART OF A PERSON'S NAME IS A PROPER NOUN:-

Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones ...

THE NAMES OF COMPANIES, ORGANISATIONS, NEWSPAPERS OR TRADE MARKS:-

Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - the Times - WWW

GIVEN OR PET NAMES OF ANIMALS:-

Lassie - Champion - Trigger - Skippy - Sam

THE NAMES OF CITIES AND COUNTRIES AND WORDS DERIVED FROM THOSE PROPER
NOUNS SUCH AS LANGUAGES:-
Paris - London - New York - England - English - French

GEOGRAPHICAL AND CELESTIAL NAMES:-

the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars - the River Thames

PARTICULAR PLACES SUCH AS STREETS, MONUMENTS, BUILDINGS, MEETING ROOMS:-

Manvers Road (the road), the Taj Mahal - the Eiffel Tower (the tower) - Room 222 (the room)

HISTORICAL EVENTS, DOCUMENTS, ACTS, AND SPECIFIC PERIODS OF TIME:-

the Civil War - the Declaration of Independence - the Freedom of Information Act - World War I -

MONTHS, DAYS OF THE WEEK, HOLIDAYS AND SPECIAL DAYS:-

December - Monday - Christmas - Valentine's Day (note seasons are not capitalised spring -
summer - autumn - winter)

RELIGIONS, DEITIES, SCRIPTURES:-

Christ - God - Jehovah - Mohammed - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - the Bible - the Koran - the
Torah

AWARDS, VEHICLES, VEHICLE MODELS AND NAMES, BRAND NAMES:-

the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex - Hoover

!Note - You don't need to capitalise the name of any currency in English.

SPELLING TIP:

add -ing to

Words ending in two consonants To walk walk + ing walking

Words ending in two vowels + consonant. To sleep sleep + ing sleeping

Words ending in one consonant and a

To do do + ing doing
vowel (not 'e')
Words ending in one vowel and g - add g
To jog jog + ging jogging
+ -ing

Words ending in one vowel and m - add

To swim swim + ming swimming
m + -ing

Words ending in one vowel and n - add n

To run run + ning running
+ -ing

Words ending in one vowel and p - add p

To shop shop + ping shopping
+ -ing

Words ending in one vowel and t - add t +

To put put + ting putting
-ing

Words ending in ie - delete ie - + -ying To die d + ying dying

Words ending in one consonant and e -

To phone phon + ing phoning
delete e + -ing