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Diese Formelsammlung erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit und Richtigkeit. Sie wird bei Bedarf durch weitere
Kapitel ergänzt.
1.Potenzen
a, b ∈ R + r,s ∈ R k ∈Z m, n ∈ N*
ar ⋅ a s = a r s
+
a r : a s = a r −s
(a r ) s = a r ⋅s
(a. b) r = a r ⋅ b r
r
a ar
= r
b b
a0 = 1
n
1 1
a = n =
−n
a a
1
an = n a
k
a = n ak
n
n
a k = n ⋅m a k ⋅m
n m
a = n ⋅m a
( a) =
n
k
n
ak
n
a⋅b = n a ⋅n b
n
a a
n =
n
b b
(a ± b )2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2
(a ± b)3 = a 3 ± 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 ± b 3
(a + b + c) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2 ac + 2bc
2
Faktorenzerlegungen
a 2 − b 2 = (a − b )(
. a + b)
a 3 − b 3 = (a − b ).(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
a 3 + b 3 = (a + b ).(a 2 − ab + b 2 )
a n − b n = (a − b ).(a n−1 + a n−2b + a n−3b 2 + ...b n−1 )
n gerade a n − b n = (a + b ).(a n −1 − a n − 2 b + a n−3b 2 − +... − b n −1 )
n ungerade a n + b n = (a + b ).(a n−1 − a n − 2 b + a n−3b 2 − + ... + b n −1 )
a
a
log 1 = 0
a
log(u ⋅ v)= a log u + a log v
u
a
log = a log u − a log v
v
a
log u r = r⋅ a log u
1a
a
log n u = log u
n
10
log a = lg a
2
log a = ld a
log a = ln a
e
n
1
e = lim1 + = 2,71828... a = e ln a
n →∞
n
Umrechnungen 1 a
b
log u = a ⋅ log u = b log a⋅a log u
log b
− b ± b − 4 ac
2
x=
2a
x1 + x 2 = − p
x 2 + px + q = (x − x 1 )(x − x 2 )
x1 ⋅ x 2 = q
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x − x1 )(x − x 2 )
4.Komplexe Zahlen
z = a + b.i ∈ C ⇔ a, b ∈ R und i 2 = -1
− a = i. a mit a > 0
(a + bi )(a − bi ) = a 2 + b 2
z = r = a2 + b2
[
arg z = ϕ ∈ O ° ; 360 ° ]
b
tan ϕ =
a
a = r cos ϕ
b = r sinϕ
z = r (cos ϕ + i ⋅ sin ϕ ) =
= (r; ϕ )
(r1 ; ϕ 1 )⋅ (r2 ; ϕ 2 ) = (r1 ⋅ r2 ; ϕ 1 + ϕ 2 )
(r1 ; ϕ 1 ) r1 ;
= ϕ1 − ϕ2
(r2 ; ϕ 2 ) r2
(r;ϕ ) = (r ; nϕ )
n n
n (r; ϕ ) = n r ; ϕ + 360 ⋅ k
n n
k = 0,..., n - 1
Formel von Moivre
n ∈ N : (cos ϕ + i ⋅ sin ϕ ) = cos(nϕ ) + i ⋅ sin(nϕ )
n
Höhensatz h2 = p⋅ q
Kathetensatz a2 = p ⋅ c , b 2 = q ⋅ c
Gleichseitiges Dreieck
a2 3 a
A= h= 3
4 2
Formel von Heron a +b+c
A = s.( s − a ).( s − b).( s − c) mit s=
2
Umkreisradius abc
r=
4A
Inkreisradius A
p=
s
Trapez
A=
(a + c) ⋅ h
2
Deltoid e⋅f
A=
2
Parallelogramm A = a. h a = b ⋅ h b
Rhombus (Raute) e⋅f
A = a⋅h =
2
Rechteck A = a⋅b
Quadrat
A = a2 d=a 2
Kreis A=r π2
u = 2rπ
Kreissektor b ⋅ r r 2 πα
A= =
2 360
Kreisbogen 2 rπα rπα
b= =
360 180
( )
Pyramidenstumpf h
O = G1 + G2 + M V= G1 + G 1 ⋅ G 2 + G 2
3
Kegel r 2 πh
O = r 2 π + rπ s M = rπs V=
3
Kegelstumpf O = r1 2 π + r2 2 π + ( r1 + r2 )π s M = ( r1 + r2 ) πs
hπ 2
V=
3
(
r1 + r1 r2 + r2 2 )
Kugel 4 3
O = 4r2 π V= r π
3
Kugelkalotte A = 2rπ h
Kugelzone A = 2rπ h
Kugelsektor 2r 2πh
O = 2rπh + ρπr V=
3
Kugelsegment h 2π
O = 2rπ .h + ρ 2π V= (3r − h )
3
Kugelschichte
O = 2rπ .h + ρ1 + ρ 2 π
2 2
V=
hπ
6
(
3 ρ1 + 3 ρ 2 + h 2
2 2
)
+
tan α ± β
tan(α ± β ) =
1 # tan α ⋅ tanβ
2 tan α
tan 2α =
1 − tan 2 α
α+β α−β
sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
α +β α −β
cosα + cosβ = 2 cos cos
2 2
α +β α−β
sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2
α+β α −β
cosα − cosβ = − 2 sin sin
2 2
Sinussatz a b c
= = = 2R ; a : b : c = sinα : sinβ : sinγ
sin α sin β sin γ
Kosinussatz a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 bc cosα
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos β
c = a + b − 2ab cos γ
2 2 2
* r ⋅ a1
r ⋅ A = r ⋅a = mit r ∈ R
r ⋅ a2
r ⋅ a1
*
r ⋅ A = r ⋅ a = r ⋅ a 2 mit r ∈ R
r a
⋅ 3
* *
Skalares Produkt R2 : A ⋅ B = a ⋅ b = a1 ⋅ b1 + a2 ⋅ b2
* *
R3 : A ⋅ B = a ⋅ b = a1 ⋅ b1 + a2 ⋅ b2 + a3 ⋅ b3
A= A⋅ A = A2
*
A=a = a1 + a2
2 2
R2 :
* * * *
a = a⋅ a = a2
*
A=a = a1 + a2 + a3
2 2 2
R3 :
*
Einheitsvektoren zu a * 1 *
a0 = ± * ⋅ a
a
* * * * *
ϕ = (*a , b)...Winkelmaß a ⋅ b = a ⋅ b ⋅ cosϕ
* *
von a und b
* * * *
a ⋅ b = 0 ⇔ a⊥b
* * * * *
b a ... Normalprojektion b a = b ⋅ cosϕ = b ⋅ a 0
* *
von b auf a
* * * *
a ⋅ b = a ⋅ ba
Vektorielles Produkt a2 b 2
(Kreuzprodukt)
a 3 b3
a 2 ⋅ b 3 − a 3 ⋅ b2 ab
* *
a × b = a 3 ⋅ b1 − a 1 ⋅ b 3 = − 1 1 ;
a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b a 3b 3
1 2 2 1
a 1 b1
a b
2 2
ab
wobei = a⋅d − b⋅c
cd
* * * *
a × b = a ⋅ b ⋅ sinϕ
(b − a*)
→ * * * 2
AB = AB = b − a =
1 1 →
Mittelpunkt M der Strecke AB M= ⋅ (A + B) = A + ⋅ AB
2 2
* 1 * *
m= ⋅ a +b
2
( )
* 1 * * *
( )
Schwerpunkt S des
S = ⋅ (A + B + C ) bzw. s = ⋅ a + b + c
1
Dreiecks ABC
3 3
( )
Vektorielle Flächenformel des 1 * * * 2*
Dreiecks A = . a 2 .b 2 − a.b
2
Teilungspunkt T der Strecke AB 1
beim Teilungsverhältnis λ T= ⋅ (A − λ ⋅ B) wobei λ ≠ 1
1− λ
* *
Winkelmaß a ⋅b
cos ϕ = * *
a ⋅b
Volumen Parallelepiped (* * *
V = a×b ⋅c )
* * * *
Parameterdarstellung X = A + t ⋅ g (mit t ∈ R) ; x = x1 + t ⋅ g (mit t ∈ R)
→
X = A + t ⋅ AB (mit t ∈ R) ; x = x1 + t ⋅ (x2 − x1 ) (mit t ∈ R)
* * * *
* *
Gleichung einer Geraden in der n ⋅ X = n ⋅A
Ebene * * * *
n ⋅ x = n ⋅ x1
Hessesche Normalform (HNF)
* ⋅ n ⋅ (X − A) = 0
1 *
n
a ⋅ x + b⋅ y +c
Gleichung: a ⋅ x + b ⋅ y + c = 0 ⇒ HNF: =0
a2 + b2
∫ k ⋅f = k ⋅ ∫ f (k ∈ R)
∫ f ⋅ g = F ⋅ g − ∫ F ⋅ g'
Partielle Integration
∫ f (x )dx = F( b) − F( a)
a
Newtonsches Verfahren f(xn )
x n +1 = x n −
f '( x n )
1 ax
∫e dx = ⋅e +C
ax