Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
should be readily available as well as Intralipid • Stimulating needles should be insulated Centimeter markings on the needle shaft are
(KabiVitrum Inc, Alameda, Calif). Recent data have along the shaft, with only the tip exposed for particularly important now that ultrasound tech-
shown Intralipid to be an effective therapy for stimulation. nology can provide accurate measurements of skin
cardiac arrest related to local anesthetic toxicity (see • A comfortable finger grip should be attached to to nerve distances (Figure 2-1). A typical back table
Table 3-2 for Intralipid dosing). the proximal end of the needle. set-up for a peripheral nerve anesthetic is illustrat-
• The wire attaching the needle to the stimula- ed in Figure 2-2. Figure 2-3 provides the preferred
PATIENT CONSENT FOR tor should be soldered to the needle’s shaft and method for all local anesthetic injections.
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA have an appropriate connector for the nerve
stimulator.
As with any medical procedure, proper consent • Long, clear extension tubing must also be inte-
for the nerve block and documentation of the gral to the needle shaft to facilitate injection of
procedure (detailing any difficulties) is essential. local anesthetic and allow for early detection of
Counseling should include information on risks of blood through frequent, gentle aspirations.
regional anesthesia, including intravascular injec- • Stimulating needles are typically beveled at
tion, local anesthetic toxicity, and potential for nerve 45° rather than at 17°, as are more traditional
injury. Patients receiving regional anesthesia to needles, to enhance the tactile sensation of the
extremities should be reminded to avoid using the needle passing through tissue planes and to
blocked extremity for at least 24 hours. In addition, reduce the possibility of neural trauma.
patients should be warned that protective reflexes • Finally, markings on the needle shaft in centime-
and proprioception for the blocked extremity may ters are extremely helpful in determining needle
be diminished or absent for 24 hours. depth from the skin.
Particular attention must be paid to site verifica-
tion prior to the nerve block procedure. Sidedness
should be confirmed orally with the patient as well
as with the operative consent. The provider should Figure 2-2. Set-up for peripheral nerve block
initial the extremity to be blocked. If another anes- A: ruler and marking pen for measuring and marking landmarks and
thesia provider manages the patient in the operating injection points
B: alcohol swabs and 25-gauge syringe of 1% lidocaine to
room, the provider who places the regional block anesthetize the skin for needle puncture
must ensure that the accepting anesthesia provider C: chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens, Regent Medical Ltd, Norcross,
is thoroughly briefed on the details of the block Ga) antimicrobial skin cleaner
D: syringes for sedation (at WRAMC, having 5 mg midazolam and
procedure. 250 mg fentanyl available for sedation is standard)
E: local anesthetic
EQUIPMENT F: peripheral nerve stimulator
G: stimulating needle
H: sterile gloves
Needles. A variety of quality regional anesthesia
stimulating needles are available on the market
today. Qualities of a good regional anesthesia needle
include the following:
6
PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCK EQUIPMENT 2
7
2 PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCK EQUIPMENT
Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) CPNB TABLE 2-2 TABLE 2-3
nonstimulating catheter system used at WRAMC
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS of A LONG- DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS of A
has had years of successful long-term use in combat
TERM CONTINUOUS PERIPHERAL NERVE MILITARY PAIN INFUSION PUMP
casualties and remains the recommended CPNB
BLOCK CATHETER
system for the field.
• Easily identifiable by shape and color
Ultrasound. Some regional anesthesia provid- • Easily placed through a standard 18-gauge Tuohy needle
• Used only for pain service infusions
ers consider recent developments in ultrasound • Composed of inert, noninflammatory material
technology to be the next ”revolution” (after pe- • Lightweight and compact
ripheral nerve stimulation) in regional anesthesia. • Centimeter markings to estimate depth/catheter
• Reprogrammable for basal rate, bolus amount, lockout
migration
Improvements in ultrasound technology allow for interval, and infusion volume
high image resolution with smaller, portable, and • Colored tip to confirm complete removal from patient
• Battery operated with long battery life
less expensive ultrasound machines (Figure 2-4). • Flexible, multiorifice tip
Elements of a superior ultrasound machine for re- • Program lock-out to prevent program tampering
• Hyperechoic on ultrasound
gional anesthesia are high image quality, compact • Simple and intuitive operation
• Radiopaque
• Medication free-flow protection
• Secure injection port
Figure 2-4. Contemporary laptop ultrasound machine (Logiq Book • Latex free
XP, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom; used with • Capable of stimulation
permission) • Visual and audible alarms
• Nonadherent with weeks of internal use
• Stable infusion rate at extremes of temperature and
• High resistance to breaking or kinking pressure
• Low resistance to infusion • Inexpensive
• Bacteriostatic • Durable for long service life without needing
maintenance
• System to secure the catheter to the patient’s skin
• Certified for use in US military aircraft
8
PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCK EQUIPMENT 2
Figure 2-5. Casualty evacuation acute pain management pump (AmbIT PCA pump [Sorenson Medical Inc, West Jordan, Utah; used with permission]) in current use, with operating instruction quick reference card