Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
STRATIGRAPHY and
SEDIMENTATION
(Stratigrafi Analisis)
BY :
BUDIANTO TOHA
2014
Department of Geology
Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
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3. STRATIGRAPHY , SEDIMENTOLOGY ,
and PALEONTOLOGY
4. GEOMORPOLOGY
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1
ROCKS CYCLE
MAGMA cry
g sta
ltin lliz
me at
ion
METAMOPHIC metamorphism
ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS
weathering
erosion, etc.
erosion
metamorphism transportation
deposition
SEDIMEN
compaction
desiccation
SEDIMENTARY cementation
ROCKS re‐crystalization
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Three common groups of
sedimentary rocks and and its origin
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2
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
• Certain areas of the craton which has
been persistently … subject to sinking to
an extent greater than its surrounding
shelves (Sloss et al, 1949)
• A segment of the earth’s crust which has
been downwarp usually for considerable
time, but with intermittent risings and
sinking. Sediments in such basins
increases in thickness toward the center
of the basin (Landes, 1951)
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PRESENT CONCEPT OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN
• PART OF THE EARTH’S CRUST WHERE SEDIMENTARY STRATA HAVE BEEN
DEPOSITED IN MUCH GREATER THICKNESS THAN ITS SURROUNDING AREA
( unknown source )
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3
( unknown source )
FACTORS NEEDED TO CONSTRUCT SEDIMENTARY BASIN
(GEOMETRI AND DISTRIBUTION)
A. OUTCROP (GEOLOGICAL) MAP
B. ISOPACH MAPS
C. GRAVITY MAP
D. SEISMIC MAP
(E). BASEMENT CONTOUR MAP
MAY OR MAY NOT DIRECTLY INFORM THE PALEOGEOGRAPHY
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STRATIGRAPHY :
the science of rock strata
It is concerned with
all characters and
attributes of rocks
as strata; and their
interpretation in terms
of mode of origin and
geologic history
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What is strata ?
Strata (plural of stratum) :
A layer of sedimentary rocks, visually separable from
other layers above and below; a bed.
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Strata due to different color or minerals composition
Multicolored layered sedimentary rocks in
Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. (Skinner
& Potter, 1987)
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Strata due to sedimentary structure (cross bedded)
Cross‐stratified sandstone, Utah.
(Skinner & Potter, 1987)
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CONCEPTS IN STRATIGRAPHY
or
PRINCIPLES OF STRATIGRAPHY
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CONCEPTS IN STRATIGRAPHY
STENO’S PRINCIPLES (1669)
Superposition of Strata
Original Lateral Continuity of Strata
Original Horizontality of Strata
Collate : Vertical Accumulation of Strata
CROSS‐CUTTING PRINCIPLE
veins, dykes etc were known to cut across the
country rock: the rocks cutting across a country rock
are younger than the country.
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LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION
(ABBE GIRAUD‐SOULAVIE, 1777)
Statement of principle:
Fossil differs according to their geologic ages
(stratigraphic position); fossils in lower
formations are unlike those in higher beds.
Fossil floras and faunas succeed one another
in a definite and determinable order
(Anthony, 1955, p.89)
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STRATA IDENTIFIED BY FOSSILS (SMITH,
1816)
Modified Statement:
Strata can be distinguished by their
characteristic fossils (Woodford, 1935,
op.cit, p.5‐6; Schenk, 1940, p. 1754‐1755)
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STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD
Stratigraphic record
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8
East Java Stratigraphy and possible HC SR Potential
Modern volcanism
OAF volcanism
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STRATIGRAFI DAN PETROLEUM SYSTEM BLOK GUNDIH
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COURSE CONTENT :
1. First half semester : Depositional Facies Analysis
2. Second half semester : Dynamics of Sedimentation
( Sequence Stratigraphy )
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SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND FACIES
A sedimentary environment is a part of earth’s surface which
is physically, chemically, and biologically distinct from
adjacent terrains, e.g. deserts, river valleys, lake, deltas,
lagoon, shallow marine ( Selley, 1985)
PROCESS
A sedimentary facies is a mass of sedimentary rocks which
can be defined and distinguished from others by
geometry, lithology, sedimentary sructures, paleocurrent
pattern, and fossils (Selley, 1985)
PRODUCT
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SEDIMENTARY FACIES :
PHYSICAL , CHEMICAL, and BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT WITHIN
SYNCHRONOUS INTERVAL
CAUSE EFFECT
Process
Geometry
Physical Erosional Lithology
SEDIMENTARY
Chemical Non‐depositional Sedimentary
ENVIRONMENT SEDIMENTARY
Biological Depositional structures
FACIES
Paleocurrents
Fossils
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After Selley , 1985
FACIES ANALYSIS
OBSERVASION INTERPRETATION PREDICTION
Geometry
Depositional Environment Location ,
Lithology and Paleogeography Geometry and
Economic Aspects
Fossil
Sedimentary structure
Paleocurrent
(modified after Selley,1985)
FACIES MODEL
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Dynamics of Sedimentation and
Sequence Stratigraphy
• How sedimentary rock is accumulated
• Factors controlling process
Stratigraphic Record
and its pattern
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DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENTATION
Accommodation
Space
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DEPOSITIONAL FACIES
AND ENVIRONMENT
1
RSL
(After Skinner and Porter, 1987 )
Various depositional environments occurring across the edge of
a continental and the adjacent margin of an ocean basin
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DEPOSITIONAL FACIES
AND ENVIRONMENT
2
RSL
(After Skinner and Porter, 1987 )
Various depositional environments occurring across the edge of
a continental and the adjacent margin of an ocean basin
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13
DEPOSITIONAL FACIES
AND ENVIRONMENT
RSL
3
3
RSL
(After Skinner and Porter, 1987 )
Various depositional environments occurring across the edge of
a continental and the adjacent margin of an ocean basin
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Definition :
( After van Gorsel, 1987 )
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Missing the Big Picture
( unknown source )
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After all …………….
“ If I give students a fish, I do believe they will eat for a day …
but,…… if I give them a fishing pole and teach them to fish,
they will eat for life. “
( CPI , 1997 )
JUST ENJOY STRATIGRAPHY (GEOLOGY) WITH PASSION, AND ALWAYS BE
HAPPY WITH IT !!!!!!!!!!
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