Data Analysis: Table 4 Details of No. of Sample As Per Daily

Chapter IV
DATA ANALYSIS
When designing the front page, a complex process is at play which includes story
selection, a critical job (Reisner, 1992). Invariably, the front page in a newspaper is
the most significant news page. The display of important news stories on the front
page gives prominence to different newspapers. And, in this process, the newspapers
attempt to capture the attention of the readers in their day-to-day activity. Most
important stories should be featured prominently to attract the attention of impulsive
buyers. Thus, the display of news stories on the front page has acquired significance
for analysis. With this in view, an attempt has been made in the present study to find
out the differential coverage given to 13 themes on the front page by the sample
dailies. The overall picture of coverage of first pages of the selected dailies shows that
among all the four newspapers The Hindu gave more number of news stories followed
by The Times of India, Andhra jyothi and Eenadu(Table 4).
Table 4
Details of No. of sample as per Daily
No. Name of the Daily No. of items

1 The Hindu 4715
2 The Times of India 4582
3 Andhra Jyothi 4511
4 Eenadu 4351
The year wise distribution of the frequency of news coverage shows that in 2008 The
Hindu covered more news followed by TheTimes of India, Eenadu and Andhra Jyothi.
In 2009 Andhra Jyothi gave more news followed by the The Hindu, Eenadu and The
Times of India. In 2010Telugu newspapers Andhra Jyothi(532), Eenadu(528) gave
more coverage followed by English newspapers i.e.,The Hindu(414) andThe Times of
India(334). In the year 2011 also the same trend is observed where Andhra
Jyothi(459)gave more coverage followed by Eenadu (435), The Times of India(431)
and The Hindu(341). In the next year i.e. in 2012 The Times of India (462) topped the
list followed by Andhra Jyothi(458), The Hindu(377) andEenadu(351).
102
In the next five years English newspapers are better placed than Telugu newspapers in
the coverage of first pages. In 2013 The Times of India (488) is better placed than the
rest of the three i.e. The Hindu(417) Andhra Jyothi and Eenadu. Boththe telugu dailies
have published an equal number (427) of items in their first pages. In 2014 The Times
of India (537) stood first followed by The Hindu (517) Eenadu (428) and Andhra
Jyothi (400). In 2015 also the same situation is repeated as The Times of India
(523)topped the list followed byEenadu (517), The Hindu(460)and Andhra
Jyothi(408). In2016 again the English newspapers topped the coverage (The Times of
India, 597 and The Hindu, 558) followed by Telugu newspapers Eenadu(404),
Andhra Jyothi (381).In 2017 also English newspapers dominated in their coverage as
The Hindu published more news (549) followed byThe Times of India (496),
Eenadu(466) and Andhra Jyothi(429)(Table5).
Chi square value for the year wise distribution is 5337.71, df=27 and P value is
0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
103
Table 5
Distribution of year wise frequency of total itemsin the first pages of the sample dailies of 10 years
Name of the
S.No. Daily 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Mean SD
79.91
1 The Hindu 597 485 414 341 377 417 517 460 558 549 4715 471.5 2
The Times of 81.65
2 India 356 376 334 413 462 488 537 523 597 496 4582 458.2 5
48.67
3 Andhra Jyothi 509 508 532 459 458 427 400 408 381 429 4511 451.1 9
52.81
4 Eenadu 380 415 528 435 351 427 428 517 404 466 4351 435.1 1
x 2
= 5337.71 df=27 P=0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
104
Figure 1
Distribution of first page items under subject category for 10 years
700
600
500
400 1 The Hindu

2 Times of India
300 3 Andhra Jyothi
4 Eenadu
200
100
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
News vs stories
Basically in newspapers various forms of content would be noticed. They are

either in text or in visual formats and again the text format could be in news, stories,
features, interviews etc. whereas visuals include photographs, cartoons or caricatures
etc. Basing on this classification, the researcher studied the content of the first pages
of the sample dailies. But as all the news papers especially English newspapers did
not publish cartoons, caricatures regularly only the news, stories and photographs are
studied. Again in photographs, those published in news and stories are studied
separately.
The analysis of formats in the front pages of ten years of sample newspapers
shows that news obviously constitute major chunk of the coverage followed by news
photos, stories and their photos. Among the news the English news papers especially
The Hindu is far ahead over the The Times of India, whereas in telugu Andhra jyothi is
better placed than Eenadu.
105
Table
Distribution of news and stories covered in first pages of sample dailies in all ten
years
The Times of Andhra

Subject category Hindu India Jyothi Eenadu
fr % fr % fr % fr %
359 231
News 2678 2317
7 5
Stories 148 213 385 426
114
News Photos 838 775 1380
4
Story photos 131 206 429 466
471 435
Total 4582 4511
4 1
The year wise analysis of news, stories and photographs shows that in the year 2008
compared to other dailies in The Hindu the number of news is much more than others
whereas the gap between news and other three forms is somewhat more.Next to news
inAndhrajyothi frequency of photos is much more than others and is almost one third
in its front pages (Table5).
Table
Distribution of news and stories covered in first pages of sample dailies in 2008
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
53.1
46 78.2 20
News 208 58.42 226 44.40 5
7 2 2
18.6
Stories 15 2.51 43 12.07 47 9.23 71 8
News Photos 10 17.2 65 18.25 187 36.73 32 8.42
106
3 5
19.7
Story photos 12 2.01 40 11.23 49 9.62 75 3
59 100 100 38 100

Total 100 356 509
7 0
In 2009 also the same trend is noticed but the coverage of The Hindu has improved
tremendously. The frequency in Andhra Jyothi has also improved. The number of
news photos has increased in telugu newspapers especially in Andhra Jyothi and in
story photos the Times of India is leading (Table5).
Table
The Times of Andhra

Format The Hindu India Jyothi Eenadu
fr % fr % fr % fr %
84.3 21 52.7
News 409 2 211 56.11 259 50.98 9 7
11.0
Stories 6 1.23 48 12.76 26 5.11 46 8
13.4 10 26.0
News Photos 65 0 72 19.14 201 39.56 8 2
10.1
Story photos 5 1.03 45 11.96 22 4.33 42 2
41
Total 485 100 376 100 508 100 5 100
Compared to the earlier two years, the frequency of text items is more or less the
same and no increase has been noticed in any format. In fact the number of news has
decreased in Eenadu drastically and the number of stories in telugu newspapers has
risen marginally. The frequency of story photos also improved in Telugu newspapers
(Table5).
Table 9
107
The The Times of Andhra
Format Hindu India Jyothi Eenadu
fr % fr % fr % fr %
84.5 19 37.1
News 350 4 229 68.56 232 43.60 6 2
16.8
Stories 6 1.44 31 9.281 58 10.90 89 5
12.8 15 29.9
News Photos 53 0 47 14.07 180 33.83 8 2
16.0
Story photos 5 1.20 27 8.08 62 11.65 85 9
52
Total 414 100 334 100 532 100 8 100
Except in The Times of India the overall coverage of first pages has witnessed a fall in
2011 and all the formats i.e., news, stories, photos in both the formats such as news
and stories also decreased correspondingly. But in The Hindu the frequency of news
continued to raise along with both the Telugu newspapers. In this particular year The
Hindu is ahead in news whereas telugu dailies are far ahead in stories and news
photos (Table 10 ).
Table 10
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
82.6 22 51.9
News 282 9 291 70.46 251 54.68 6 5
Stories 6 1.75 22 5.32 52 11.32 35 8.04
14.3 14 33.1
News Photos 49 6 82 19.85 101 22.00 4 0
Story photos 4 1.17 18 4.35 55 11.98 30 6.89
43
Total 341 100 413 100 459 100 5 100
108
In Telugu newspapers especially in Eenadu a decrease in the overall coverage in the
form of text is noticed. Interestingly the number of news has also decreased in 2012.
The overall coverage of photos shows that their number has increased marginally.
Andhra jyothi was leading in stories and its photos in this year.
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
70.7 15 45.0
News 266 4 312 67.53 220 48.03 8 1
Stories 30 7.97 29 6.27 38 8.29 26 7.40
13.0 12 36.7
News Photos 49 3 89 19.26 155 33.84 9 5
10.8
Story photos 31 8.24 32 6.92 45 9.82 38 2
35
Total 376 100 462 100 458 100 1 100
Compared to the previous year in 2013 in The Hindu and Eenadu the frequency of
news has increased and more or less in all the newspapers the frequency of stories has
deceased tremendously. But a fall in the coverage of photos has been noticed. English
dallies are ahead of Telugu in news and vice versa in stories. The frequency of stories
is very small in The Hindu (2.63%))(Table 12).
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
74.5 23 55.2
News 311 8 331 67.82 231 54.09 6 6
Stories 11 2.63 28 5.73 26 6.08 28 6.55
News Photos 85 20.3 97 19.87 132 30.91 12 29.9
109
8 8 7
Story photos 10 2.39 32 6.55 38 8.89 35 8.19
42
Total 417 100 488 100 427 100 7 100
In news category as usual among all the dailies The Hindu is leading. But Eenadu has
also improved. Interestingly the coverage of stories has fallen steeply in Eenadu. In
stories Andhra jyothi (8.75%) is far ahead of others. Compared to the previous years
the frequency of photos has increased tremendously in all the dailies)(Table5).
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
75.6 30 70.7
News 391 2 359 66.85 197 49.25 3 9
Stories 15 2.90 11 2.04 35 8.75 7 1.63
19.1 10 25.2
News Photos 99 4 156 29.05 128 32 8 3
Story photos 12 2.32 11 2.04 40 10 10 2.33
42
Total 517 100 537 100 400 100 8 100
In 2015 the frequency of news has increased and The Times of India is leading this
year. In stories also like earlier years Andhra jyothi is leading followed by English
newspapers. In news photos also English newspapers are leading and The Times of
India has covered very less number of photos(Table5).
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
News 326 70.8 389 74.37 218 53.43 32 62.2
110
6 2 8
Stories 17 3.69 17 3.25 32 7.84 11 2.12
22.1 16 31.5
News Photos 102 7 99 18.92 120 29.41 3 2
Story photos 15 3.26 18 3.44 38 9.31 21 4.06
51
Total 460 100 523 100 408 100 7 100
In news coverage the English newspapers are far ahead of Telugu newspapers and in
stories among all the sample newspapers the same trend is noticed. Frequency of news
photos is same in almost all the dailies. Correspondingly the number of stories is more
in Telugu dailies and the frequency of photos in stories is also more.
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
72.0 22 55.4
News 402 4 424 71.02 225 59.05 4 4
Stories 16 2.86 18 3.01 29 7.61 38 9.40
22.4 24.0
News Photos 125 0 143 23.95 92 24.14 97 0
11.1
Story photos 15 2.68 12 2.01 35 9.18 45 3
40
Total 558 100 597 100 381 100 4 100
In 2017 except in Eenadu the frequency of news items has maintained as in the
previous year and decreased further in that newspaper. Compared to the news the
volume of news photos has decreased drastically and story photos improved
marginally.
111
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
71.5 22 49.1
News 393 8 364 73.38 258 60.13 9 4
16.0
Stories 26 4.73 45 9.07 42 9.79 75 9
19.6 16.5
News Photos 108 7 44 8.87 84 19.58 77 2
18.2
Story photos 22 4.00 43 8.66 45 10.48 85 4
46
Total 549 100 496 100 429 100 6 100
Stories and newspapers

With a subject category analysis the researcher tried to find out as to how the sample
newspapers assigned priorities specifically for stories over the sample period i.e. from
the years 2008 to 2017. The newspaper wise analysis has been presented here.
Ten years coverage of stories in The Hindu shows that Political & Government
is in first place followed by development, Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts
&Law, Accidents & Disasters and General human interest. Interestingly the Political
and government coverage is highest in 2012 and of all the ten years it is lowest in its
preceding year i.e in 2011.
Table
Distribution of stories in The Hindu over 10 years of sample period
200 200 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 Total
Subject categories 8 9 0 2011 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 2 2 4 7 2 6 4 2 11 43
Development
Political & 9 4 3 1 15 7 9 9 5 7 69
Government
1 1
War & Protests
Economic activity, 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 10
112
Travel& Transport
Crime, Public, Moral 1 5 1 2 1
Problems, Conflicts 10
&Law
Accidents & 0
Disasters
1 1 1
Science & Invention
Public health & 0
Welfare
Art, Education, 1 1 1 1
Popular Amusements 4
General human 5 4 9
interest
0
SC & ST
0
Women
1 1 2
Sports
Figure
Distribution of stories in The Hindu over 10 years of sample period
113
Science & Invention; 0.67% Art, Education, Popular Amusements; 2.68% General human interest; 6.04%
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law; 6.71%
Sports; 1.34% Development; 28.86%
Economic activity, Travel& Transport; 6.71%
War & Protests; 0.67%
Political & Government; 46.31%
In The Times of India the same trend of The Hindu is observed. The first two places
remain the same as in The Hindu followed by the general human interest and
Economic activity, Travel & Transport etc.
Table
Distribution of stories in The Times of India over 10 years of sample period
Subject categories 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Development 15 8 7 1 9 6 4 6 9 22
87
Political & Government 10 23 10 14 13 2 18 2 1 11
104
War & Protests 1 1
2
Travel & Transport
16
Crime, Public, Moral 1 7 3 1 1 1
Problems, Conflicts &
Law
14
114
Accidents & Disasters 1
1
Science & Invention 3 5
8
Public health &
Welfare
0
Art, Education, Popular 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 1
Amusements
14
General human interest 5 6 2 1 5 3
22
SC & ST
0
Women 1 1 2 1 3 2 1
11
Sports 5 2 2
9
Figure
Distribution of stories in The Times of India over 10 years of sample period
115
Women; 3.82%
General human interest; 7.64% Sports; 3.13%
Art, Education, Popular Amusements; 4.86% Development; 30.21%
Science & Invention; 2.78%

Accidents & Disasters; 0.35%
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts & Law; 4.86%
Economic activity, Travel & Transport; 5.56%
War & Protests; 0.69%
Compared to the English news papers in Andhra jyothi newspapers the number of
Political & Government coverage is too high and the difference between the Political
116
& Government and development is very wide. The next position is occupied by the
category of Art, Education, Popular Amusements and General human interest.
Table
Distribution of stories in Andhra jyothi over 10 years of sample period
Development 11 7 12 12 16 5 10 8 8 10
99
209
War & Protests
0
Economic activity, 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
Travel& Transport
13
Crime, Public, Moral 1 1 3 1
Problems, Conflicts
&Law
6
Accidents & Disasters
0
2
Public health & Welfare 1 1
2
Amusements
30
General human interest 4 1 2 1 1 3 4
16
SC & ST
0
Women 1 1
2
Sports 4 1 1
6
Total: 385
117
Figure
Distribution of stories in Andhra jyothi over 10 years of sample period
General human interest; 4.16% Women; 0.52% Sports; 1.56%

Art, Education, Popular Amusements; 7.79% Development; 25.71%
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law; 1.56%
Economic activity, Travel& Transport; 3.38%
Interestingly the situation has been reversed as development is dominating and is far
ahead of Political & Government. The next place is occupied by Economic activity,
118
Travel& Transport category. Development has been slowed down for five years i.
from 2011 to 2016 and bounced back in 2017 itself.
Table
Distribution of stories in Eenadu over 10 years of sample period
Development 25 25 38 13 8 12 4 6 25 45
201
128
War & Protests 1
1
Travel& Transport
33
Crime, Public, Moral 4 1 3 3 2 1
Problems, Conflicts
&Law
14
Accidents & Disasters 1 1
2
2
Public health & Welfare 1 2 1 1 1
6
Amusements
12
General human interest 3 1 4 1 1
10
SC & ST
0
Women 1 1 1 3
6
Sports 1 1
2
Total 417
Figure
Distribution of stories in Eenadu over 10 years of sample period
119
2.40% 1.44% Sports; 0.48%
General human interest; Women;
Art, Education, Popular Amusements; 2.88%
Economic Public
activity,health
Travel&& Transport; 7.91%
Welfare; 1.44%
Science & Invention; 0.48% Development; 48.20%
Accidents & Disasters; 0.48%
Crime, Public,&Moral
Political Problems,
Government; Conflicts &Law; 3.36%
30.70%
In developing countries journalism practice is a blend of theoretical and ethical

perspectives which is different from Western practice. Haque (1986) presented the
Western media system traits as having "evolved primarily as a commercial libertarian
system" with news content characteristics such as "negativity, elite individual and
event orientation, emphasis on human interest, drama, conflict and so on" (p.84). In
this context the various subject categories under which the news falls have been
studied. The category wise distribution of first page items of the sample newspapers
for all the 10 years shows that all the newspapers gave top priority to the Political and
Government news. With regard to second place in Telugu newspapers Development
was given second priority by both the Telugu newspapers i.e. Andhra Jyothi and
Eenadu whereas, The Hindu and The Times of India gave second place to Crime,
Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law. When The Hindu’s coverage is observed
Development (10.10%) was given fourth place followed by General human interest
(6.51%), Economic activity, Travel&Transport (5.49%), Accidents & Disasters
(3.92%), Sports (3.69%), Art, Education, Popular amusements (3.61%). Even in The
Times of India Development (12.29%) was given third place followed by Sports
(7.12%), General human interest (6.85%),Art, Education,Popular amusements
(5.48%), Economic activity, Travel&Transport (5.24%), Accidents & Disasters
120
(3.89%). In both these newspapers War and Protests, Science& Invention, Women,
Publichealth& Welfare, SC&ST are less in number in the first pages.
In Telugu newspapersAndhra Jyothi gave third priority to Crime, Public, Moral

Problems, Conflicts &Law (7.89%), followed by General human interest (5.54%),
Art, Education, Popular amusements (4.99%), Sports (3.13%), Economic activity,
Travel& Transport (2.86%), Accidents & Disasters (2.75%), War & Protests (2.02%).
Women, Science& Invention, Public health& Welfare as well as SC & ST occupy less
than 1% each.On the same lines Eenadu also gave third priority to Crime, Public,
Moral problems, Conflicts &Law (5.54%) followed by Economic activity, Travel and
Transport (5.52%), General human interest (3.93%), Art, Education, Popular
amusements (3.68%), Accidents & Disasters (3.15%), Sports (2.09%). War &
Protests, Science& Invention, Women, Public health& Welfare and SC & ST are less
than 2% in frequency (Table 7).
Chi square value for the category wise distribution is 1295.43,df=36 and P value is
0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
Coefficients of correlation among the subject categories of selected newspapers shows

that Andhra jyothiand Eenadu are closely correlated followed by English newspapers
(Table 8).
Analysis of variance for the category wise distribution is 15817906 whereas P value is
0.992, which is not significant at 0.05 levels
Table 7
121
The Mea SD CV
The Andhra Eenad
Subject Times of n
Hindu Jyothi u
category India
fr % fr % fr % fr %
10 9 21 176. 27.205
47 12.2 63 14.
Development .1 563 4 .7 648.5 427 4
6 9 3 03
0 4 0
2 301.
44 49
Political & 211 161 35.2 24 54. 1 648.0 413 46.508
.8 .3
Government 4 4 3 55 42 4 769 8 95
4 4
7
14.2
1. 2.0 7 1. 528.5 543 2.6969
War & Protests 90 56 1.22 91
91 2 4 70 417 9 27
Economic 2 51.3
25 5. 12 2.8 5. 569.5 955 9.0243
activity, Travel& 240 5.24 4
9 49 9 6 52 227 3 15
Transport 0
Crime, Public, 17 2 604.7 281. 46.595
81 19.4 35 7.8 5.
Moral Problems, .3 889 4 75 799 68
9 1 6 9 54
Conflicts &Law 7 1
1 26.0
Accidents & 18 3. 12 2.7 3. 607.9 288 4.2814
178 3.89 3
Disasters 5 92 4 5 15 444 3 49
7
11.2
Science& 1. 0.7 5 1. 664.4 472 1.6927
61 54 1.18 32
Invention 29 1 7 31 375 2 43
11.3
Publichealth& 0. 0.3 4 0. 752.0 880 1.5142
9 23 0.50 17
Welfare 19 8 0 92 714 4 23
Art, Education, 1 37.8

17 3. 22 4.9 3. 873.7 054 4.3270
Popular 251 5.48 6
0 61 5 9 68 083 2 07
Amusements 0
1 57.3
General human 30 6. 25 5.5 3. 1008. 258 5.6862
314 6.85 7
interest 7 51 0 4 93 15 2 39
1
4.89
0. 0.2 0. 1195. 897 0.4099
SC & ST 1 1 0.02 13 5
02 9 11 063 9 35
11.3
1. 1.0 4 1. 1591. 440 0.7126
Women 50 72 1.57 45
06 0 4 01 75 5 78
87.6
17 3. 14 3.1 9 2. 2361. 897 3.7137
Sports 326 7.12
4 69 1 3 1 09 25 9 02
4 122
131.
47 10 458 45 10 3 10 4539. 212 2.8904
Total 100
15 0 1 11 0 5 0 5 6 64
1
x 2
=1295.431 df=36 P=0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
Figure
Sports
Women
SC & ST
General human interest
Art, Education, Popular Amusements
Public health & Welfare
Science & Invention
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law
Economic activity, Travel& Transport
War & Protests
Political & Government
Development
0% 0 % % %
1 20 0 0% %
3 4 %
50 6 0 70 % 0 % %
8 90 0 %
Eenadu Andhra Jyothi The Times of India The Hindu 10
Table 8
Correlation Coefficients of frequencies of news items of first pages by subject
categories in the selected sample dailies
The Eenad
The Times of India Andhra Jyothi
Hindu u
The Hindu
The Times of India 0.97
Andhra Jyothi 0.967 0.921
Eenadu 0.93 0.893 0.98
Table 9
Analysis of variance in sample dailies
Source of SS df MS F P-value Sig
123
Variation
Between 5297.46 1765.82 0.0053 0.99945
Groups 2 3 1 6 2 0.05
Within Groups 15812609 48 329429.3
Total 15817906 51
ANOVA P value is 0.992, which is not significant at 0.05 level
Figure 2
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2000
1500
1000
500
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The researcher has taken up the year wise analysis of frequency of coverage in front
pages also to understand the trend. Year wise analysis in detail has helped in
understanding the priorities given to various subject categories which also showed the
kind of the agenda the media want to set for the public as well as government.
Distribution of first page news items under subject category for 2008 shows that in
The Hindu Political & Government (39.20%), Crime, Public, Moral Problems,
Conflicts &Law (19.26%), Development (12.23%), General human interest (7.71%)
are given the priority whereas in The Times of India Political & Government
(30.62%), Development (20.51%), Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law
(15.45%), General human interest (8.43%) are in first places. In telugu newspapers
i.e. in Andhra Jyothi Political & Government (57.17%), Development (10.41%),
General human interest (9.63%), Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law
124
(7.27%) are given priority whereas in Eenadu also the same set of subjects are in the
priority order (Table ).
Table
Distribution of first page items under subject category for 2008
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
12.2 19.7
Development 73 73 20.51 53 10.41 75
3 4
23 39.2 17 46.5
Political & Government 109 30.62 291 57.17
4 0 7 8
War & Protests 9 1.51 1 0.28 4 0.79 8 2.11
Economic activity, Travel
26 4.36 14 3.93 6 1.18 17 4.47
& Transport
Crime, Public, Moral
11 19.2
Problems, Conflicts & 5 55 15.45 37 7.27 20 5.26
6
Law
Accidents & Disasters 22 3.69 13 3.65 10 1.96 20 5.26
Science & Invention 12 2.01 6 1.69 2 0.39 5 1.32
Public health & Welfare 2 0.34 3 0.84 5 0.98 0 0.00
Art, Education, Popular

23 3.85 21 5.90 25 4.91 10 2.63
amusements
General human interest 46 7.71 30 8.43 49 9.63 33 8.68
SC & ST 0 0.00 1 0.28 9 1.77 0 0.00

Women 9 1.51 4 1.12 6 1.18 5 1.32
Sports 26 4.36 26 7.30 12 2.36 10 2.63
59 38
Total 100 356 100 509 100 100
7 0
In all the sample newspapers in 2009 Political & Government is in first place in which
with nearly half of the coverage in English and more than 60% in Telugu dailies is
125
noticed. Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law, Development, General
human interest are in second place. General human interest, Economic activity, Travel
& Transport, Sports as well as Art, Education, Popular amusements are in the top
places in some of these dailies (Table 21)
Table 21
Distribution of first page items under subject category for2009

Subject category
Hindu India Jyothi Eenadu
fr % fr % fr % fr %
16.3
Development 47 9.69 61 16.22 42 8.27 68
9
Political & 22 45.7 27 66.2
186 49.47 306 60.24
Government 2 7 5 7
War & Protests 14 2.89 3 0.80 2 0.39 4 0.96
Economic activity,
25 5.15 8 2.13 13 2.56 4 0.96
Travel & Transport
Crime, Public Moral
18.3
5
Law

Public, Health &
1 0.21 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Welfare
Art, Education,
13 2.68 15 3.99 28 5.51 20 4.82
Popular amusements
General human
25 5.15 11 2.93 60 11.81 9 2.17
interest
SC & ST 1 0.21 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Women 8 1.65 5 1.33 0 0.00 4 0.96
Sports 18 3.71 22 5.85 13 2.56 3 0.72
48 41
Total 100 376 100 508 100 100
5 5
Distribution of first page items under subject categories for 2010 shows that in The
Hindu and The Times of India Political & Government, Crime, Public, Moral
Problems, Conflicts &Law; Development are in the first three places. In telugu
newspapers i.e.in Andhra Jyothi and in Eenadu also Political & Government is in first
126
place but Development, Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law have been
reversed in positions (Table5).

fr % fr % fr % fr %
16 30.4
Development 37 8.94 44 13.17 76 14.29
1 9
Political & 16 38.6 23 45.2
103 30.84 251 47.18
Government 0 5 9 7
War & Protests 4 0.97 8 2.40 14 2.63 0 0.00
Economic activity,
19 4.59 6 1.80 5 0.94 7 1.33
Travel & Transport
10 24.4
Problems, Conflicts & 1 0
75 22.46 50 9.40 35 6.63
Law

Public health &
0 0.00 2 0.60 7 1.32 4 0.76
Welfare
Art, Education,
17 4.11 19 5.69 30 5.64 11 2.08
Popular amusements
General human
18 4.35 13 3.89 16 3.01 21 3.98
interest
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.56 0 0.00
Women 6 1.45 4 1.20 2 0.38 7 1.33
Sports 19 4.59 38 11.38 45 8.46 22 4.17
41 52
Total 4
100 334 100 532 100
8
100
Table
In 2011 Political & Government, Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law are
in the first two places in English newspapers whereas Development (5.28%) in The
Hindu and General human interest (14.29%) in The Times of India are in third place.
In Andhra Jyothi and Eenadu Political & Government (56.21%), Development
127
(15.90%), Art, Education, Popular amusements (7.41%) are in the first three places
with more or less the same frequency(Table5).
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
13.1
Development 18 5.28 31 7.51 73 15.90 57
0
16 47.5 25 58.8
2 1 6 5
War & Protests 12 3.52 13 3.15 24 5.23 15 3.45
17 4.99 16 3.87 10 2.18 5 1.15
& Transport
21.4
1
Law
Publichealth & Welfare 2 0.59 3 0.73 0 0.00 1 0.23

9 2.64 20 4.84 34 7.41 30 6.90
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Women 0 0.00 1 0.24 1 0.22 1 0.23
Sports 9 2.64 38 9.20 5 1.09 9 2.07
34 43
Total 100 413 100 459 100 100
1 5
Distribution of first page items under subject category for 2012 shows that in all the
sample dailies i.e. in The Hindu (48.81%), The Times of India (36.80%), Andhra
Jyothi(53.49%) and Eenadu(48.72%) Political & Government is in first place. With
regard to second place Development in telugu newspapers i.e. Andhra
Jyothi (16.16%) and Eenadu (24.50%) and Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts
&Law in The Hindu(20.16%) and The Times of India(25.97%) are observed. They are
vice versa in third place i.e.Development is in third place in English newspapers and
128
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts & Law is in third place in telugu papers
Andhra Jyothi (10.70%) and Eenadu (5.98%))(Table5).
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
24.5
Development 33 8.75 46 9.96 74 16.16 86
0
18 48.8 17 48.7
4 1 1 2
War & Protests 0 0.00 7 1.52 2 0.44 5 1.42
Economic activity, Travel &
11 2.92 25 5.41 14 3.06 14 3.99
Transport
Crime, Public, Moral 20.1

76 120 25.97 49 10.70 21 5.98
Problems, Conflicts & Law 6
Publichealth & Welfare 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.85

10 2.65 23 4.98 13 2.84 7 1.99
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Women 0 0.00 5 1.08 1 0.22 4 1.14
Sports 23 6.10 29 6.28 17 3.71 15 4.27
37 35
Total 100 462 100 458 100 100
7 1
Distribution of first page items under subject category for 2013 is also on the same lines of
2012 Where Political & Government are in first place. Crime, Public, Moral Problems,
Conflicts &Law as well as Development in second and third position but are noticed
in reverse order in Telugu and English dailies(Table5).
Table
129
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
17.5
Development 26 6.24 54 11.07 38 8.90 75
6
22 54.2 22 53.4
6 0 8 0
War & Protests 9 2.16 3 0.61 13 3.04 17 3.98
20 4.80 28 5.74 9 2.11 20 4.68
Transport

49 111 22.75 45 10.54 39 9.13

5 1.20 21 4.30 29 6.79 14 3.28
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.23 0 0.00

Women 0 0.00 9 1.84 7 1.64 1 0.23
Sports 22 5.28 44 9.02 11 2.58 5 1.17
41 42
Total 100 488 100 427 100 100
7 7
As usual in the year 2014 also Political & Government dominated with almost half of
the coverage but Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law coverage in English
papers The Times of India (16.01%), The Hindu (10.44%) and development (16.50%,
21.26%) in Telugu dailies has increased tremendously(Table5).
Table
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
Development 49 9.48 63 11.73 66 16.50 91 21.2
130
6
26 52.0 23 55.6
9 3 8 1
War & Protests 13 2.51 4 0.74 6 1.50 3 0.70
44 8.51 23 4.28 7 1.75 36 8.41
Transport

54 86 16.01 24 6.00 16 3.74

10 1.93 21 3.91 11 2.75 10 2.34
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Women 0 0.00 2 0.37 0 0.00 1 0.23
Sports 12 2.32 39 7.26 8 2.00 3 0.70
51 42
Total 100 537 100 400 100 100
7 8
In 2015 except The Hindu in all the dailies Political & Government as well as
Development are in first two places and along with Crime, Public, Moral Problems,
Conflicts &Law and Development, Economic activity, Travel& Transport, Art,
Education, Popular Amusements and General human interest have also been noticed
with considerable frequency.
Table
The Times of Andhra

131
fr % fr % fr % fr %
10 20.7
Development
44 9.57 68 13.00 60 14.71 7 0
20 45.2 23 44.4
8 2 0 9
War & Protests 1 0.22 5 0.96 13 3.19 15 2.90
Economic activity, Travel & 10.4
41 8.91 41 7.84 15 3.68 54
Transport 4

68 52 9.94 38 9.31 15 2.90

31 6.74 54 10.33 13 3.19 26 5.03
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Women 6 1.30 9 1.72 8 1.96 10 1.93
Sports 16 3.48 23 4.40 7 1.72 7 1.35
46 51
Total 100 523 100 408 100 100
0 7
In 2016 though in second place Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &Law (The
Hindu, 19.71%), The Times of India, (20.27%) has been enhanced in frequency so is
development in the sample dailies i.e. The Hindu (13.26%), The Times of India
(9.88%), Andhra jyothi (18.90% ) and Eenadu (27.72%).
Table
132
The Times of Andhra
fr % fr % fr % fr %
13.2 11 27.7
Development 74 59 9.88 72 18.90
6 2 2
19 34.5 13 34.4
3 9 9 1
War & Protests 16 2.87 5 0.84 6 1.57 6 1.49
39 6.99 48 8.04 16 4.20 35 8.66
& Transport
Crime, Public Moral
11 19.7
1
Law
Public, Health & Welfare 0 0.00 1 0.17 0 0.00 8 1.98

31 5.56 33 5.53 13 3.41 19 4.70
Amusements
General Human Interest 41 7.35 41 6.87 17 4.46 15 3.71
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 1.24

Women 9 1.61 15 2.51 3 0.79 4 0.99
Sports 17 3.05 44 7.37 12 3.15 6 1.49
55 40
Total 100 597 100 381 100 100
8 4
Though continuing in first place in the year 2017 also the frequencyofPolitical &
Government has decreased whereas development has increased tremendously in
telugu newspapers Andhra Jyothi, (18.41%) andEenadu (24.03%). General Human
Interest in English newspapers (4.74%) and Economic activity, Travel & Transport in
Telugu newspapers have occupied third places (Table 33).
Table 33
The Times of Andhra

fr % fr % fr % fr %
13.6 11 24.0
Development 75 65 13.10 79 18.41
6 2 3
133
25 46.6 19 41.6
6 3 4 3
War & Protests 12 2.19 7 1.41 7 1.63 1 0.21
Economic activity, Travel & 10.3
17 3.10 31 6.25 34 7.93 48
Transport 0

84 119 23.99 10 2.33 27 5.79

21 3.83 24 4.84 29 6.76 13 2.79
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Women 12 2.19 18 3.63 17 3.96 7 1.50
Sports 12 2.19 23 4.64 11 2.56 11 2.36
54 46
Total 100 496 100 429 100 100
9 6
Formats
The researcher studied the distribution of front page items as per the text formats of
“Banner” items and “Others” in the sample newspapers for all the 10 years. Whatever
is the number of items covered in the front page the banner news is always is paid
attention by the readers. In fact it plays a key role in agenda setting as the reader is
guided towards the importance when a particular issue or problem is published as a
banner item. In this context the researcher tried to understand the importance given to
various subjects by making them “banner” news. Except the “banner” the remaining
news or stories are considered as “others”. Just like the subject category wise analysis
the format wise analysis also shows that even in the total coverage that includes
“Banners” and “Others” alsoPoliticaland Government category is dominating all the
four papers.Development is given second place in Telugu newspapers whereasEnglish
newspapers gave second place to Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts and Law.
134
An overall look at these formats of sample newspapers shows that Science and
Invention, Women, Public health and Welfare, SC and ST have covered less than 1%.
When total of “Banners” and “Other stories” in The Hindu were analyzed nearly half
are Political &Government replaced and next priority was given to Crime, Public,
Moral problems, Conflicts and Law followed by Development, General human
interest, Economic activity, Travel and Transport, etc. In TheTimes of India the total of
both the formats i.e., “Banner”, “Others” shows that Political and Government and
Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts and Law stood in first two places.
Development is found in the third place.
In Andhra Jyothi in the total of both the formats of “Banner”, “Others” shows that
Political and Government, Development and Crime, Public, Moral problems,
Conflicts and Law stood in the first three places where as Public health and Welfare,
Science and Invention and SC and ST were given less than 1% coverage. The total of
both the formats of Banner, others in Eenadu shows that Political and Government
and Development are given first and second places followed by Economic activity,
Travel and Transport etc. in the total of both these formats (Table 11).
Coefficients of correlation of the newspapers as per the total coverage of first pages
that include “Banner” items and “Others” shows that Andhra Jyothi is closely related
to Eenadu followed by The Hindu and The Times of India (Table 12).
Table 12
Coefficients of correlation among the banner and photos of selected news papers
The Hindu The Times of Andhra Jyothi Eenadu

India
The Hindu
The Times of 0.9795
India
Eenadu 0.9099 0.8756 0.9814
135
136
Table 11
Distribution of total items of Banner and Others in first pages of sample dailies
137
The researcher also included “Photos” to the “Banner and “Others” and studied the
distribution of front page items as the formats in the sample newspapers for all the 10
years. The data shows that just like the subject category wise analysis the format wise
analysis of these three formats shows that even in “Banners”, “Others”, “Photos”also
Political &Government category is dominating in all the four papers. Development is
given second place in Telugu newspapers whereas English newspapers gave second
place to Crime, Public,Moral problems,Conflicts and Law. In all the formats of
sample newspapers Women, Public health and Welfare, SC & ST have been covered
to the extent of less than 1%.
Among all the four newspapers The Hindu published more “Banner” stories followed
by Eenadu, The Times of India and Andhra Jyothi. In “Others” category alsoThe
Hindu topped the list followed by The Times of India, Eenadu and Andhra Jyothi. In
case of “Photos” Telugu newspapers are ahead with Andhra Jyothi in lead followed by
Eenadu and the English dailies (The Times of India, 1172 and The Hindu (969) are
lagging behind) (Table 9).
Chisquarevalueis 633.71 df=6 P=0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
The Coefficients of correlation of the newspapers as per the total coverage of front
pages that include the “Banner”,“Others” and “Photos” of selected newspapers shows
that Andhra Jyothi is closely related to Eenadu and The Times of India followed by
The Hindu and The Times of India (Table 10).
Table 9
Distribution of format wise analysis of coverage of first pages in ten years
The The Times of Andhra Eenadu Mean SD

Hindu India Jyothi
Banne 421 418 416 420
1.63
r 313.5
Others 3325 2992 2286 2326 2732.25 442.44
Photo 969 1172 1890 1606 1409.25 360.53
Total 4715 4582 4599 4352
132.00
4561.75
x 2
=633.71 df=6 P=0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
138
Figure
Distributionof “banner”, “others” and “photos” in first pages of selected news
papers
3500
3000
2500
2000
The Hindu
1500 The Times of India
Andhra Jyothi
1000 Eenadu
500
0
B
O
P
Table 10
Coefficients of correlation among the “banner”,“others” and “photos” of
selected news papers

India
The Hindu
The Times of
India 0.996001
Eenadu 0.949596 0.973804 0.99629
In a newspaper wise analysis when Banner stories alone in The Hindu were analyzed
more than half are Political and Government (58.91%) and next priority was given to
Crime, Public, Moral problems,Conflicts and Law followed by Development, General
human interest, Economic activity, Travel and Transport, Sports (3.56%), Accidents
and Disasters (2.61%) etc. Even in “Others” category also Political and Government
(41.65%)topped the list followed by Crime, Public, Moral problems,Conflicts and
Law (19.58%), Development (11.31%), General human interest (6.20%), Economic
activity, Travel and Transport (6.05%), Accidents &Disasters (4.12%)etc. The
139
coverage of “Photos” is no different than the other formats and it is obvious that news
and stories are supported by those photos only. Half of the photos belong to Political
&Government (49.64%) category followed by Crime, Public,Moral
problems,Conflicts &Law (11.35%), General human interest (7.84%), Development
(7.43%), Sports (6.30%) etc.
In The Times of India in all the formats i.e.“Banner”, “Others” and “Photos”Political
&Government and Crime, Public,Moral problems,Conflicts and Law stood in first
two places. In “Banners” Development (8.61%) stood in the third place followed by
General human interest (7.89%), Sports (5.74%) etc. and in “Others” also
Development (14.37%) stood in third place whereas the categories are far behind. In
“Photos” category Sports (13.23%) stood in the third place followed by Art,
Education, Popular amusements (9.39%), Development (8.36%), General human
interest(6.66%), Accidents &Disasters (3.33%), Economic activity, Travel &Transport
(2.82%), Women(1.62%). Science &Invention, Public health and Welfare,
War&Protests are covered in less than 1% frequency.
In Andhra Jyothi in all the three formats of “Banner”, “Others” and “photos” Political
&Government, Development and Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law
stood in the first three places. Except in “banner” where women are covered in more
than 1%Publichealth and Welfare, Science &Invention and SC & STare given less
than 1% coverage. In all the three categories such as Art, Education, Popular
amusements, General human interest, Accidents &Disasters, Economic activity,
Travel &Transport, Sports, Women, War & Protests are very less in number.
In Eenadu Political &Government and Development are in first and second places in
“Banner”, “Others” as well as “Photos” also. Women, Public health and welfare as
well as SC & ST were given around 1% in all the three formats of banners, others and
photos also. Economic activity, travel & transport (6.43%) are given third place in
“Banner” as well as “Other” stories. Crime, Public,Moral problems,Conflicts
&Law(5.71%) stood in the fourth place in all the three formats.Art, Education,Popular
amusements, General human interest, Economic activity,Travel &Transport,
Accidents &Disasters, Sports, War&Protests,Science&Invention are very less in
frequency(Table13).
140
Table 13
Distribution of first page items as per category wise Banner/Others/Photo for 10 years
141
When “Banners” were studied it was found that all the newspapers gave first priority
The Times of
The Hindu Andhra Jyothi Eenadu
India
B O P B O P B O P B O P
f f f f f f f f f f f f
% % % % % % % % % % % %
r r r r r r r r r r r r
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
6 7 8 8 9
3 1 4 4 1 4 8 1 8 5 4 2 8
2 . 7 . 3 . 9 . 4 . 7
Development 7 . 3 . . 1 . 7 . 7 . 9 .
8 6 2 4 6 6 8 3 9 4 7
6 3 0 3 7 3 0 1 3 4 6 3 2
5 3 1 6 5
1 7 8 7 3 8 6
5 4 4 4 3 3 6 5 5 5 4 5
1 1 1 1
2 8 1 4 9 1 4 9 2 4 8 2 0 0 8 2 0 6 8 3
Political & 3 1 0 0
4 . . 8 . 8 . 7 . 5 . 5 . . . 1 . . 5 .
Government 8 4 5 7
8 9 6 1 6 7 7 5 5 2 5 2 5 2 2 4 9 3 6 3
5 9 4 7
1 5 4 4 9 7 8 6 6 5 0 3
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 2
War & . 6 . 1 . . 4 . . . 4 . 4 . . 3 . 3 .
7 6 6 6 7
Protests 6 4 9 9 9 4 4 4 5 4 1 7 4 4 6 3 4 4 1
6 2 6 4 7 1 4 9 3 7 2 2
Economic 4 6 4 5 6 2 2 3 2 6 6 3
2 1 1
activity, 1 . . 4 . 2 . . 3 . 1 . 8 . 3 . 2 . . 6 .
0 8 5
Travel& 8 2 0 0 1 3 5 1 3 8 0 4 2 5 7 0 7 4 5 1 8
1 4 2
Transport 8 5 3 0 5 2 0 9 5 3 3 0
Crime,
1 1 1 1 2 1
Public, 7 8 7 5 5 5
3 6 9 1 1 8 6 1 1 4 1 1 1
Moral 5 7 3 . . . 2 . . 8 .
. 5 . 1 . . 4 . 6 . 9 3 3
problems 8 9 0 2 3 5 4 7 5 7 4
7 1 5 0 3 9 2 4 8 3 0 6 0
,Conflicts 1 1 2 1 9 2
8 8 5 0 6 3
&Law
2 4 3 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
1 1
Accidents & 1 . . 3 . 1 . . 3 . 1 . 5 . 5 . 1 . 6 . 5 .
3 2
Disasters 1 6 1 7 8 2 8 2 9 3 0 4 8 5 6 1 5 5 3 7 9 6
7 7
1 2 2 7 4 3 0 4 0 7 1 8
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Science& . 4 . 1 . . 4 . . . 1 . 1 . . 2 . 1 .
3 4 9 2 9
Invention 7 6 3 2 2 9 1 3 7 4 5 6 5 8 1 9 2 9 1
1 8 4 6 7 7 8 6 3 4 5 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Public
. . . . 1 . . . . . . 2 . .
health& 0 7 2 3 5 3 6 8 3 9
0 2 2 7 5 5 4 7 2 4 7 8 2 5
Welfare
0 1 1 2 0 3 2 6 4 1 0 6
1 3 4 1 4 9 4 4 5 3 3 4
Art,Educatio 1 1 1 1
. . 4 . . . . 2 . . 9 . 1 . 8 . 6 .
n, Popular 7 1 8 3 1 0
6 4 7 8 9 4 3 0 8 7 7 3 3 1 1 4 6 1
amusements 6 3 0 8
6 9 5 1 5 9 1 2 6 0 8 1
5 6 7 7 6 6 4 5 5 3 4 3
General 2 2 1 1
2 . . 7 . 3 . . 7 . 1 . . . 1 . 9 . 6 .
human 0 0 3 0
5 9 2 6 8 3 8 7 8 6 8 3 7 5 5 5 3 0 3 9
interest 6 3 1 1
4 0 4 9 8 6 3 3 8 7 0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. . . . . . . . . . . .
SC & ST 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 7 6 1 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 1
0 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 3 4 9 2
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
. 3 . 1 . . 5 . 1 . . 2 . 1 . . 2 . 1 .
Women 1 3 7 3
2 7 1 2 2 7 0 6 9 6 6 2 9 6 8 7 5 0 6 0
4 1 4 2 7 2 8 6 8 1 7 0
1
3 2 6 5 4 2 2 3 2 1 2
1 1 3
1 . 9 . 6 . 2 . . . 6 . 6 . 1 . 3 . 4 .
Sports 4 5 . 9
5 5 8 9 1 3 4 7 9 1 4 8 8 7 2 8 9 6 0 4
7 5 2
6 5 0 4 1 6 0 6 6 8 9
3
3 2 1 2 1 2 1
4 1 1 9 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
3 9 1 2 8 3 6
Total 2 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
2 9 7 8 0 2 0
1 0 0 9 0 8 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 2 2 6 9 6 5
to Political & Government but the second priority changed from English to Telugu
newspapers. Development received second highest coverage in Andhra Jyothi and
Eenadu whereas Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law appeared in the
142
second place in the English newspapers that is The Hindu and TheTimes of India.
Third place was received by an altogether different subject category such as
Development (The Hindu) General Human Interest (TheTimes of India) Crime, Public,
Moral problems, Conflicts &Law (Andhra Jyothi), Economic activity,
Travel&Transport (Eenadu). In The Hindu General human interest, Economic
activity,Travel and Transport, Sports, Accidents and Disasters, Art, Education, Popular
amusements, War and Protests are prioritized in descending order. Science and
Invention and Women received less than 1% coverage where asPublic health and
Welfare,SC & ST did not receive any coverage.In The Times of India nearly half of
them are Political &Government (44.74%) followed by Crime, Public,Moral
problems,Conflicts &Law (18.90%), Development (8.61%), General human interest
(7.89%), Sports (5.74%), Economic activity,Travel &Transport (5.50%), Accidents
&Disasters (2.87%), Art, Education,Popular amusements (1.91%), War&Protests
(1.44%), Science &Invention, Public health and Welfare as well as Women are less
than 1% each and no item related to SC & ST category is noticed. In Andhra Jyothi
Art, Education,Popular amusements (4.81%) is followed by General human interest
(4.33%), Accidents & disasters (2.40%), Economic activity,Travel &Transport
(2.40%), Sports (2.16%), Women(1.68%), War&Protests (1.44%), Public health and
Welfare (0.72%), Science &Invention (0.48%), SC & ST (0.00%).In EenaduGeneral
human interest (3.57%), Accidents &Disasters (3.57%) are given equal importance
followed by Sports (2.86%), Science &Invention (2.14%), Art, Education,Popular
amusements(3.10%),War&Protests (1.67%).Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts
&Law received fourth place followed byGeneral human interest, Accidents
&Disasters, which were given equal importance followed by Sports, Science
&Invention, Art, Education,Popular amusements, War& protests (Table 14).
143
Table 14
Distribution of first page items as per Banner coverage for 10 years
Andhra Jyothi Mean SD

The Hindu The Times of India Eenadu
Subject category Rank Ran Rank Rank
fr % fr % k fr % fr %
Development 28 6.65 36 8.61 49 11.78 77 18.33 47.5 18.61
3 4 2 2
1 44.7 1 1 1 225.25 26.56
Political & Government 248 58.91 187 252 60.58 214 50.95
4
War & Protests 7 1.66 8 6 1.44 9 6 1.44 9 7 1.67 9 6.5 0.50
Economic activity, Travel & 5 6 6 3 19.5 6.34

18 4.28 23 5.50 10 2.40 27 6.43
Transport
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, 2 18.9 2 3 4 47.75 22.14
58 13.78 79 30 7.21 24 5.71
Conflicts & Law 0
7 7 6 5 12 1.87
9 10 11 8 4.5 2.69
Public health & Welfare 0 0.00 - 3 0.72 11 3 0.72 10 3 0.71 10 2.25 1.30
Art, Education, Popular 8 8 4 6 12 5.15

7 1.66 8 1.91 20 4.81 13 3.10
amusements
4 3 5 5
General human interest 25 5.94 33 7.89 18 4.33 15 3.57 22.75 6.94
- - - 11 0.25 0.43
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.24
Women 1 0.24 10 3 0.72 11 7 1.68 8 3 0.71 10 3.5 2.18
6 5 7 7 15 5.61
Sports 15 3.56 24 5.74 9 2.16 12 2.86
Total 421 100 418 100 416 100 420 100 418.75 1.92
144
Figure
Distribution of Banner news in first pages of sample dailies of 10 years
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
The Hindu
TOI
Andhra Jyothi
Eenadu
Coefficient of correlation of first page banner items under subject category for 10
years shows that the Telugu news papersi.e.Andhra jyothi and Eenadu are closely
related followed by The English newspapers i.e.The Times of India and The Hindu
(Table 15).
Table 15
Coefficient of correlation among news papers with regard banner items in front
pages
The Hindu The Times of Andhra Eenadu

India Jyothi
The Hindu
The Timesof India 0.99
Eenadu 0.88 0.93 0.99
145
Figure 3
Distribution of subject categories in Banner coverage

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
TH
TOI
AJ
E
Other items
When items “Other” than “Banner”are studied just like in case of “Banner”Political &
Government are given top priority by all the newspapers uniformly. With regard to
second place in English newspapers Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law
is observedwhereas Telugu newspapers(Andhra Jyothiwith 18.07%and Eenaduwith
24.68%)have given second importance to Development. It received third place in
English newspapers. With regard to third place in Telugu dailies again different
subjects such as Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law (Andhra Jyothi),
Economic activity, Travel and Transport (Eenadu) are noticed. With regard to The
Hindu subjects such as General human interest, Economic activity, Travel&
Transport, Accidents & Disasters, Art, Education, Popular amusements, Sports,
received the priority in descending order in the coverage. War and Protests, Public
health& Welfare, Women received little more than 1% whereas SC &ST and Public
health& Welfare are highly insignificant.In case of The Times of India General human
interest received fourth place followed by Economic activity, Travel & Transport,
Sports, Art,Education, Popular amusements, Accidents & Disasters. Women, War &
Protests, Science& Invention received little more over 1%, whereas Publichealth&
Welfare and SC & ST are highly insignificant. Crime, Public, Moral problems,
Conflicts &Law received third place in Andhra Jyothi followed by General human
interest which is sometimes outcome of crime received fourth place. Art, Education,
146
Popular amusements, Economic activity, Travel and Transport, Sports, Accidents &
Disasters, War & Protests occupied next positions. Women, Science and invention, SC
& ST, as well as Public health& Welfare are very insignificant in coverage. On the
lines of Andhra jyothi, Eenadu also gave top priority to Crime, Public, Moral
problems, Conflicts &Law, followed by General human interest which is mostly
based on the Crime. Sports, Science and Invention, Public health, War and Protests,
Women, SC and ST received very less compared to the above category (Table 16).
Coefficient of correlation of first page “Other” items of 10 years shows that the
Telugu news papers i.e. Andhra jyothi and Eenadu are closely related followed by The
English newspapers i.e.The Times of India and The Hindu (Table 17).
Table 16
Distribution of first page items as per category wise “Others” for 10 years
The Times of Andhra

The Hindu Eenadu
India Jyothi
Subject category fr % fr % fr % fr %
18.0 24.6
Development 376 11.31 430 14.37 413 574
7 8
50.2 46.3
Political & Government 1385 41.65 975 32.59 1149 1077
6 0
War & Protests 64 1.92 44 1.47 41 1.79 33 1.42
201 6.05 184 6.15 82 3.59 152 6.53
& Transport
651 19.58 642 21.46 190 8.31 130 5.59
Problems, Conflicts & Law

116 3.49 133 4.45 108 4.72 81 3.48
amusements
SC & ST 1 0.03 1 0.03 7 0.31 2 0.09

Women 37 1.11 50 1.67 22 0.96 25 1.07
Sports 98 2.95 147 4.91 64 2.80 39 1.68
299
Total 3325 100 100 2286 100 2326 100
2
Table 17
Coefficient of Correlation of first page items under subject category for 10 years
147
The Times of
The Hindu India Andhra Jyothi Eenadu
The Hindu
Eenadu 0.89 0.86 0.98
Figure 6
Distribution of subject category wise analysis of “others”
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
TH
t t t st en orts
en en sts por La
w rs
ste enti
on fa re ents re ST TOI
p m n m rote s & a el m te C
& om
Sp
o r n s s v se In S W
v el o ve &
P
Tra i ct Di In &
W
u a n AJ
De & G fl & & m
ar el
& on nts ce a l th r A Hum E
l W v C e e n e a l
ca Tra ems ci d Sc
i ,H ul ra
ol i ti i ty b l Ac l ic Pop ene
P v o b
cti l Pr Pu on G
ic
a
ra c ati
o u
m
no l i c M Ed
o r t,
Ec ub
A
,e P
im
Cr
The coverage of Photos

The coverage of Photos in all the four newspapers shows that it is no different than
the other formats and it is obvious that news and stories are supported by those photos
only. InThe Hindu half of the photos belong to Political &Government category
followed by Crime, Public Moral problems, Conflicts &Law (11.35%), General
human interest (7.84%), Development (7.43%), Sports (6.30%) and the rest are less
than 5%. In The Times of India Political &Government photos (38.57%) are followed
by Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law(14.33%), Sports (13.23%), Art,
Education, Popular amusements (9.39%),Development (8.36%), General human
interest(6.66%)and the remaining are less than 5%. In the both these newspapers no
photo related to SC&ST category is noticed.In Andhra Jyothi Political&Government
148
(58.26%), Development (9.45%), Crime, Public,Moral problems, Conflicts
&Law(7.52%), General human interest (5.58%), Art, Education, Popular amusements
(5.36%) are in the top order whereas the reaming are less than 5%.In Eenadu also
Political &Government(53.33%) is dominating followed by Development (18.26%),
Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law (5.42%) and the res t are far behind
(Table 18).
Coefficient of Correlation of photos of first page items under subject category for 10
years shows that telugu newspapers are closely related followed by English
newspapers.
Table 18
Distribution of first page items as per category wise Photo for 10 years
The Times Andhra
The Hindu Eenadu
of India Jyothi
Subject categories fr % fr % fr % fr %
Development 72 7.43 98 8.36 171 9.45 293 18.26
Political & Government 481 49.64 452 38.57 1054 58.26 856 53.33
War & Protests 19 1.96 6 0.51 44 2.43 34 2.12

Transport
40 4.13 33 2.82 37 2.05 61 3.80
Crime, Public, Moral Problems,

110 11.35 168 14.33 136 7.52 87 5.42
Conflicts & Law

47 4.85 110 9.39 97 5.36 66 4.11
amusements
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 0.33 2 0.12

Women 12 1.24 19 1.62 16 0.88 16 1.00
Sports 61 6.30 155 13.23 68 3.76 40 2.49
Total 969 100 1172 100 1809 100 1605 100
Table 19
149
Coefficient of Correlation of photos of first page items under subject category for
10 years
The Times of
The Hindu
0.981
Eenadu 0.8987 0.8651 4
Figure
Distribution of photos in first page items in sample dailies for 10 years
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 The Hindu
t t s t s on re ts est ST en rts The Times of India
en en st or aw er n
p m nm rote s p &L a st enti el fa me nter C & om Spo Andhra Jyothi
l o r n
P ra ct D s i s v W e i S W
ve Gov r &
e T fli & In & us a n Eenadu
D & e a & n s e & lth a m m
al W avel , Co ent i enc hea l a r l hu
c r s d u a
l i ti , T m ci Sc l i c op ner
Po i ty obl e Ac b P
Ge
c
v
ti pr Pu on,
a
i c ora
l ati
m d uc
o M E
on c, t,
Ec bl i Ar
Pu
e,
im
Cr
The researcher analyzed the four newspapers to ascertain the coverage given to
various subject themes in relation to geographical categories such as local, state,
national and foreign regions. With regard to local, state, national and foreign category
wise distribution the frequency of coverage is similar among English newspapers and
telugu newspapers. The newspaper wise analysis shows that in The Hindu national
category (58.55%) is in first place followed by state (24.09%), foreign (16.43%) and
local (0.83%) categories.. In The Times of India also national category (60.49%) is in
first place followed by state(24.07%),foreign (14.29%), local (1.13%). In Telugu
150
newspapers state categories are in first place. In Andhra Jyothi state coverage
(74.29%) is in first place followed by national (21.79%) foreign (3.39%) and local
(073%). In Eenadu also state category (16.44%) is in first place followed by national
(22.66%) foreign (3.39%) and local categories (Table 20).
Chi square value of geographical categoreisis 4323.69 df=9 P=0.00001<0.01

which is significant at 0.01 level
In case of geographical categories such as local, state, national and foreign regions
significant correlation between The Hindu and The Times of India (0.99872) and
between Andhra Jyothi and Eenadu(0.998275) is observed.
Table20
Distribution of first page items as per category wise Local/State/National/Foreign
for 10 years
Geogra The R The Times R Andhra R Eenadu R

phical Hindu of India Jyothi
categori
es
Local 43(0.89) 4 52(1.13) 4 33(0.73) 4 44(0.92) 4
State 1136(24.09 2 1103(24.07 2 3344(74.29 1 3062(64.44 1
) ) ) )
Nationa 2761(58.55 1 2772(60.49 1 981(21.79) 2 1077(22.66 2
l
) ) )
Foriegn 775(16.43) 3 655(14.29) 3 153(3.39) 3 168(3.53) 3
Total 4715 4582 4501 4751
x =4323.69 df=9 P=0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
2
Table 21
Coefficient of Correlation of first page items under subject category Local, State,
National and Foreign categories
Hindu India Jyothi Eenadu
The Hindu
0.99872
The Times of India
0.24742 0.249612
Andhra Jyothi
0.302881 0.305512 0.998275
Eenadu
Figure 6
151
Distribution of first page items as per geographical categories i.e
Local/State/National/Foreign for 10 years
3500
3000
2500
2000 The Hindu

The Times of India
1500 Andhra Jyothi
Eenadu
1000
500
0
Local State National Foreign
152
s
s
&
ent
ment
Moral
Crime,
Public,
activity,
Subject
Travel&
Protests
Political
Develop
Transport
categorie
Accident
Disasters
Conflicts
Economic
Problems
Governm
Invention
Science&
&
War &
L
fr
0 11 7 1 1 6 6
Table 22
0.00 25.58 16.28 2.33 2.33 13.95 13.95 S

% fr
7 53 108 44
3.87 21 606 175
0.62 4.67 9.51 1.85 53.35 15.40
% fr
N
45 92 511 186 47 1213 246

The Hindu
1.63 3.33 18.51 6.74 1.70 43.93 8.91

F
% fr
9 29 193 28 21 289 49
1.16 3.74 24.90 3.61 2.71 37.29 6.32
L
% fr
0 6 9 4 0 12 7
0.00 11.54 17.31 7.69 0.00 23.08 13.46
S
% fr
0 51 214 44 9 455 170

0.00 4.62 19.40 3.99 0.82 41.25 15.41
% fr
N
44 91 531 179 24 983 326

1.59 3.28 19.16 6.46 0.87 35.46 11.76
The Times of India
F
% fr
10 30 135 13 23 164 61
1.53 4.58 20.61 1.98 3.51 25.04 9.31
L
% fr
0 2 11 2 0 7 2
0.00 6.06 33.33 6.06 0.00 21.21 6.06
S
% fr
1 84 197 77 68 1939 532

0.03 2.51 5.89 2.30 2.03 57.98 15.91
% fr
N
30 23 108 46 20 465 91
Andhra Jyothi
3.06 2.34 11.01 4.69 2.04 47.40 9.28

F
% fr
1 15 40 4 3 44 8
0.65 9.80 26.14 2.61 1.96 28.76 5.23
L
% fr
0 9 2 1 0 10 14
Distribution of first page items as per category wise Local, State, National and Foreign categories for 10 years
0.00 20.45 4.55 2.27 0.00 22.73 31.82

S
% fr
13 79 105 150 53 1592 789

0.42 2.58 3.43 4.90 1.73 51.99 25.77
% fr
N
Eenadu
42 37 102 81 21 480 132

3.90 3.44 9.47 7.52 1.95 44.57 12.26
F
% fr
2 12 32 8 0 65 9
153
%
1.19 7.14 19.05 4.76 0.00 38.69 5.36

Total Sports Women SC & ST
Interest
Amusemen
General Art,Educati
Welfare Public,
Human
ts on Popular Health&
43 0 1 0 8 2 0
100 0.00 2.33 0.00 18.60 4.65 0.00
1136 3 14 0 56 47 2
100 0.26 1.23 0.00 4.93 4.14 0.18
2761 117 29 0 169 99 7
100 4.24 1.05 0.00 6.12 3.59 0.25
775 54 6 1 74 22 0
100 6.97 0.77 0.13 9.55 2.84 0.00
52 3 1 0 7 3 0
100 5.77 1.92 0.00 13.46 5.77 0.00
1103 16 5 1 67 59 12
100 1.45 0.45 0.09 6.07 5.35 1.09
2772 211 59 0 182 132 10
100 7.61 2.13 0.00 6.57 4.76 0.36
655 96 7 0 58 57 1
100 14.66 1.07 0.00 8.85 8.70 0.15
33 0 0 0 5 2 2
100 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.15 6.06 6.06
3344 28 27 12 172 192 15
100 0.84 0.81 0.36 5.14 5.74 0.45
981 89 18 1 66 24 0
100 9.07 1.83 0.10 6.73 2.45 0.00
153 24 0 0 7 7 0
100 15.69 0.00 0.00 4.58 4.58 0.00
44 0 0 0 7 1 0
100 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.91 2.27 0.00
3062 21 19 3 100 112 26
100 0.69 0.62 0.10 3.27 3.66 0.85
1077 47 20 2 54 45 14
100 4.36 1.86 0.19 5.01 4.18 1.30
168 23 5 0 10 2 0
154
100 13.69 2.98 0.00 5.95 1.19 0.00

Correlation for table 22
In the late 1970s, communication scholars started to question some of their earlier assumptions,
and began to appreciate the importance of the location and contribution of communication
(Servaes, 2003, 2008). It began to be realized that a strategy of local, horizontal communication
must be at the centre of a development strategy in order to facilitate local decision-making
(Schramm, 1979; Servaes, 2008). In this context the importance of proximity i..e localness has
enhanced and the newspapers started concentrating on local news and trying to reach masses.
When the local coverage is studied all the four newspapers have their own priority as Accidents
&Disasters stood in first in The Hindu whereas Political & Government (13.95%)in The Times of India
Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts & Law(16.28%) in Andhra Jyothi , Development (13.95%) in
Eenadu are in the first places. General human interest (18.60%) stood in second place in The Hindu,
Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts & Law(17.31%) in The Times of India Political &
Government (21.21%) in Andhra Jyothi as well as in Eenadu are observed. Development was given fifth
place in The Hindu, third in The Times of India, fourth in Andhra Jyothi. Science &Invention, SC & ST,
Women and Sports did not receive any coverage in all the newspapers whereas Public health and Welfare
is noticed only in The Times of India.
In The Hinduat local level Accidents &Disasters (25.58%) is followed by General human interest
(18.60%), Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts & Law(16.28%) whereas in The Times of India
Political & Government (23.8%), Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law(17.31%),
Development occupied first three places and in Andhra JyothiCrime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts
& Law(33.33%), Political & Government (21.21%), General human interest are in the top order and in
Eenadu Development (31.82%), Political & Government (22.73%), Accidents & Disasters (20.45%) are
in the top order (Table 23).
155
Table 23
Distribution of first page items as per category wise Local for 10 years
The Hindu The Times of India Andhra Jyothi Eenadu
Development 6 13.95 7 13.46 2 6.06 14 31.82
6 13.95 12 23.08 7 21.21 10 22.73
War & Protests
1 2.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Economic activity, Travel & Transport
1 2.33 4 7.69 2 6.06 1 2.27
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts &
Law 7 16.28 9 17.31 11 33.33 2 4.55
11 25.58 6 11.54 2 6.06 9 20.45
Science & Invention
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Public health & Welfare
0 0.00 0 0.00 2 6.06 0 0.00
Art, Education, Popular amusements
2 4.65 3 5.77 2 6.06 1 2.27
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Women 1 2.33 1 1.92 0 0.00 0 0.00
Sports 0 0.00 3 5.77 0 0.00 0 0.00
Total 43 100 52 100 33 100 44 100
156
In state level coverage in all the sample newspapers Political &Government (53.35%)
stood in first place and except in The Times of Indiain the all the three papers
Development is in the second place and Crime, Public,Moral problems,Conflicts
&Law is in third place. In The Hindu Crime, Public,Moral problems,Conflicts
&Law(9.51%) is in fourth place followed by General human interest
(4.93%),Accidents and Disasters (4.67%), Art, Education,Popular amusements
(4.14%),Economic activity, Travel& Transport etc. In The Times of IndiaGeneral
human interest (6.07%) is in fourth place followed byArt, Education, Popular
amusements (5.35%), Accidents& Disasters (4.62%)etc.Whereas in AndhrajyothiArt,
Education,Popular amusements (5.74%) is in fourth place followed by General human
interest (5.14%), Accidents and Disasters(2.51%) etc. In Eenadu Economic
activity,Travel &Transport (4.90%) is in third place followed by Art,
Education,Popular amusements(3.66%), Crime, Public,Moral problems, Conflicts
&Law(3.43%), General human interest(3.27%), Accidents and Disasters(2.58%)
(Table 24).
Table 24
Distribution of first page items as per category wise Statefor 10 years
The The Times Andhra

Hindu of India Jyothi Eenadu
15.4 17 15.9 25.7
Development
175 0 0 15.41 532 1 789 7
53.3 45 193 57.9 159 51.9
606 5 5 41.25 9 8 2 9
War & Protests 21 1.85 9 0.82 68 2.03 53 1.73
Transport 44 3.87 44 3.99 77 2.30 150 4.90
Crime, Public, Moral 21
Problems, Conflicts & Law 108 9.51 4 19.40 197 5.89 105 3.43
amusements 47 4.14 59 5.35 192 5.74 112 3.66
SC & ST 0 0.00 1 0.09 12 0.36 3 0.10
Women 14 1.23 5 0.45 27 0.81 19 0.62
Sports 3 0.26 16 1.45 28 0.84 21 0.69
157
113 11 334 306
Total
6 100 03 100 4 100 2 100
Though the local and the state issues are of primary importance the national news are
also important, the national news are also important as in the federal model the central
government policies and schemes influence the state governments as well as the
public. The reporting of national and international events is only desirable if they
constructively contribute to the development and improvement of the living standard
(Kunczik, 1995). More recent conceptions include a Chinese version which focuses
on intellectual Development journalism, this stipulates that the journalists should form
a kind of free intelligence and should critically examine the aims of national
Development and the applicable instruments in a rational discourse and solve them by
reasonable criteria free of social constraints (Kunczik 1986: 270).
In the national category also, first place is given to Political and Government category
only and except Eenadu second place given to Crime, Public, Moral problems,
Conflicts &Law category in all sample newspapers. Eenadu gave second priority to
Development which was third priority to the rest of the three newspapers. The overall
observation shows that the English newspapers did not cover SC and ST news where
as in Andhra jyothi coverage of Public health and Welfare is missing. Among all
newspapers War&Protests, Science &Invention, Women, Public health and Welfare
are given very less coverage.
In The Hindu Economic activity, Travel &Transport (6.74%) is found in fourth place
followed by General human interest (6.12%), Sports (4.24%).In The Times of India
Sports (7.61%) is in fourth place followed by General human interest (6.57%),
Economic activity, Travel & Transport (6.46%). In Andhra Jyothi also Sports (9.07%)
is in fourth place followed by General human interest (6.73%), Economic activity,
Travel &Transport (4.69%). Like The Hindu in Eenadu also Economic activity, Travel
&Transport is in fourth place followed by General human interest (5.01%), Sports
(4.36%)(Table 25).
158
Table 25
Distribution of first page items as per Local, State, National and Foreign level
for 10 years
Ran Ran Ran Rank
Subject categories fr % k fr % k fr % k fr %
Development
246 8.91 326 11.76 3 91 9.28 3 132 12.26 2
Political &
Government 1213 43.93 1 983 35.46 1 465 47.40 1 480 44.57 1
War & Protests
47 1.70 24 0.87 20 2.04 10 21 1.95
Economic activity, 6 6
Travel & Transport 186 6.74 3 179 6.46 46 4.69 81 7.52 4
Crime, Public, Moral 18.5 11.0
Problems, Conflicts & 2 2 2 3
511 1 531 19.16 108 1 102 9.47
Law
Accidents &
Disasters 92 3.33 7 91 3.28 8 23 2.34 9 37 3.44 9
Science & Invention
45 1.63 8 44 1.59 30 3.06 7 42 3.90 8
Public health &
Welfare 7 0.25 10 0.36 0 0.00 14 1.30
Art, Education, 99 3.59 6 132 4.76 7 24 2.45 8 45 4.18 7
Popular amusements
General human 169 6.12 4 182 6.57 5 66 6.73 5 54 5.01 5
interest
SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.10 2 0.19
Women
29 1.05 9 59 2.13 9 18 1.83 20 1.86
Sports
117 4.24 5 211 7.61 4 89 9.07 4 47 4.36 6
107
Total
2761 100 2772 100 981 100 7 100
Just like other categories, in foreign category also the uniformity of priority in first
(Political &Government) and second (Crime, public, Moral problems, Conflicts
&Law) places is noticed. Except in The Hindu third place is also same (Sports) in
sample newspapers. Coverage of War and Protests, Women, SC and ST, Public health
and Welfare are missing in majority of the newspapers. In The Hindu General human
interest (9.55%) is in third place followed by Sports (6.97%), Development (6.32%),
Accidents &Disasters (3.74%), Economic activity,Travel &Transport (3.61%), Art,
159
Education, Popular amusements (2.84%), War&Protests (2.71%), Science &Invention
(1.16%). In The Times of India Development (9.31%) is in fourth place followed by
General human interest (8.85%), Art, Education,Popular amusements (8.70%),
Accidents &Disasters (4.58%), War&Protests (3.51%), Economic activity, Travel
&Transport (1.98%), Science &Invention (1.53%). In Andhra Jyothi fourth place is
given to Accidents &Disasters (9.80%), Development (5.23%), Art,
Education,Popular amusements (4.58%), General human interest (4.58%), Economic
activity, Travel &Transport(2.61%), War&Protests (1.96%), Science &Invention
(0.65%).Accidents &Disasters(7.14%)is given fourth priority in Eenadu followed by
General human interest(5.95%), Development (5.36%), Economic activity, Travel
&Transport (4.76%), Women (2.98%), Art, Education, Popular amusements and
Science &Invention (1.19%) (Table 26).
Table 26
Distribution of coverage of foreign items in the first pages in the sample dailies
The Times of
Subject Ra Ra Ra Ran
categories fr % nk fr % nk fr % nk fr % k
9.3 5.2 5.3
Development
49 6.32 5 61 1 4 8 3 5 9 6 6
Political & 28 37.2 16 25. 28. 38.
Government 9 9 1 4 04 1 44 76 1 65 69 1
3.5 1.9 0.0
War & Protests
21 2.71 9 23 1 8 3 6 8 0 0
Economic
activity, Travel 7 1.9 2.6 7 4.7 7
& Transport 28 3.61 13 8 4 1 8 6
Crime, Public,
Moral 2 2 2 2
Problems,
Conflicts & 19 24.9 13 20. 26. 19.
Law 3 0 5 61 40 14 32 05
Accidents & 4.5 9.8 7.1
Disasters 29 3.74 6 30 8 7 15 0 4 12 4 4
Science & 1.5 0.6 1.1
Invention 9 1.16 10 3 1 5 2 9
Public health & 0.1 0.0 0.0
Welfare 0 0.00 1 5 0 0 0 0
Art, Education,
Popular 8 8.7 6 4.5 6 1.1
amusements 22 2.84 57 0 7 8 2 9
General human 8.8 4.5 5.9
interest 74 9.55 3 58 5 5 7 8 6 10 5 5
160
0.0 0.0 0.0
SC & ST
1 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.0 0.0 2.9
Women
6 0.77 7 7 0 0 5 8 8
14. 15. 13.
Sports
54 6.97 4 96 66 3 24 69 3 23 69 3
77 65 15 16 10
Total
5 100 5 100 3 100 8 0
In the present study an attempt was made to assess the direction of treatment given to
the 13 subject categories. The coefficient of imbalance was used to find out the degree
of treatment given to different sub-themes by the sample dailies. For this purpose, a
three-point scale namely favourable, unfavourable and neutral was adopted to assess
the direction of treatment of the themes. The aim of this analysis is to capture the
aspects of the subject categories which were made explicit by the newspaper while
giving coverage to the issues. For instance, a news item highlighting the strength,
growth, and positive aspects can be designated as favourable story. Another news item
may cover explicit delay, lapses, and conflicts involved in the process and thus can be
designated as an unfavourable news story category. In this study with regard to the
favorable, unfavorable and neutral categories among all the newspapers unfavorable
category is in first place. Except Eendu, in the remaining newspapers neutral category
is in second place followed by favorable news category (Table 27).
Chi square value of the directional analysis 4286.53df=132 P=0.00001<0.01 is

significant at 0.01 level.
In this directional analysis the Coefficient of correlation among of the categories of

favourable, unfavourable and neutral shows that The Times of India and Andhra
Jyothi are highly correlated followed by The Hindu and Andhra Jyothi(Table 28).
Table 27
Distribution of first page items under category wise like Favourable,

Unfavourable and Neutral for 10 years

India
fr % R fr % R fr % R fr % R
Favourable 112 23.9 106 23.2 102 22.7 133 30.7
7 0 3 8 5 3 6 4 3 7 2 2
UnFavourbl 211 44.7 1 238 51.9 1 229 50.8 1 205 47.2 1
161
e 2 9 4 1 5 7 5 3
Neutral 147 31.3 113 24.6 119 26.3 959 22.0
6 0 2 0 0 2 0 8 2 4 3
Total 471 100 459 100 451 100 435 100
5 2 1 1
x2 = .0048 P < .01 (df = 6) ns
Table 28
Coefficient of Correlation of first page items under Favourable, Unfavourable
and Neutral categories for 10 years
The Hindu
Andhra Jyothi 0.971847 0.997012
Eenadu 0.762706 0.925617 0.893615
Table 29
Coefficient of imbalance of first page items under Favourable, Unfavourable and
Neutral Categories for 10 years
F
n UF Ne Coefficient of imbalance
1127
The Hindu 4715 2112 1476 -0.09
The Times of 1068
India 4582 2384 1130 -0.15
1026
Andhra Jyothi 4511 2295 1190 -0.14
Eenadu 4351 1337 2055 959 -0.08
162
Figure
Distribution of front page items under category wise like Favourable,

Unfavourable and Neutral categories in sample news papers of 10 years
2500
2000
1500 The Hindu

The Times of India
Andhra Jyothi
1000
Eenadu
500
0
Favourable Un favourable Neutral
Table 38
Theme-wise coefficients of imbalance of all categories of news items in the
sample dailies
The Hindu The Times of Andhra Eenadu

Subject categories India Jyothi
Development -0.06 -0.12 -0.12 -0.08

Political & Government -0.08 -0.15 -0.12 -0.08
War & Protests -0.30 -0.45 -0.47 -0.69
Transport -0.04 -0.11 -0.31 0.02
Problems, Conflicts & Law -0.35 -0.43 -0.49 -0.46
Accidents & Disasters -0.50 -0.80 -0.88 -0.91
Science & Invention 0.08 0.80 0.11 0.04
Public health & Welfare 0.05 -0.12 -0.40 0.11
amusements 0.01 0.03 -0.07 0.01
163
General human interest
0.07 0.01 -0.11 0.06
SC & ST 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00
Women 0.06 0.04 0.11 0.10
Sports 0.07 0.04 0.10 0.09
164
Table 28
Distribution of first page items under favorable, unfavorable and neutral category for 10 years
x 2
=4286.53df=132 P=0.00001<0.01 which is significant at 0.01 level.
The Hindu The Times of India Andhra Jyothi Eenadu Mean SD

F UF N F UF N
F UF N F UF N F UF N F UF N
219.75 337 97.5 71.53 92.63 15.24
169 231 76 170 295 99 198 339 96 342 483 119
Development
Political & Government 125.6
417 841 856 281 778 555 475 1124 856 519 933 695 423 919 740.5 89.61 130.56 6
War & Protests 4.25 54.75 18.75 2.95 10.78 9.50

4 51 35 3 39 14 9 67 15 1 62 11
Economic activity, Travel& 79.25 109.75 28 30.70 14.69 15.57
92 116 51 79 129 32 31 89 9 115 105 20
Transport
Crime, Public, Moral 41.75 390.75 143.75 15.64 176.93 99.52
41 503 275 67 617 205 34 267 55 25 176 40
problems, Conflicts &Law
Accidents & Disasters 4.5 136.5 15 2.60 16.65 16.88
7 134 44 7 163 8 1 117 6 3 132 2
Science& Invention 37 6.75 7.25 7.52 2.86 4.87
38 10 13 35 9 10 27 5 0 48 3 6
Public health&Welfare 11.25 9.75 1.25 9.78 3.70 1.30
5 4 0 8 13 2 4 13 0 28 9 3
Art, Education, Popular 76.25 77.5 47.75 14.82 12.97 20.52
74 71 25 101 78 72 63 98 64 67 63 30
amusements
General human interest 110.75 98.5 51.25 36.44 23.73 20.58
158 89 60 131 122 61 63 119 68 91 64 16
SC & ST 2 1 2 1.87 1.73 2.92
0 0 1 1 0 0 2 4 7 5 0 0
Women 31.5 17.25 4 3.20 7.56 3.24
27 19 4 35 28 9 30 15 0 34 7 3
Sports 98.25 53 31.75 32.84 35.88 20.15
95 43 36 150 113 63 89 38 14 59 18 14
Total 1188.7 186.2
1127 2112 1476 1068 2384 1130 1026 2295 1190 1337 2055 959 1139.5 2211.5 5 119.54 133.34 5
165
On the lines of Local, State, National, Foreign categories when the categories of favorable,
unfavorable and neutral categories are analyzed in the study with regards to favorable also
Political and Government stood in the first place followed by Development. Newspaper
wise favourable category analysis shows that in The Hindu General human interest is in
third place followed by Sports (8.42%), Economic activity, Travel and Transport (8.16%),
Art, Education , Popular amusements (6.56%), Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts
&Law(3.63%), Science& Invention (3.37%). Sports is found in third place in The Times of
India followed by General human interest (12.26%), Art, Education, Popular amusements
(9.45%), Economic activity, Travel&Transport(7.39%) and others. In Andhra Jyothi also
Sports is in third place and the other categories are less than 5%. However in Eenadu
Economic activity, Travel and Transport is in third place followed by General human
interest(6.80%),Art, Education, Popular amusements(5.01%) whereas Sports, Science and
Invention, Women, Public health& Welfare, Crime, Public, Moral Problems, Conflicts
&Law are insignificant in frequency (Table 29).
166
Table 29
Distribution of first page items of favorable category for all the 10 years
The Times of
14.99 2 15.9 2 19.29 2 25.5 2

169 170 198 342
Development 1 7
Political &
Government 417 37.0 1 26.3 1 475 46.29 1 38.8 1
281 519
1 1
War & Protests
0.35 0.28 0.87 0
4 3 9 1
.07
Economic
activity Travel
92 31 115
& Transport 8.16 5 79 7.39 6 3.02 6 8 3
.60
Crime, Public,
Moral 3.63 7 6.27 7 3.31 4 1.86 9
Problems, 67 34 25
41
Conflicts &
Law
Accidents &
3
Disasters 7 0.62 7 0.65 1 0.09 0.22
Science &
Invention 38 3.37 8 35 3.27 8 27 2.63 8 48 3.59 7
Publichealth&
5 28
Welfare 0.44 8 0.74 4 0.38 1.86 9
Art, Education,
Popular 74 6.56 6 101 9.45 5 63 3.50 5 67 5.01 5
Amusements
General human
interest 158 14.0 3 12.2 4 3.50 5 6.80 4
131 63 91
6
0
SC & ST 1 0.09 2 0.19 5 0.37
27 30
Women 2.39 9 35 3.27 8 2.92 7 34 2.54 8
Sports 95 8.42 4 14.0 3 8.67 3 4.41 6

150 89 59
4
Total 100 106 100 102 100 133 100

1127
8 6 7
167
In all the dailies the frequency of Unfavourable items is more .
Coverage of first pages in all the sample dailies are analyzed to find out the
favourable, unfavourable status and it was found that in all newspapers in
unfavourable category also Political and Government is in the first place but second
priority has changed from English to Telugu newspapers as in English newspapers
Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts &Law was in second place followed by the
Development which are vice versa in Telugu newspapers. Science and Invention,
Public health and Welfare, SC and ST, Women are less than 1% in all most all the
news papers. The news paperwise analysis shows that in The Hindu General human
interest is in fourth place. In The Times of India Accidents and Disasters is in fourth
place followed by others. In Andhra Jyothi General human interest is in fourth place
and others are less than 5%. In Eenadu Accidents & Disasters is in fourth place
followed by General human interest (3.11%), Art, Education, Popular amusements
(3.06%), War & Protests(3.01%) (Table 30).
168
Table 30
Distribution of first page items under Unfavourablecategory for 10 years

fr % Rank fr % Rank fr % Rank fr % Rank
10.9 3 12.37 3 14.77 2 23.50 2
231 295 339 483
Development 3
Political & Government 32.63 1 48.97 1 45.40 1
841 39.8 1 778 1124 933
2
War & Protests 51 2.41 8 39 1.63 9 67 2.91 8 62 3.01 8
Economic activity, Travel& Transport 5 3.87 7 5.10 5
116 129 89 105
5.49 5 5.41
Crime, Public, Moral Problems, 23.8 25.88 2 11.63 3 8.56 3
503 617 267 176
Conflicts &Law 1 2
Accidents & Disasters 6.34 6.83 4 5.09 5 6.42 4
134 163 117 132
4
Science& Invention 10 0.47 9 0.37 5 0.21 3 0.14
Public health& Welfare 4 0.18 13 0.54 13 056 9 0.43
Art, Education, Popular amusements 71 3.36 7 78 3.27 8 98 4.27 6 63 3.06 7
General human interest 89 4.21 6 122 5.11 6 119 5.18 4 64 3.11 6
SC & ST 0 0 0 0 4 0.17 0 0
Women 19 0.89 28 1.17 15 0.65 7 0.34
Sports 43 2.03 9 113 4.73 7 38 1.65 9 18 0.87
Total 2112 2384 2295 2055
169
In neutral category again Political and Government stood in first place and in English
newspapers Crime, Public, Moral problems, Conflicts & Law is in second place
followed Development in Telugu newspapers. Science and SC and ST, Women,
Accidents & Disasters, Public health and Welfare are very minimal that is less than
1%. News paper analysis shows that in The Hindu Development is in third place and
the others are less than 5%. On the same lines Development is in third place in The
Times of India followed by Art, Education, Popular amusements (6.37%),
Sports(5.57%), General human interest (5.39%)etc. In Andhra Jyothi General human
interest is in third place whereas Art, Education, Popular amusements, Crime, Public,
Moral problems, Conflicts and Law, War and Protests, Sports, Economic activity,
Travel and Transport are very less in frequency. In Eenadu Crime, Public, Moral
problems, Conflicts & Law occupied third place followed by others which are less
than 5% (Table 31).
170
Table 31
Distribution of first page items under Neutral category of 10 years

Development 76 5.14 3 99 8.76 3 96 8.06 2 119 12.40 2
856 57.99 1 555 49.11 1 856 71.93 1 695 72.47 1
War & Protests
35 2.37 7 14 1.23 8 15 1.26 6 11 1.14 8
Economic activity, Travel&
51 32 9 20
Transport 3.4 5 2.83 7 0.75 8 2.08 5
275 205 55 40
problems, Conflicts &Law 18.63 2 18.14 2 4.62 5 4.17 3
Accidents & Disasters 44 2.98 6 8 0.70 6 0.50 10 2 0.20
Science& Invention
6
13 0.88 10 0.88 0 0.62
Public health& Welfare
0 2 0 3
0 0.17 0.31
amusements 25 72 64 30
1.69 8 6.37 4 5.37 4 3.12 4
General human Interest
60 61 68 16
4.06 4 5.39 6 5.71 3 1.66 6
SC & ST 1 0.06 0 7 0.58 9 0
Women 4 0.27 9 0.79 0 3 0.31
Sports 36 2.43 7 63 5.57 5 14 1.17 7 14 1.45 7
Total 1476 100 1130 100 1190 100 959 100
171

Data Analysis: Table 4 Details of No. of Sample As Per Daily

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Chapter IV

Details of No. of sample as per Daily

No. Name of the Daily No. of items

400 1 The Hindu

Basically in newspapers various forms of content would be noticed. They are

The Times of Andhra

The Times of Andhra

News Photos 10 17.2 65 18.25 187 36.73 32 8.42

59 100 100 38 100

The Times of Andhra

The Times of Andhra

Stories 6 1.75 22 5.32 52 11.32 35 8.04

Story photos 4 1.17 18 4.35 55 11.98 30 6.89

The Times of Andhra

Stories 30 7.97 29 6.27 38 8.29 26 7.40

The Times of Andhra

Stories 11 2.63 28 5.73 26 6.08 28 6.55

News Photos 85 20.3 97 19.87 132 30.91 12 29.9

Story photos 10 2.39 32 6.55 38 8.89 35 8.19

The Times of Andhra

Stories 15 2.90 11 2.04 35 8.75 7 1.63

Story photos 12 2.32 11 2.04 40 10 10 2.33

The Times of Andhra

Stories 17 3.69 17 3.25 32 7.84 11 2.12

Story photos 15 3.26 18 3.44 38 9.31 21 4.06

The Times of Andhra

Stories 16 2.86 18 3.01 29 7.61 38 9.40

The Times of Andhra

Stories and newspapers

Political & Government; 46.31%

Science & Invention; 2.78%

Political & Government; 36.11%

General human interest; 4.16% Women; 0.52% Sports; 1.56%

Political & Government; 54.29%

In developing countries journalism practice is a blend of theoretical and ethical

In Telugu newspapersAndhra Jyothi gave third priority to Crime, Public, Moral

Coefficients of correlation among the subject categories of selected newspapers shows

Distribution of first page items under subject category for 10 years

Art, Education, 1 37.8

Distribution of first page items under subject category for 2008

The Times of Andhra

Accidents & Disasters 22 3.69 13 3.65 10 1.96 20 5.26

Science & Invention 12 2.01 6 1.69 2 0.39 5 1.32

Public health & Welfare 2 0.34 3 0.84 5 0.98 0 0.00

Art, Education, Popular

General human interest 46 7.71 30 8.43 49 9.63 33 8.68

SC & ST 0 0.00 1 0.28 9 1.77 0 0.00

Distribution of first page items under subject category for2009

The The Times of Andhra

Accidents & Disasters 17 3.51 11 2.93 2 0.39 6 1.45

Science & Invention 5 1.03 0 0.00 4 0.79 2 0.48

The The Times of Andhra

Accidents & Disasters 26 6.28 21 6.29 31 5.83 21 3.98

Science & Invention 7 1.69 1 0.30 2 0.38 0 0.00

Distribution of first page items under subject category for 2010

Distribution of first page items under subject category for 2011

The Times of Andhra

Accidents & Disasters 16 4.69 13 3.15 12 2.61 16 3.68

Science & Invention 4 1.17 5 1.21 2 0.44 2 0.46

Publichealth & Welfare 2 0.59 3 0.73 0 0.00 1 0.23

Art, Education, Popular

General human interest 19 5.57 59 14.29 18 3.92 24 5.52

SC & ST 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00