METALS AND NON-

METALS
KYLA
DURING THE COURSE OF ME DOING THIS PROJECT I
LEARNED A LOT AND HOPE TO USE THIS NEWLY AQUIRED
INFORMATION TO AID IN MY STUDIES. PLEASE ENJOY

DONE BY:

KYLA QUASHIE

5F

MS. SAWH
1

metal Lustre Hardness Density (g Conductivity Melting Boiling point

dm-3) point (°C) (°C)

zn Lustrous 25 7.14 27 420 907

Bluish-white

fe Metallic 4½ 7.87 2.1 1535 2862

Brown where
thin blue-
grey where
thick
na Silver-white 20 0.97 2.5 98 883

ca Silver-grey 1.5 1.54 - 839 1484

mg Silver-white 20 1.74 2.5 650 1091

al Silver-white 2-2.9 2.70 8.3 660 2470

cu Reddish- 2.5-3 8.96 - 1083 2562

brown
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

METAL REACTING REACTING REACTING REACTING

TO OXYGEN TO STEAM TO HCL TO H2SO4
Zinc Zinc oxide Displaces Forms a Forms a
forms slowly hydrogen ZnCl2 salt ZnSO4 salt
in cold but from steam and liberates and lierates
rapidly with H2 H2
heat
Iron Forms iron Reacts Forms a Fe02 Forms FeSO4
oxide if reversibly to salt and salts and
heated. steam to liberates H2 liberates H2
Rusts in the produce
cold once hydrogen .
moisture is Forms a FeO
present salts and
liberates H2
Sodium Forms Reacts with Forms a Forms a
sodium water to NaCl salt and Na2SO4 salt
oxide when form sodium liberates H2 and liberates
heated hydroxide H2.The
and reaction is
hydrogen. exothermic
This
reaction is
exothermic
Calcium Forms CaO Reacts Forms a Forms a
more rapidly slowly with CaCl2 and CaSO4 salt
when water to liberates h2 and liberates
heated form H2
Ca(OH)2
Magnesium Forms MgO Reacts Forms MgCl Forms a
 more rapidly slowly with salt and MgSO4 salt
when hot water to liberates H2 and liberates
heated form MgO h2
and
hydrogen
Aluminium Rapidly Rapidly If pure , Forms
tarnishes in tarnishes in reacts to Al2(SO4)3
the cold the cold form Al2O3 and liberates
and liberates h2
h2.Alot of
heat energy
is released in
the
Copper Forms a No reaction No reaction No reaction
black copper
oxide if
heated
strongly
OXYGEN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Oxygen is a highly reactive element, highly paramagnetic, and is easily capable of combining with other
elements. One of oxygen’s most important chemical properties is that it supports combustion. Oxygen
also combines with elements at room temperature, for example, for the formation of rust. Decaying is
also an example of oxygen reacting with compounds .Carbon dioxide and water are the main products of
decay.

At standard conditions, water is a polar liquid that slightly dissociates disproportionately or self ionizes
into an hydronium ion and hydroxide ion.

2H

2O ⇌ H

3O+

+ OH−

WATER CHEMICAL PROPERTIES-

The dissociation constant for this dissociation is commonly symbolized as Kw and has a value of about
10−14 at 25 °C; see here for values at other temperatures. Pure water has a concentration of the
hydroxide ion (OH−) equal to that of the hydrogen ion (H+), which gives a pH of 7 at 25 °C.[68]

SULPHURIC ACID CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Molecular Weight- 98.072 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count- 2

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count- 4

Rotatable Bond Count -0

METAL REACTION TO HCL REACTION TO H2SO4

Zinc oxide Forms ZnCl2 (salt Forms ZnSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Zinc hydroxide Forms ZnCl2 (salt Forms ZnSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Iron oxide Forms a FeCl3 (salt Forms a FeSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Iron hydroxide Forms a FeCl3 (salt Forms a FeSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Sodium oxide Forms a NaCl (salt Forms a Na2SO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Sodium hydroxide Forms a NaCl (salt Forms a Na2SO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Calcium oxide Forms a CaCl2 (salt Forms a CaSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Calcium hydroxide Forms a CaCl2 (salt Forms a CaSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Magnesium oxide Forms MgCl2 (salt Forms a MgSO4 (salt

and water) and water)

Magnesium hydroxide Forms a MgCl2 (salt Forms a MgSO4 (salt

and water) and water)
METAL HEAT ON NITRATE HEAT ON HEAT ON HEAT ON OXIDE
CARBONATE HYDROXIDE

Zinc Forms a zinc oxide, Forms zinc oxide Forms zinc oxide -forms zinc vapor
nitrogen dioxide and and carbon and water and oxygen
oxygen dioxide

Iron Forms an iron oxide Forms iron oxide Forms iron oxide
and nitrogen and and carbon and water
oxygen dioxide

sodium Forms sodium No reaction No reaction

nitrogen and oxygen

Calcium Forms calcium oxide Forms calcium Forms calcium

,nitrogen dioxide oxide and oxide and water
and water nitrogen dioxide

magnesium Forms magnesium Forms magnesium Forms magnesium

oxide,nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide and water
dioxide and o2 dioxide

aluminium Forms aluminium Forms aluminium Forms aluminium

oxide,nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide and water
dioxide and oxygen dioxide

Copper Forms copper Forms copper Forms copper

oxide,nitogendioxide oxide and carbon oxide and water
and water dioxide
2.

Extracting iron

The blast furnace

Iron is extracted from iron ore in a huge container called a blast furnace. Iron ores such as haematite
contain iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. The oxygen must be removed from the iron(III) oxide in order to leave the
iron behind. Reactions in which oxygen is removed are called reduction reactions.

Blast furnace. Iron ore, carbon, limestone enter at top. Air enters at side near bottom. Three zones. Air
into zone 1, waste gases out above zone 3. Slag out below zone 1, iron out at very bottom.

Carbon is more reactive than iron, so it can displace iron from iron(III) oxide. Here are the equations for
the reaction:

Iron(III) oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide

2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 4Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

In this reaction, the iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron, and the carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide.

In the blast furnace, it is so hot that carbon monoxide can be used, in place of carbon, to reduce the
iron(III) oxide:

iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(s) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

Extraction of aluminum

Aluminium is the most abundant (found in large quantities) metal in the Earth's crust. It is expensive,
largely because of the amount of electricity required in the extraction process.

Aluminium ore is called bauxite. The bauxite is purified to produce aluminium oxide, a white powder
from which aluminium can be extracted.

The extraction is done by electrolysis. The ions in the aluminium oxide must be free to move so that
electricity can pass through it. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point (over 2000°C) so it would
be expensive to melt it. Aluminium oxide does not dissolve in water, but it does dissolve in molten
cryolite. This is an aluminium compound with a lower melting point than aluminium oxide. The use of
cryolite reduces some of the energy costs involved in extracting aluminium
Diagram showing the extraction of Aluminum
Diagram of extraction of iron
3.

ELEMENTS LUSTER HARDNESS DENSITY CONDUCTIVITY

Hydrogen courless - 0.083 - -259.1 252.9

Chlorine Greenish- - 3.2 - -101.5 -34.04

yellow

Oxygen Colorless - 1.4 - -218.79 -182.96

Sulphur Pale yellow - 2 - 115.2 444.6

Nitrogen Colorless - 0.001145 - -210 -195.79

Chemical properties

HYDROGEN-burns in oxygen to produce water

-Reacts with most elements to form hydrides

-Reduces metallic oxides

-Almost all metals and non-metals react with it

CHLORINE-Does not react with oxygen

-Forms strong ionic bonds when metals react with it

OXYGEN-Reacts with metals such as potassium, sodium and lithium quickly .

Calcium and magnesium are slightly less reactive with oxygen . Cupper and

mercury reacts with oxygen slowly only once it is constantly heated

SULPHUR-Burns in oxygen gently heating with a pale blue flame to produce

sulphur dioxide gas

NITROGEN-Burns in oxygen to form nitrogen oxide

Redox reactions
ELEMENT OXIDATION REDUCTION FORMULA

Hydrogen Oxidizing agent Reducing agent -

when it reacts when reacting
with metals with non metals
Chlorine Oxidizing agent - CU+Cl2=CaCl

Oxygen Oxidizing agent - Al +O2=Al2O3

Sulphur Oxidizing agent - -

Nitrogen Oxidizing agent - -

4.

COLLECTION OF OXYGEN

When preparing and collecting oxygen the water displacement method is used . This method can also be
used for gases of any density by reacting a solid in water as long as the gas is not to soluble in water .
Since all the gases are less dense than the liquid it will displace the water downwards

COLLECTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Thee method for preparing and collecting a gas more dense than air is by reacting a solid and liquid .The
more dense gas sinks down and displaces the less dense air upwards .The method is called downward
delivery .Calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid makes carbon dioxide

PREPARATION OF AMMONIA

Ammonia gas is lighter than air in order to collect it ammonia gas must be heated by a solid reactant.
The ammonia gas rises into an upside down test tube where it displaces the denser air downward. This
method is known as the upward delivery

To make dry ammonia a U-tube packed with granules of calcium oxide between the horizontal pyrex
tube and the vertically inverted collection test tube
5.

A metallic solid or liquid that is composed of a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or of
metals and nonmetal or metalloid elements, usually for the purpose of imparting or increasing specific
characteristics or properties

(i)
(ii)

Converting pure metals into alloys often increases the strength of the product. For example, brass is an
alloy of copper and zinc. It is stronger than copper or zinc alone. Alloys often have properties that are
different to the metals they contain. Solid metals have a regular lattice structure. When a force is
applied to a metal, layers of atoms can move past each other. The more difficult it is for the layers to
move, the more force is needed and the stronger the metal.

Copper and zinc atoms are different sizes. This distorts the regular lattice structure in brass, so layers of
atoms cannot slide over each other so easily. This makes brass stronger than copper or zinc alone.

Atoms of two different sizes packed together to form an irregular arrangement.

This makes them more useful than the pure metals alone.

(iii)

metal properties uses

Aluminum Low density, good conductor of Lightweight structures, kitchen

electricity, light, strong resistant utensils, high voltage cables,
to corrosion cans, aircrafts

Lead Ductile, malleable, low boiling Batteries, fuel additive, piping,

point pigments, ammunition
Iron Ductile, malleable, high tensile Railway tracks
strength

(iv) Uses of non-metals

Carbon

Carbon is unique among the atoms. It is used to make other organic compounds amd can form single,
double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms and elements. Some of its uses are:

 Manufacture metal cutters and heat resistant tools

 In the form of carbon dioxide it is used in fizzy drinks and fire extinguishers
 To create plastiv from carbon polymers
 Used as a form of fuel and combustionin the form of hydro carbons

Sulphur

Sulphur has many familiar and unfamiliar uses such as:

 In the production of chemicals and detergents

 To make matches and gunpowder
 To make sulphuric acid which is then used to make fungicide and insecticide in agriculture

Phosphorus

Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it
is highly reactive , phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. It can be used:

 In flares as white phosphorus

 In the material stuck on the side of matchboxes (red phosphorus)
 In the form of ammonium phosphate as a fertilizer
Chlorine

Chlorine is one of the most abundant, essential minerals on Earth. Due to its disinfection properties

It has helped improve the lives of billions pf people around the world. Chlorine also is an essential
chemical building block. It is used:

 As an antiseptic
 To purify water for drinking
 To treat swimming pools
 Used to produce table salt (NaCl)

Nitrogen

Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. It is obtained by the distillation of liquid air. Nitrogen is
cycled naturally by living organisms through the ‘nitrogen cycle’. It is taken up by green plants and algae
as nitrates, and used to build up the bases needed to construct DNA, RNA and all amino acids. It is used:

 To preserve the freshness of foods by packing them in nitrogen

 To make ammonia
o Ammonia is used as a fertilizer. It can be used directly by adding it to irrigation water for
plants that need more nitrogen or it can be used to make urea (NH4N2O) which is also a
fertilizer.
o Ammonia can also be used to make nitric acid, which can be used to make fertilizers or
explosives.

Silicon

Silicon makes up 27.7% of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant element in the crust, being
surpassed only by oxygen. It is used:

 To make silicone (which is a silicon oxygen polymer with methyl groups attached).
 Silicone oil is used as a lubricant as it is added to cosmetics and hair conditioners.
 To make chips for computers and electronics.
6. the importance of metals

(i)

There are many metal ions that are important to living things. Some of these metal ions are found
attached to carbon compounds be coordinate covalent bonds. These are referred to as organic
compounds.

 Sodium controls water balance in body fluids assists in the transmission of nerve impulses ans
assists in muscle contractions.
 Potassium is found in high concentrations in all living cells and it is necessary for the cells to
function properly. The transport or nerve impulses and the contraction of muscle cells depend
on the movement of sodium and potassium ions,
 Calcium is an important part of the structure of the plant cell walls and cell membranes. In
animals, calcium is essential in building strong bones and teeth. It is also involved in muscle
contraction and prevents muscle cramps.
 Magnesium is also very important. Mg2+ ions are found in all living cells. These ions are
important in the function of DNA, which controls all the activities in cell, especially protein
manufacture and reproduction. A magnesium ion plays an essential role in the role of ATP.
Many enzyme also work only when they have magnesium ions bonded to them.
 Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries
oxygen from your lungs to transport it throughout your body. Hemoglobin represents about
two-thirds of the body's iron. If you don't have enough iron, your body can't make enough
healthy oxygen-carrying red blood cells.

Trace metals

Treace metals asre metals needed in small quantities and are often alled micronutrients.

Trace metals needed be plants.

 Magnesium
 Manganese
 Zinc
 Boron
 Copper
 Molybdenum
 Cobalt

Trace metals needed by animals

 Cobalt
 Zinc
 Copper
 Manganese
 Molybdenum
6
(ii)
PRIMARY POLLUTANT SOURCE
SULPHUR DIOXIDE Electrical power plants,
sulphuric acid plants, smelters
using sulphide ores, when coal
and oil are used in homes and in
indystry; automobiles burning
gasoline with high Sulphur
content
The oxides of nitrogen Nitrogen is a major constituent
NO2, N2O and NO of the air, so combustion of
fuels produced these oxides
(especially in car engines)
N2 + O2 → NO
CARBON DIOXODE A product of the combustion of
all fossil fuels
Fuel + O2(g) = CO2(g) +H2O(g)
Carbon monoxide Formed when fossil fuels are
incompletely burned
EFFECTS
SO2 + H2O ⇄ H2SO3
2H2SO3 + O2 = H2SO4
Sulphuric acid is a major
constituent of acid rain which
damages vegetation and
destroys marble and limestone
in buildings
H2SO4 + CaCO3 → CaSO4 + CO2
+ H2O
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
DISSOLVES IN WATER TO
PRODUCE NITRIC AND NITRIC
ACIDS
-CONSTITUENTS- pollutants
causing respiratory infections
and bronchitis; it also stimulates
excessive growth of algae,
causing death of aquatic
organisms and poor water
quality, oxides of nitrogen cause
photochemical smog
An excessive buildup of this
pollutant will lead to the
greenhouse effect
Poisonous; combines with the
hemoglobin of the blood,
preventing oxygen intake
Lead compounds Released when leaded gasoline Cumulative poison;
is burnt concentrated in marine
organisms and water; affects
cell metabolism
Global warming

Over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded
history. And experts see the trend is accelerating: All but one of the 16 hottest years in NASA’s 134-year
record have occurred since 2000.

Climate change deniers have argued that there has been a “pause” or a “slowdown” in rising global
temperatures, but several recent studies, including a 2015 paper published in the journal Science, have
disproved this claim. And scientists say that unless we curb global-warming emissions, average U.S.
temperatures could increase by up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century. Global warming
occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the
atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally,
this radiation would escape into space—but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the
atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse
effect.

In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of heat-trapping
pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2 every year. Coal-burning power plants are by far the
biggest polluters. The country’s second-largest source of carbon pollution is the transportation sector,
which generates about 1.7 billion tons of CO2 emissions a year.
7

(i)

Density- 997 kg/m³

Water's Solvent Properties. Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more
substances than any other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-
positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules.

When ionic compounds are added to water, individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water
molecules during the dissociation process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms
or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium
chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions,
and spheres of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the
partially-negative charge of the water molecule’s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is
surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule.

Dissociation of NaCl in waterWhen table salt (NaCl) is mixed in water, spheres of hydration form around
the ions.

Specific heat capacity

The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other
common substance. As a result, water plays a very important role in temperature regulation.

Volatility
Liquids that boil at low temperatures, such as gasoline, are volatile liquids, while liquids that boil at
higher temperatures, such as water, are less volatile or nonvolatile. Extremely volatile substances have
such low boiling points that they exist as gases at room temperature, such as oxygen gas.

Therefore water can be said to be nonvolatile since it has a boiling point of 100°C .

(ii)

Hardness of water

Hard water contains dissolved magnesium and calcium ions. These make it more difficult for the water
to form a lather with soap by reacting with it to form scum which is left in basins and baths. On the
other hand, hard water contains minerals that promote strong bones and teeth.

Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate (which is removed by boiling).

Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulfate (which is not removed by boiling).

(iii)

Treatment of water

The treatment of wateris a process thet reduces the amount of inorganic and organic materials it
contains. We can treat water at hom in the following ways :

 Boiling- removes temporary hardness and some microbes

 Filtering- removes solid impurities and some microbes
 Softening-removes hardness to conserve detergent and reduce scale formation in kettles
 Chlorinating- used mainly for pools or water collected after water-lock-off period to kill
microbes.
8.

Green chemistry

(i)

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering
focused on the designing of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous
substances. The concept of greening chemistry is a relatively new idea which developed in the business
and regulatory communities as a natural evolution of pollution prevention initiatives. In our efforts to
improve crop protection, commercial products, and medicines, we also caused unintended harm to our
planet and humans. We are able to develop chemical processes and earth-friendly products that will
prevent pollution in the first place. Through the practice of green chemistry, we can create alternatives
to hazardous substances we use as our source materials. We can design chemical processes that reduce
waste and reduce demand on diminishing resources. We can employ processes that use smaller
amounts of energy. We can do all of this and still maintain economic growth and opportunities while
providing affordable products and services to a growing world population.

Sustainable and green chemistry in very simple terms is just a different way of thinking about how
chemistry and chemical engineering can be done. Over the years different principles have been
proposed that can be used when thinking about the design, development and implementation of
chemical products and processes. These principles enable scientists and engineers to protect and
benefit the economy, people and the planet by finding creative and innovative ways to reduce waste,
conserve energy, and discover replacements for hazardous substances.

(ii)

12 principles of green chemistry

1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.

2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process
into the final product.

3. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses

Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that
possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
 4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.

5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary
wherever possible and innocuous when used.

6. Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic
impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient
temperature and pressure.

7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practicable.

8. Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of
physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require
additional reagents and can generate waste.

9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

10. Design for Degradation

Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into
innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.

11. Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and
control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the
potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
THE
END