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Introduction
1
India and China are the two most populous countries of the world. Both have
economies. India gained independence in 1947, while China emerged as a new nation
membership of United Nations in place of Taiwan and both raised the slogan of
‘Hindi Chini Bhai-Bhai’ under the Panchsheel agreement signed in 1954. The five
principles of Panchsheel- respect for each other’s, sovereignty and territorial integrity,
mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence. However in late 1950’s difference arose
between the two countries over the status of Tibet. As a large number of Tibetan
refugees came to India and Tibetan exile government was formed in India, China
considered this as an unfriendly act and launched a full scale war against India in
1962.2.
It is true that Indo-china trade has improved in recent years as China has emerged as
the largest trading partners of India. Presently the trade volume between the two
countries has reached to the tune of USD 60. In the past twenty years or so, China has
emerged as a manufacturing hub of the global economy, whereas India has achieved
2
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/brief-history-of-india-china-relations-history-essay.php
Both are the leading members of the G-20 grouping, which is emerging as a global
economic management group and is poised to replace rich nation club- G-8. As
members of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa) both are predicted
to achieve status of leading global economies by the year 2050, surpassing the US and
European Union In fact, the entire debate on the notion of ‘Rise of Asia’ or Asian
century revolves around the rise of India and China in global affairs. 3
. The diplomatic rivalry in question is not limited to strategic concerns, but is further
fueled by a chronic border dispute. On the other hand, neither Beijing nor New
Delhi can afford to turn a blind eye to the huge benefits that intense economic
cooperation can potentially bring about. Therefore both countries are trying to
in India suits both India and China as it gives Chinese companies further scope to
enlarge the volume of trade and Indians employment and revenue. The Sino-
Indian ties are complex. The ties need constant monitoring, deft handling and
judicious approach for all minor irritants which may crop up from time to time. If
bilateral talks for solving boundary disputes are held and are fruitful a big
3
http://www.preservearticles.com/201103264748/essay-on-indo-china-relations.html
4
Goswami, Ranjit (11 May 2015). "Can Modi Make China India's Natural Ally for Development?". The
Huffington Post.
5
http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/sino-indian-relations-an-approach-for-21st-century-
developments/
Chapter-2
Historical Ties
Written records of contacts between India and China date back to at least 2nd century
B.C. Such contacts at the level of people through commerce got a fillip with the advent of
Buddhism into China from India in the first century A.D. under imperial patronage. A
Chinese monk, Fa Xian (Fa-Hsien, AD 399-414), visited India in AD 402, stayed for 10
years, and after his return translated many Sanskrit, Buddhist texts into Chinese. His
source. Kumarajiva, a scholar in Vedas as well as Buddhist Sutras, was born of Chinese
mother and Indian father. His translations of Sanskrit sutras into Chinese are valued even
today. In the 5th Century AD Bodhidharma, a South Indian monk, became the first
patriarch of the Shaolin Monastery in China. Xuan Zang (Hiuen Tsang) visited India
during Harsha Vardhana's reign in the 7th Century AD, in search of Buddhist scriptures.
The decline of Buddhism in India and spread of colonialism in both the countries resulted
them during the first few centuries. The Islamic invasion in India made two countries
However, when people of both the countries started searching for new answers to new
questions, old friendship was revived. The respective national struggles for freedom saw
this period are Kang Youwei's stay in India (1890s), Tagore's visit to China (1924),
setting up of Cheena Bhawan in Viswabharati University by Professor Tan Yunshan under
Tagore's guidance (1937), sending of the Aid China Medical Mission, which included Dr.
Dwarakanath Kotnis, by the Indian National Congress (1938), and Xu Beihong's visit to
Shantiniketan (1939-40). The early fifties and the Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai phase of 1950s
witnessed a further strengthening of these ties. Indian films like Awaara, Caravan and Do
Bigha Zameen as well as stars like Raj Kapoor and Nargis left a lasting impression on
Chapter-3
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China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016 – via YouTube.
Political Relations
The People's Republic of China (PRC) was established on October 1, 1949, and India
April 1, 1950, India and China established diplomatic relations. The two
Co-existence) in 1954. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited India in June 1954
and Prime Minister Nehru visited China in October 1954. Premier Zhou Enlai
again visited India in January 1957 and in April 1960. The India-China
conflict in 1962 led to a serious setback in bilateral relations. India and China
contacts were revived by the visit of the then External Affairs Minister, A.B.
Vajpayee in February 1979. The Chinese Foreign Minister Huang Hua paid a
return visit to India in June, 1981. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China
in December 1988. During this visit, both sides agreed to develop and expand
bilateral relations in all fields. It was also agreed to establish a Joint Working
the boundary question - and a Joint Economic Group (JEG). From the Chinese
Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
in the India - China Border Area was signed during this visit, providing for
both sides to respect the status quo on the border, clarify the LAC where there
are doubts and undertake CBMs. President R. Venkataraman paid a state visit
to China in May 1992. This was the first Head of State-level visit from India
to China. President Jiang Zemin's state visit to India in November 1996 was
similarly the first by a PRC Head of State to India. The four agreements
signed during his visit included the one on CBMs in the Military Field along
the LAC covering adoption of concrete measures between the two militaries
to enhance exchanges and to promote cooperation and trust. After the nuclear
tests in May 1998, the relations faced a minor setback. External Affairs
Minister Jaswant Singh visited China in June 1999 and both sides reiterated
that neither country is a threat to the other. President K.R. Narayanan’s visit
to China in May - June 2000 marked a return to high level exchanges. Premier
Zhu Rongji visited India in January 2002. Prime Minister A.B. Vajpayee
Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation was signed. This was the first
highest level between India and China. India and China concluded a border
Autonomous Region.. 7
. Mr. Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China paid a
State visit to India (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19-21 May 2013. During this visit, the
two sides signed eight agreements and released a Joint Statement. Some of the
designate 2014 as the Year of Friendly Exchanges between India and China and
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hold the first High Level Media Forum. Vice-President Hon’ble Shri Hamid
Ansari paid a visit to China on 26-20 June 2014. During the visit the Vice
President met with President Xi Jinping, held talks with Vice President Liu
YarlungZangbu River were signed. The two Vice-Presidents also jointly released
Contacts. Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited China from May 14-16 2015, the
visit was rich in symbolism and substance and it opened up a new chapter in
India-China relations. For the first time, Chinese President Xi Jinping travelled
Shaanxi. President Xi also accompanied Prime Minister to the Big Wild Goose
Pagoda and organized a grand welcome ceremony at the Xi’an city wall. Premier
15 May with the world heritage site of Temple of Heaven as the backdrop, the
first ever such event, which highlighted the cultural connectivity between the two
countries.8
The two countries has maintained a stable and steady relationship in present years ,
witnessed constant growth in trade and commerce. However the situation currently is in
state of turmoil due to military standoff between the armies of the two nations in Doklam
at the tri junction of India, China and Bhutan. Both the states has mobalised its army to
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counter any war like situation. It is the longest military standoff between these two
Chapter-4
Introduction
India and China officially resumed trade in 1978. In 1984, the two sides signed the
important element of the strategic and cooperative partnership between the two
countries. Several institutional mechanisms have been established for enhancing and
strengthening economic cooperation between the two countries. Besides the India-
China Joint Economic Group on Economic Relations and Trade, Science and
Technology (JEG) and the India-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue (SED), a
Financial Dialogue has also been taking place between the two countries since 2006.
India-China bilateral trade which was as low as US$ 2.92 billion in 2000 and this
relationship has seen rapid progress in the last few years. India-China bilateral trade
which was as low as US$ 2.92 billion in 2000 reached US$ 41.85 billion in
2008,making China India’s largest trading partner in goods, replacing the United
States of America. By 2014, India-China bilateral trade stood at US$ 70.65 billion.
India’s exports to China touched US$ 16.41 billion whereas China’s exports were
US$ 54.42 billion. Trade volume between the two countries in the beginning of the
century, year 2000, stood at US$ 3 billion. In 2008, bilateral trade reached US$ 51.8
billion with China replacing the United States as India’s largest “Goods trading partner.”
decreased by 12.29% year-on-year to US$ 11.748 billion while India’s imports from
China saw a year-on-year growth of 2.01% to US$ 59.428 billion. The Indian trade
deficit with China further increased by 6.28% year-on-year to US$ 47.68 billion. In 2016,
India was the 7th largest export destination for Chinese products, and the 27th largest
exporter to China.India-China trade in the first four months of 2017 increased by 19.92%
year-on-year to US$ 26.02 billion. India’s exports to China increased by 45.29% year-on-
year to US$ 5.57 billion while India’s imports from China saw a year-on-year growth of
14.48 % to US$ 20.45 billion. The Indian trade deficit with China further increased by
In 2016, India’s top exports to China included diamonds, cotton yarn, iron ore, copper
and organic chemicals. Indian exports of diamonds grew 28.48% and amounted to US$
2.47 billion. India was the second largest exporter of diamonds (worked/not worked) to
China (with a share of 31.81%). India’s cotton (including yarn and woven fabric) exports
to China showed a decline of 44.1% to reach US$ 1.27 billion, although India was the
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second largest exporter of cotton to China with 16.43% market share. In 2016, Indian
exports of iron ore registered an increase of over 700% to reach US$ 844 million.
26.83%to US$ 16.98 billion. India was the largest export destination of Fertilizers
exports from China. China exported 23.48% of its total Fertilizers (worth US$ 1.54
billion) to India. India was the largest export destination for Chinese Antibiotics worth
US$ 711 million in 2016, with a share of 23.55%. India was the second largest export
destination for Chinese organic chemicals, worth US$5.68 billion in 2016. However,
India still faces a growing trade deficit vis-a-vis China. In 2014 trade deficit stood at
US$ 37.8 billion. Apart from trade, India is also one of the largest markets for project
exports from China. Currently, projects under execution are estimated at over US$ 60
billion. As per Chinese figures, cumulative Chinese investments into India till
September 2014 stood at US$ 2.63 billion while Indian investments into China were
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PP 01-05
Chapter-5
Cultural Relations
India and China are not mere societies; they are civilizations. We do not know exactly
when and how they started exchanging their cultural elements, but we do know
that they grew in parallel and shared their cultural traits since the beginning of
human history and this tradition of sharing has continued ever since. Even before
the advent of Buddhism, the Shang-Zhou civilization and the ancient Vedic
In sixth century B.C., the birth of Confucius and Sakyamuni heralded a new period of
Buddhism after his conversion in 256 B.C. brought both civilizations even closer.
in the direction of China and Central Asia. The trend continued in first century
A.D. during emperor Kanishka’s period. His empire, with its capital at Purushpura
Horse monastery at Luoyang their abode. Along the silk route, Khotan Turpan and
he stayed until his death in 413 A.D. and managed to have 98 major Buddhist
Buddhist scholar came to China bringing with him the “Mahaparinirvana Sutra”
which was translated into Chinese about the year 415 A.D. Meanwhile, the
Chinese Pilgrim Fa Hein visited India along the Silk Route in 405 A.D. Batuo
(464-495 A.D.) and Bodhidharma visited China; Xuan Zhang (604A.D.) and I
Ching were students at the prestigious Nalanda University. All along, there is
exchange.11
Exchanges between India and China continued during the days of India’s struggle for
China twice, in 1924 and in 1929. Since 1911, Chinese scholars and intellectuals
have been visiting and revisiting Tagore’s life, works and philosophy. Both India
and China began their journey of independent governance almost at the same
time, India in 1947 and the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In 1955, the first
Indian cultural delegation headed by then Deputy Minister of External Affairs Mr.
A. K. Chanda visited China which was warmly received by the Chinese leaders
and people during their tour. In the 1960s and 1970s Bollywood movies such as
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Do BighaZameen, Awara and Sree 420 of Raj Kapoor and Noorie struck an
emotional chord in the hearts and minds of the Chinese people. Even today,
people on the street hum the tunes of the songs of these films. Movies like ‘pk’ , 3
Idiots and The Life of Pi have been well received in recent times12.
Since 1988 both countries are bringing their people together through structured Cultural
Exchange Programmes. The latest CEP signed in October 2013 during the visit of
festivals and exchanges in the field of mass media, youth affairs and sports. Both
India and China have vibrant cultures and vibrant people. Buddhism, Xuan
Zhang, Tagore, Dr. Kotnis, Nalanda, Yoga and Cinema are only symbols of our
long tradition of exchanges. They are testimonies of our shared heritage. The
momentum has been set and the pace can only increase in the 21st century. 13
12
A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. by Yukteshwar Kumar.
p.76 ISBN 978-8176487986
13
www.dainikjagaraan .com
Chapter-6
Educational Relations
India and China signed Education Exchange Programme (EEP) in 2006, which is an
The 25 scholarships awarded by India are offered by Indian Council for Cultural
Relations (ICCR). During the visit of Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi to
China, both the countries have signed fresh Education Exchange Programme
(EEP) on May 15, 2015. The same provides for enhanced cooperation between
of higher learning, etc. Apart from this, Chinese students are also annually
learn Hindi. For the year 2016-17, 4 Chinese students have been selected to study
Understanding was signed in August 2012, between Central CBSE and Confucius
Institute, where both signatories agreed to exchange academic staff, teachers and
14
Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India-China Relations, 600-1400, p.44ISBN 978-
1442254725
trainees as well as exchange information on the system and structure of teaching
the education sector between the two sides has resulted in an increase in the
number of Indian students in China. During the Academic Year 2016-17 there
The Embassy maintains regular communication with MoE in China as well as all
Embassy officials also visit universities to not only establish direct contact with
university authorities but also to interact with the Indian students. Students are
encouraged to approach the Embassy in case they are faced with serious
problems. For this purpose, the mobile number and email address of Minister
provided on the Embassy website. The Mission has also launched a social media
account on Wechat for Indian students, with the objective to make it easy for them
to reach out to the Embassy as well as to link them to other fellow Indian students
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http://www.shareyouressays.com/84013/essay-on-sino-indian-relations
Conclusion
potential. In this China is way ahead of the rest and forging ahead rapidly. The
border issue easily heads any list and is also the most urgent. Even though no shot
has been fired in anger across the Line of Actual Control since the last twenty six
resolve. There is no scope for mistakes. Two large nations that are simultaneously
balanced enlightened self interests. To achieve this will call for delicate
negotiations based on our respective genius, taking account of our differences, yet
accommodating the genuine concerns and interests of both. Copious blood has
already been shed over this The border issue easily heads any list and is also the
most urgent. Indeed, India and China has lived close to each other throughout
conflict. That is a lesson from history that we need to replicate. It may be argued
that in the intensely globalizing world and diminishing distance there is today a
settle our differences through carefully balancing each other’s concerns and
interests and through that process ensuring a peaceful strategic environment in
References
Books
1. A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. by Yukteshwar Kumar.
Journals
1. Goswami, Ranjit (11 May 2015). "Can Modi Make China India's Natural Ally for Development?". The
Huffington Post.
2. China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016 – via YouTube.
3. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 15, Issue 5 (Sep. - Oct. 2013),
PP 01-05
4. A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. by Yukteshwar Kumar.
p.76 ISBN 978-8176487986
5. Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India-China Relations, 600-1400, p.44ISBN 978-
1442254725
Websites
1. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/brief-history-of-india-china-relations-history-essay.php
2. http://www.preservearticles.com/201103264748/essay-on-indo-china-relations.html
3. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/sino-indian-relations-an-approach-for-21st-century-
developments/
4. http://www.drishtiias.com/upsc-exam-gs-resources-INDIA-CHINA-Relationship
5. https://www.slideshare.net/akashabsl/indias-relations-with-china.PDF
6. http://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/downloads/India-China_Relations_-_Abhilash_10.10.pdf
7. http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB160-Banerjee-India-China.pdf
8. http://www.shareyouressays.com/84013/essay-on-sino-indian-relations