1

peo$e in m*ffie dasslrh ufis have bee* abh ta amss tI* rypotunilie in socidy srycfi as a kfier
ducation to achieve rnonetary success through hard wark.
3. Ritualism refem to the inability to reach a cultunal goal thus embracing tfte rules to the paint
wftere the peo$e in qudi*e lcse s*Iht ef thdr la6er goals i* orderto fed rffiak- R*tualHs rc.ffi
*cietfsgoals" futm$so*i$s ins*frl*iortafizd mear6- RiluaEs*sare nmstcorrr*on$turr$ irlde*.
end. repetithre joh, ufiere tley are ur:able ta ac*ieve sac{$s goa}s krt s{* adtterc to sc@fs means af
achievernent and secial ngrms"
4- Retreafism is the rejedicn of boii cultural goals and rneans, letring the person in ques*ion -drnp
out"- Retreatists reid the so<Xett's goals arS tke Hllkn$e fiIerars tn drierre *ern. illlertom *x tf*ern as
tnle deviants" as they conil*t a{*s Gf det*iaftc* ts d*ene thirqs *!st ds n*t *raf Ss alorg utth sc*ett's
values.
' 5. Rebellion is sameurh*t similsrto retreatism, kcsusethe pople i* que$ian alsc rejed ht* the
cultuml goals and means" krt tl*y ge oee s*ep furtlrertc a "mur*ercrdture" that *prts o*her so*ial
ardes that alrcdy exi$ {nde keakiry}- Rehek mieat wi$A
goals arxt legitfrnafe creans ta ecklsre
them, and instead creates new goals and means to re$ace tlose of society" *m*ting not cnly nes, gCIals to
aehieve but also new ways to achieve these goals tftat other rekls vsill fifid acce$able-

Sanction as a means of Smid Correol

Social Gon&d refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate
individual and grcup behavior, leading to snfo{rnity and con}pliance to the rules of a given society, state,
or social group. Sanction refers to systems of reward and punishment in order to ensure that norms are
followed and expectations are mel
Kinds:
a. Formal sanctions - are used forviolations of formalized norms in organizations or associations and
canied out by people with legal and moral authority to enforce them. Examples: penal laws, fines,
death penalty.
b. Informal sanctians - are gossip, unfavorable and favorable public opinion, giving or withdrawing of
affection, love crfriendship; verbal admiration or criticism, sarcasm, reprimand orverbal
commendaticns.

Infer*ial sa*diens rsr:ird dhers &at thdr tekat*isr is di$exirq- U\,*en infon*d sffii* san$isr:s
&Fe ns longer sufficier* in bri*ging abeut c*nf*n*itn the **nns hcem* [eurs t**t are pu*ishe*]* by f*nnal
sanctions such as irnprise*ment, pr*heticn *r ccrfimtlntly seruice. FoEmal e*tities [ike patice. e*:r€s *xd
ccsreeficr:*[ i*$itutic*s e*ferre tFte Ea** erd trlnEs* t*ose xsf:* *d *geir:S tkem-
As opposed to forms of internal control, like norms and values, sociotogists consider sanctions a
form of extemal control.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND SOCIAL MOBILITY

Social Stratifieation

&4e* are tre*ted as s*ci*lty u*equal frs* pr**Et st ykt# *f er:i*pr*e*t ef wi*t r*srds I&e
the
status, Swer, inccr*e etc. $acial stratific&tion is a partic*larform *f socl*l Exequafiig. . frd*fuin id. Eumin
deft*ed S*cial strati*cati*n as the arrangements of any sceiai grsilF *r s**iety i*t* a hier*scfty af p*siti+ns
that are *nequal y+ith regard t* pms @e ahilityte irnpe cne's will cn others). paperty ffsnrts cf xaeattFr),
saci*l ev*luati*n, ardf*r social grcti*c#Ewr-

Characteristics of Social Stratification :

On the basis of the analysis cf the differe*t de**iti**s given by ernir:ent sdr*l*rs, sacial
stratific*tie* may i:ave the fellcwing charaderisti*s"
{a} S*cial stffiifieatism is unirersal - es&r#H*ide phencrnercen; *ttl*ugh nmadern Srstifrcaiicn differs
frcrc stratiEcatian *f prinrcitive societtes-
(b! Etratificetios is sccial- ofie's education, property, psr{cer. *xpri*ne, character, pescr:ality ete. are
found to k mcre ir*p*rtant than biologican qualities- Yl*rc ls ** relatians?:ip ktal*en the p*rscn's assibe$
c*aracteristics and his liEe dtar*es"
{c} ft is aacier* - very G€l: erE'rp*}asEs *ras giue* to pditical, sffiisi *rd econornie Enequ*lilim

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