University of Sunderland

Faculty of Applied Sciences

Department of Computing, Engineering and Technology

EAT339 – ENGINEERING DYNAMICS AND

THERMOFLUIDS

SESSIONAL EXAMINATION 2015 – 2016 (Paper 2)

Date: May 2016 Time:

Instructions to Candidates:

Time allowed: 3 hours

There are SIX questions set – three in Section A (Engineering

Dynamics) and three in section B (Thermofluids).

Full Marks may be obtained by answering FOUR questions,

TWO of which must be chosen from each of the sections A and
B.

All questions carry equal marks.

This is a closed book examination – this means you are not

permitted to use any text books or study aids in the
examination.

You are forbidden to use programmable calculators.

You must answer the required number of questions only. Any

additional answers will not be marked. You should put a cross
through any work you do not wish to be marked.

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 SECTION A: ENGINEERING DYNAMICS

Attempt TWO questions from this section

Question 1

(a) A uniform solid beam, ABCDE, is simply built in at A and E. The beam supports three
concentrated masses and one uniform load as shown in Fig. 1. Neglect the weight of the
beam. Determine the fundamental frequency of transverse vibration for the beam based
upon the static deflection form and energy method.

E = 200 GPa and I =30x10-6 m4. (14 marks)

3.0 m 2.0 m 3.0 m 2.5 m

80 kg 80 kg 120 kg
20 kg/m

B C D
A E
Figure 1

(b) A cylinder having an internal diameter of 280 mm and a wall thickness of 18 mm is

subjected to an internal pressure of 20 MN/m2. Determine the maximum direct and shear
stress in the cylinder wall based on:

(i) Thin cylinder theory (3 marks)

(ii) Thick cylinder theory. Comment on the differences. (8 marks)

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Question 2

(a) A simple mechanical system with mass M is supported by a spring and damper in
parallel as shown in Fig. 2.a. The excitation to the system is applied through a
force F (t ) applied to the mass. The force is represented by Fo sin t . Determine the
transmitted force to the surface and prove that the transmission ratio TR can be derived in
the following form:

0.5
   
2
 Fo sin t
1   2  
   n   x
TR  0.5
 2 2
  2
1    
    2   
 M
   n     n  
  
k c
Surface

Figure 2.a

where  ,  and  n are the damping ratio, excitation and natural frequencies, respectively.
(13 marks)

(b) Determine the natural frequency and the critical damping of the system shown in Fig.
2.b.
ml 2
NB: The moment of inertia of the beam about its centre of mass is given by .
12

(12 marks)

3c k 2k
5m

0.5l
2k 2k

0.8l
1.2l
Figure 2.b

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Question 3

A steel strut 2.5 m long, simply supported at the ends, is manufactured from steel tube 60 mm
in diameter with a wall thickness of 4 mm. An axial load P is applied at each end. These
loads are applied parallel to the longitudinal axis but are offset from the longitudinal axis by
an amount e as shown below in Fig. 3.

(a) Develop the relationship for the maximum bending moment in the strut due the
compressive load P. (13 marks)

(b) Determine the maximum eccentricity which can be allowed if the axial force applied is
70% of the critical buckling load for the strut.
(12 marks)

For steel, E = 207  109 N/m2 and the yield stress is 300 MN/m2.

Figure 3

The following solutions to standard differential equations may be useful.

d2y
The general solutions of 2
 2 y  0
d x

is y  A cos  x  B sin  x

d2y
The general solutions of 2
  2 y  a where a is constant
d x

a
is y  A cos  x  B sin  x 
2

d2y
The general solutions of 2
  2 y  ax where a is constant
d x

a
is y  A cos  x  B sin  x  x
2

d2y
The general solutions of 2
  2 y  ax  bx 2 where a and b are constants
d x
1 2b
is y  A cos  x  B sin  x  2 (ax  bx 2  2 )
 

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 SECTION B: THERMOFLUIDS

Attempt TWO questions from this section

Question 4

Ethanol gas (C2H5OH) is burnt in a steady flow combustion chamber with 125% of the
theoretical air required for complete combustion. The fuel, which enters the combustion
chamber at 25C, has a flow rate of 0.09 kg/min. The air enters the combustion chamber at
127C.

(a) Calculate the stoichiometric and actual combustion equations. (4 marks)

(b) Hence calculate the air flow rate. (3 marks)

(c) Estimate the adiabatic flame temperature (AFT). (14 marks)

(d) Explain why it may be necessary to know the value of the AFT in a real application.
Also, briefly discuss whether or not the AFT calculated above would be the maximum
theoretical flame temperature. (4 marks)

Notes:

The enthalpy of formation for ethanol gas is -235,310 kJ/kmol.

The molecular weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen are as follows:

Carbon (C) = 12 kg; Oxygen (O2) = 32 kg; Nitrogen (N2) = 28 kg; Hydrogen (H2) = 2 kg

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Question 5

A single tube pass, single shell side pass counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger contains
2 cm diameter tubes arranged in a 60 triangular pitch layout. The pitch to diameter ratio is
1.25:1 and the bundle is contained within a shell of diameter 0.7368 m. This contains 25%
cut segmented baffles spaced at 11 cm intervals. Oil flows through the shell side at a rate of
50,000 kg/h, whilst water flows in the tubes at a rate of 40,000 kg/h. The oil is cooled from
60C to 38C by the water, which enters the tubes at 16C.

The oil has the following properties: specific heat capacity 2200 J/kg K; thermal conductivity
0.12 W/m K; dynamic viscosity 2×10-4 Ns/m2. The specific heat capacity of the water can be
assumed to be constant at 4183 J/kg K.

(a) Calculate the shell side equivalent diameter and mass velocity. Hence calculate the shell
side Reynolds number. (8 marks)

(b) If the tube side heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 8100 W/m2 K, determine the
overall heat transfer coefficient. (8 marks)

(c) Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference. (4 marks)

(d) Hence calculate the required surface area of the tubes. You may assume that the LMTD
correction factor is 1.0 (3 marks)

(e) Comment on the validity of the assumption about the value of the specific heat capacity
of water. (2 marks)

The following equations may be used without proof (the Sieder-Tate correction factor has
been neglected):

200  Re  5000 (j h )shell  0.491 Re 0 .49

5000  Re  10 6 (j h )shell  0.351 Re 0.45
2
where (j h )shell  St  Pr 3

c p h h
Pr  ; St  
k Vc p G s c p
1 3 1 π 2
For a triangular pitch tube layout: De  4  [  P   P    d2 ]
2 2 2 4 πd

 o   i 
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD):  LMTD 
 
ln  o 
 i 

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Question 6

(a) An aluminium plate, 10 cm thick, has a uniform temperature of 15C. It is immersed in a

bath of hot oil, which is at a constant temperature of 82C. The convective heat transfer
coefficient between the oil and the aluminium is 550 W/m2 K, and the properties of the
aluminium are as follows: density = 2700 kg/m3; specific heat capacity = 910 J/kg K;
thermal conductivity = 205 W/m K.

Divide the plate into 1 cm thick elements and carry out a transient analysis, using the
Saulyev finite difference method, to estimate the time it takes for the centre line
temperature to exceed 15.5C. You may take the nearest time interval in order to make
the estimation – you do not need to interpolate. (12 marks)

(b) Air enters a container at 25C, with a relative humidity of 56%. On leaving the container
the temperature increases to 30C, and the specific humidity increases by 0.005 kg/kg.
60% by mass of the air is then rejected, to be replaced by fresh air at 22C and with
relative humidity 40%. The air then passes through an air conditioning system
comprising a cooler, followed by a heater and a fan. Assuming the fan has no influence
other than to circulate the air, and the pressure throughout is 1 bar:

(i) Sketch a schematic of the system. (2 marks)

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy of the air prior to entry to the container. (3 marks)

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy of the air after the mixing process. (4 marks)

(iv) Calculate the heat removed in the cooler. (4 marks)

For part (a), the following equations may be used without proof, where the symbols have
their usual meanings:
 1  Fo  t  Fo  t  Δt
Saulyev: θ nt  Δt   θ n   (θ n 1  θ nt 1 )
 1  Fo   1  Fo 

 1  Fo  t  Fo  t
θ nt  Δt   θ n   (θ n 1  θ nt 1Δt )
 1  Fo   1  Fo 

αΔt k
where F0  2 and  
Δx c p

Convective boundary conditions:

 B   1  hx
θ w   i θ f   θ1 Bi 
 1  Bi   1  Bi  k

End of Exam Paper

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