Internet service provider

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"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see ISP (disambiguation).
"Internet service" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Web service.

Internet connectivity options from end-user to tier 3/2 ISPs

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for
accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may
be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or
otherwise privately owned.

Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet

transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Local ISP in Manhattan installing fiber for provisioning Internet access

Contents
1 History
1.1 Net neutrality
2 Classifications
2.1 Access providers
2.2 Mailbox providers
2.3 Hosting ISPs
2.4 Transit ISPs
2.5 Virtual ISPs
2.6 Free ISPs
2.7 Wireless ISP
3 Peering
4 Law enforcement and intelligence assistance
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History
The Internet (originally ARPAnet) was developed as a network between government
research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other
companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the backbone, or by
arrangements through other connected companies, sometime using dialup tools such as
UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use
of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1991,[1] shortly after
the introduction of the World Wide Web.[2]

During the 1980s, online service providers such as CompuServe and America On Line
(AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail
interchange, but full access to the Internet was not readily available to the
general public.

In 1989, the first Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct
access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Australia[3] and the
United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial
ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.[4] These companies
generally offered dial-up connections, using the public telephone network to
provide last-mile connections to their customers. The barriers to entry for dial-up
ISPs were low and many providers emerged.

However, cable television companies and the telephone carriers already had wired
connections to their customers and could offer Internet connections at much higher
speeds than dial-up using broadband technology such as cable modems and digital
subscriber line (DSL). As a result, these companies often became the dominant ISPs
in their service areas, and what was once a highly competitive ISP market became
effectively a monopoly or duopoly in countries with a commercial telecommunications
market, such as the United States.

Net neutrality
Main article: Net neutrality in the United States
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to
be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster
track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position.[5][6]
[7] A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband,
according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law
School.[8] On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding
Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby
compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a
telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality.[9][10] On 10 November
2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet
service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality.[11]
[12][13] On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a
U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality
but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further
regulation affecting Internet service providers.[14][15] On 31 January 2015, AP
News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some
caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the
Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015.[16][17][18][19][20] Adoption of
this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of the
telecommunications[21] and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure
net neutrality.[22][23] The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote,
according to The New York Times.[24][25]

On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II
(common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet.[26][27][28] The FCC Chairman, Tom
Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First
Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same
concept."[29] On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net
neutrality rules.[30][31][32] On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on
its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.[33][34] These rules went into effect on 12
June 2015.[35]

Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017, Ajit Pai proposed an end to net
neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission.[36][37] On 21 November 2017, Pai
announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December on whether to
repeal the policy.[38] On 11 June 2018, the repeal of the FCC's network neutrality
rules took effect.[39]

Classifications
Access providers
Access provider ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to
connect users to their network.[40] Available technologies have ranged from
computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable
(CATV), Wi-Fi, and fiber optics.

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide
dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using
fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.[41]
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses,
or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital
subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay,
ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous
optical networking (SONET).[42]

Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet

access.

Mailbox providers
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic
mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to
send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Many mailbox providers are also access providers,[43] while others are not (e.g.,
Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC
6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of
companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their
mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a
proprietary protocol.[44]

Hosting ISPs
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services.
Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server
operation.

Transit ISPs

Tiers 1 and 2 ISP interconnections

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream
ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the
contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of
the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.[45]

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is

used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network;
this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier
1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one
point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at
multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have
connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.[45] Transit ISPs
provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.[46]

Virtual ISPs
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP,
sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context,[47] which allow the VISP's
customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and
operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and
competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Free ISPs
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many
free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial
television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser.
Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually
with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
Wireless ISP
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a
network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi
wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies
such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS
frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Peering
ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or
Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network,
without charging one another for the data transmitted�data that would otherwise
have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.
[45]

ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs)
are called Tier 1 ISPs.

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network

management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient
route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and
efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Law enforcement and intelligence assistance

Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law
enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the
ISP, or even store the browsing history of users to allow government access if
needed (e.g. via the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 in the United Kingdom).
Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence
agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as
PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised
concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution.[48][49] Modern ISPs integrate a wide
array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then
feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the
United States, or SORM[50] in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in
real time.

See also
Computer networking portal
icon Computer science portal
Content delivery network
Geo-blocking
Index of Internet-related articles
Internet hosting service
Network service provider
Outline of the Internet
References
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External links
OECD ISP penetration data
vte
Internet service providers of the United States
vte
Telecommunications
Categories: Internet service providers
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