-: project report on :-

“ THYRISTOR BASED RECTIFIER”

Submitted by
Nagu Ankit R. 156210309082
Mota Bhavesh N. 156210309080
Joshi Raj H. 136210309055
Solanki Meet v. 156210309552

{GUJRAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY – AHEMDABAD}

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , BHUJ

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE – BHUJ

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that work, which is being presented in
the project entitled "THYRISOR BASED RECTIFIER" Submitted by
name of all student of final year in "ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING" in
practice fulfillment for award of degree of diploma engineering, is
record of student work carried out by them under our guidance and
supervision. This work has not submitted elsewhere for award of any
other degree.
NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
Nagu Ankit R. 156210309082
Mota Bhavesh N. 156210309080
Solanki Meet V. 156210309552
Joshi Raj H. 136210309055
DATE:

PLACE: G.P BHUJ(KUTCHH)

S.B.BANERJEE

INSTITUTE GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

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 INDEX
S/N TOPIC PAGE
NO
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

2 AIM OF PROJECT 5

3 ABSTRACT 6

4 CHAPTER NO. 1 7
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1.3 EXPLANATION CIRCUIT

5 CHAPTER NO. 2 10
2.1 LIST OF MATERIALS

6 CHAPTER NO. 3 11
3.1 COMPONENT STUDY
3.1.1. SCR
3.1.2. RESISTOR
3.1.3. ARDUINO UNO
3.1.4. OPTOCOUPLER
3.1.5. DIODE
3.1.6. POTENTIOMETER
3.1.7. 12V AC SOURCE TRANSFORMER

7 APPLICATIONS 24

8 CONCLUSION 25

9 REFERENCE 26

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 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly obliged to ELECTRICAL MACHINE LAB- 3 permitting

our work on our project giving the healthy environment for testing. We are
thankful ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, Government
polytechnic college bhuj for permitting to work in to laboratory and we are also
thankful to S.B.BENERJEE SIR and other faculty without whom this project
would not be possible. We express our deep gratitude to project guide for their
immense support and guidance during this whole period of project work and
clearing many practical aspects of the project. We are grateful to each faculty
member of electrical engineering department helped to completing this project.
Finally yet importantly I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my be loved
parents for their blessings my friend/classmates for their help and wishes for the
successful completion of this project. This project must important in many small
scale and big industries.

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 2. AIM OF PROJECT

 Our final year engineering project subject is for easily understanding

“HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER”
Working ,theory and industrial uses so our aim of this project is the project
team and future students easily understand same technology.

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 3. ABSTRACT

Single phase uncontrolled rectifiers are extensively used in a

number of power electronic based converters. In most cases they are used to
provide an intermediate unregulated dc voltage source which is further
processed to obtain a regulated dc or ac output. They have, in general, been
proved to be efficient and robust power stages. However, they suffer from a
few disadvantages. The main among them is their inability to control the
output dc voltage / current magnitude when the input ac voltage and load
parameters remain fixed. They are also unidirectional in the sense that they
allow electrical power to flow from the ac side to the dc side only. These
two disadvantages are the direct consequences of using power diodes in
these converters which can block voltage only in one direction. As will be
shown in this module, these two disadvantages are overcome if the diodes
are replaced by thyristors, the resulting converters are called fully controlled
converters.

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 4. CHAPTER NO. 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The input supply fed to a is ac supply at a fixed rms voltage

and at a fixed frequency. We can obtain variable dc output voltage by
using Controlled rectifiers. By employing phase controlled thyristors
in the circuits we can obtain variable dc output voltage and variable dc
(average) output current by varying the trigger angle (phase angle) at
which the thyristor are triggered. We obtain a uni-directional and
pulsating load current waveform, which has a specific average value.

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1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 1.3 EXPLAINATIONS OF CIRCUIT

In the circuit there are two optocouplers, I used optocoupler 1 to detect

the zero crossing of the AC voltage signal and optocoupler 2 for firing the SCR.

The optocouplers are used to isolate the Arduino (control circuit) from the power

circuit.

Diodes D1 and D2 are with the same type (1N4007), D1 is used to protect

optocoupler 1 from reverse voltage and D2 to feed the SCR gate with positive

current.

Optocoupler 1 collector pin is connected to Arduino pin 2 which is

external interrupt pin, so optocoupler 1 interrupts the Arduino when there is a zero

crossing event (when the AC signal goes from positive to negative). When the AC

voltage is positive, optocoupler 1 is ON and therefore the collector pin is

connected to ground. I used the 10k ohm resistor as pull-up resistor for Arduino

pin 2 because we’ve an open collector output (optocoupler 1).

The 10k ohm potentiometer is used to control firing angle.

I got the 12V AC (50Hz) using a step down transformer (220V to 12V).
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 5. CHAPTER NO. 2

2.1 LIST OF MATERIALS

SR.NO. COMPONENT NAME

1. SCR TYN1225

2. RESISTORS

3. ARDUINO UNO

4. OPTOCOUPLER

5. DIODE

6. POTENIOMETER

7. 12V AC SOURCE TRANSFORMER

8. BREADBOARD,JUMPER WIRE

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 6. CHAPTER NO. 3

3.1 COMPONENT STUDY

3.1.1 SCR

Shockley diodes are curious devices, but rather limited in application.

Their usefulness may be expanded, however, by equipping them with another
means of latching. In doing so, each becomes true amplifying devices (if only in
an on/off mode), and we refer to these as silicon-controlled rectifiers, or SCRs.

The progression from Shockley diode to SCR is achieved with one small
addition, actually nothing more than a third wire connection to the existing
PNPN structure.

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 The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

The SCR (thyristor) is a three-terminal device (Anode, Cathode and Gate)

with four layers of alternating p- and n-type material. The gate terminal is used to

control the SCR, the anode (A) and cathode (K) is connected in series with the

load. The SCR is just a controlled diode.

In single-phase half-wave rectifier, only one thyristor is used to control

the load voltage. The thyristor will conduct (ON state) when the voltage Vt is

positive (Vt > 0) and a firing current pulse Ig is applied to the gate terminal.

Delaying the firing pulse by an angle a does the control of the load voltage. In the

figure below the angle a is measured from the zero crossing point of the supply

voltage Vs . The load is resistive and therefore current id has the same waveform

as the load voltage. The thyristor goes to the nonconducting condition (OFF state)

when the load voltage and, consequently, the current try to reach a negative value.

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 3.1.2 RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors
are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission, among other uses. High-power resistors that
can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as
a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than

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nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within
the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

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 3.1.3 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source microcontroller board

based on the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed byArduino.cc.The board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board
features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with theArduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The
hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution
Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the hardware are also available. "Uno" means
one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a
series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a boot
loader that allows to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also
differs from all preceding boards in that
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It does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter. The Arduino UNO is generally considered the most user-friendly and
popular board, with boards being sold worldwide for less than 5$.

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 3.1.4 OPTOCOUPLER

In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called

an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers
electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators
prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially
available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage
transients with speeds up to 25 kV/us.

A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and

a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor
combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photo resistor pairs.
Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow
them to be used with analog signals.

Operation
An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near
infrared light-emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light,
a closed optical channel (also called dialectical channel), and a photo sensor, which
detects incoming light and either generates electric energy directly,
or modulates electric current flowing from an external power supply. The sensor
can be a photo resistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a silicon-controlled
rectifier (SCR) or a triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to emitting it,
construction of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An
optocoupled solid-state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a
power switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFETs. A slotted optical

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switch contains a source of light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open,
allowing modulation of light by external objects obstructing the path of light or
reflecting light into the sensor.

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 3.1.5 DIODE

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that

conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low
(ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in
the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is
a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two
electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and
a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic
devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German
physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, calledcat's
whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such
as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other materials such
as selenium and germanium are sometimes used.

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 3.1.6 POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating

contact that forms an adjustable divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and
the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage
divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an
implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as
volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can
be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are
rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the
power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the
controlled load.

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 3.1.7 12V AC SOURCE TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy

between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current
in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn
induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil. Power
can be transferred between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a
metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction discovered in 1831 described this effect. Transformers are used to
increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.

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 Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885,
transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and
utilization of alternating current electrical energy. A wide range of transformer
designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers
range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units
interconnecting the grid weighing hundreds of tons.

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 7. APPLICATIONS

 AC fed traction system using a DC traction motor.

 Electro-metallurgical and Electrochemical processes.
 Reactor controls.
 Magnet power supplies.
 Portable hand instrument drives.
 Flexible speed industrial drives.
 Battery charges.
 High voltage DC transmission.

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 8. CONCLUSION

After completing this project we are able to make a half wave

controlled rectifier using of scr and know basic about arduino to
controlled firing angle of scr. using of this method we are getting dc
output.
Thus, we know about practical knowledge of breadbord,
connection of resistor, scr and whole circuit.

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 9. REFERENCE

 Fundamentals of power electronics (Robert W. Erickson) Springer. US

 Power electronics: Devices and Circuits (V. Jagannathan) PHI learning.

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