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This document provides guidance on non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for underwater inspection of welded steel structures. It aims to promote good practice in underwater NDT to produce high-quality, reliable results. The document covers commonly used NDT methods for external inspection of offshore structures like platforms, pipelines, and ships' hulls. Both diver and remotely-operated inspection methods are included. It provides an overview but does not include prescriptive requirements, safety procedures, or guidance on pre-inspection planning or result evaluation.
This document provides guidance on non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for underwater inspection of welded steel structures. It aims to promote good practice in underwater NDT to produce high-quality, reliable results. The document covers commonly used NDT methods for external inspection of offshore structures like platforms, pipelines, and ships' hulls. Both diver and remotely-operated inspection methods are included. It provides an overview but does not include prescriptive requirements, safety procedures, or guidance on pre-inspection planning or result evaluation.
This document provides guidance on non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for underwater inspection of welded steel structures. It aims to promote good practice in underwater NDT to produce high-quality, reliable results. The document covers commonly used NDT methods for external inspection of offshore structures like platforms, pipelines, and ships' hulls. Both diver and remotely-operated inspection methods are included. It provides an overview but does not include prescriptive requirements, safety procedures, or guidance on pre-inspection planning or result evaluation.
This following document has been produced by Working Group 2 of
Commission V of the International Institute of Welding and supersedes previous versions.
1.I Objectives
The objectives of this document are to give technical guidance and
information on non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques suitable for use underwater on welded steel constructions.
When properly used, modern underwater NDT techniques are
capable of similar performance to comparable onshore NDT equipment. However, as with all technologies, the quality of the results depends on appropriate selection and operation of the equipment. It is accordingly the primary purpose of this document to assist in the production of high-quality reliable results from underwater inspection by promoting what might reasonably be considered good practice at the time of writing ( 1 997).
This document is not a code and neither is it a statutory instrument
with legal power, nor does it seek to lay down minimum standards. Nonetheless, a vital constituent of any inspection practice is to accomplish the work with minimal risk to personnel, and it is expected that organisational schedules and procedures will consider this aspect in adequate detail. Notwithstanding the various notes in this document concerned with safety, nothing in this text should be taken as diminishing or removing the onus placed on the individual to adopt safe working practices and to take the final responsibility for the consequences of his own actions.
Furthermore, it is not the intention to produce prescriptive
requirements or in any way to restrict underwater inspection by prohibiting certain practices or by inhibiting the introduction of new equipment or techniques. However, where in the opinion of the Working Group, the use of items of equipment in some configurations may give rise to undesirable consequences, this will be pointed out.
1 1.2 Scope
The document is intended for the external inspection of welded steel
constructions used offshore such as oil and gas platforms, pipelines and risers, harbour installations, ships' hulls, etc, though the practices discussed should also be suitable for inspection of cast components with appropriate modifications to reflect the different metallurgical properties. Testing of parent material as well as welds is covered.
The document applies not only to methods used manually by divers in
water or in a habitat, but also to remotely-controlled or automated methods used from submersibles, atmospheric chambers, or remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs) with inspectors remote from the work site. Only the commonly used NDT methods are described in detail, with less-commonly used methods being given more superficial description.
Since this document is concerned with the external inspection of
welded structures underwater, it will not consider inspection in the splash zone or above water, and it does not cover inspection inside pipelines by inspection pigs and suchlike. Similarly, information is not given on diving or operational aspects of underwater inspection activities. It must, however, be reiterated that, as a minimum, proper precautions need to be taken with respect to diver safety and operation, particularly in relation to electrical hazards, implosion of equipment, and the risk of water penetration into equipment. In saturation habitats, attention should also be given to helium penetration into equipment under high external pressure.
The document does not address pre-inspection planning and
scheduling, or the selection of areas for inspection. Reference should be made to the appropriate company documentation on these subjects. In addition, the use of inspection results is not covered. Both these activities are strongly dependent on a host of factors such as: construction type and environment, consequences of failure, national regulations, agreement between vendor and purchaser, etc. The choice of the most suitable NDT methods for an application is also dependent on similar factors and only broad guidelines will be given.
2 1.3 Further information
Information in the main part of this document may be expanded
upon in the background text given in Appendix A. Reference should also be made to other IIW documents and to reports such as those listed in the Bibliography. Particularly recommended are reports published by the United Kingdom's Marine Technology Directorate Ltd: 'Underwater inspection of steel offshore installations: implementation of a new approach; MTD Ltd Publication 89/104. Publications by the UK Health & Safety Executive (HSE) are also a good source of information for offshore NDT.
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