Study Centre December 12, 2017

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ERIES
LECT(3UrdREEditSion)
December 12,
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CSEC stu anguage
s h L
Engli nology
on Tech
Informati
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PRODUCTION TEAM
EDITOR: Debra-Gail Williamson • ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN: Rorie Atkinson • GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR: Roy France
CONT RI BUTORS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely Heart Trust NTA
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www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 13
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
THE SBA: GATHERING INFORMATION
Hello everyone.
In today’s lesson we will look at sources from which
information could be gathered and how to make an
assessment of their value to or appropriateness for your
project. Once you have selected a topic for your SBA you
will now have to decide where you are going to look for
information related to the topic. In a more formal research
you may be limited to academic and scholarly sources from
which you may gather information but given the type of
project that you are undertaking you may seek
information from a variety of sources. These are not
limited to print sources but at leaast one of your sources
must be in print. Once you have thought about where you
will be seeking information you will have to undergo a
process of elimination to select the three pieces of
information which will be used to write your reflections
and report.
Sources of information
This list of examples is by no means exhaustive as you
are free to explore any discourse which presents
related information on the topic. Of course any process
of investigation will require you to carefully assess the
sources from which you glean information and the
information itself. Many videos and written material
that you find on the internet for example may not be
of the kind of quality that will add substance to your
project. Many of these are written and published by
the writers themselves and it may be difficult to
determine how true the information is. Conversely,
articles from newspapers, some magazines and
brochures may provide more valid information as they
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
would have undergone a process of editing before punctuation marks that contribute these inflections.
publication. You must therefore, evaluate the pieces
Organization
before deciding to choose them as part of the
research. I will outline below some areas that you may This involves the arrangement or the sequencing of ideas
use to assess the quality of any discourse that you in a piece of writing. There are various organizational
come across. structures in writing and these are largely dependent on
the type of writing. One common thread however, is that
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GOOD WRITTEN AND there must be a beginning, middle and an end. If there is
SPOKEN DISCOURSE no perceivable pattern to how a piece of writing is
organized then the reader will be confused and meaning
Grammar will be lost.
This refers to those set of rules which govern the way

words are put together to create meaning. If the piece
Tone
contains good grammar then that is a good indication that
the creator is at least competent in expressing his/her This is a concept that poses some difficulty for a number
ideas. Keep in mind, however, that some of the of students. We often hear of skin tone and tone of voice
information that you get may be in Creole. This does not but what does tone have to do with written words. Simply
mean that it has no value as a different set of grammatical put tone is a quality, attitude or feeling that is expressed
rules will apply to this language. by the words a writer uses. So how someone feels about a
subject matter, what he/she thinks about it can be
discerned by the words that are used to write about it.
Spelling Readers can detect a writer’s bias or lack thereof, the
writer’s excitement, anger, frustration or awe by looking
This involves the sequencing of letters according to their at the words used. The context of word use will also convey
sounds to form a word. Every language has rules which tone as a writer may be using words ironically or
govern spelling and there are some sounds or ways of employing sarcasm.
pronouncing letters that exist in one language and not
another. If a writer is careless in spelling then this will
detract from the overall quality of the work. Spelling errors Vocabulary
indicate a lack of editing or the writer’s inability to spell
well or self - correct. This refers to the collection of words that are used in a
language. When we speak about a person’s vocabulary we
speak about those words in the language that a person
Punctuation knows. A good vocabulary is not just one which consists
of many “big words” As a matter of fact these words can
The characters or marks that are used to separate be more of a hindrance to good written expression if they
sentences or parts of sentences in written English are are misused or merely used for the showing off. A good
called punctuation marks. These are used to make vocabulary enables a writer to be able to express the same
meaning clear. The addition or removal of punctuation can ideas in several different ways and communicate the same
change the meaning of a sentence for example a question meaning each time. A piece of discourse could actually use
mark may be replaced with an exclamation mark or full quite simple language and still be credited with good
stop to change a question to a declaration. You must expression.
always remember that in writing there is nobody’s voice
to give pauses or communicate tone. It is those JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
Audience purpose of each type of writing. Is the writer/speaker

explaining a concept, expressing an opinion about an
Your audience is the person(s) that a writer or speaker issue, describing a scene in a way that the reader can
expects to read or listen to the discourse. The target picture it or making someone laugh? Whatever the
audience will determine the vocabulary and tone that you purpose it will have much bearing on his/her word choice,
use. You must therefore, ask yourself who is being targeted how the ideas are organized and the tone.
by the piece.
In looking at all of these elements it is clear that they are
interdependent. It is up to you to use your understanding
Purpose of these elements to assess any type of discourse.
Remember that even after you have made your selection
Whenever someone writes or speaks there is always an of the pieces that you will use you will have to examine
intention behind it. Writers or speakers usually have a them again for the reflections as well as the report. It is
clear idea of what their purpose is and they will employ therefore essential that you have good pieces so that you
the strategies that they believe will achieve their purpose. can have substantial ideas to discuss
It is also important to have some understanding of the
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of

St. Hugh’s High School
! Email: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
Tuesday, December 12, 2017
MATHEMATICS Lesson 13
with Kamau Karenga
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Greetings one and We shall now look at the concept of gradient. Solution 2
all! Today we look
at aspects of CO-
GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE a) First, we write out the coordinates
of P and Q one above the other: P (1 , 2)
ORDINATE GEOMETRY The gradient of a line is the slope of the line or the ‘steepness’, the
as defined in the rate of incline. A positive slope is one that increases from left to with space for M in the middle: M(4,6)
“CARTESIAN PLANE” right, and we calculate the slope by examining the rise/run. It is easy to visualise;
(i.e. graph paper). rise change in y the average of 1 and 7 is 4,
m = ––––– ➨ this is also expressed as m = ––––––––––––– the average of 10 and 2 is 6. Q (7 , 10)
The French run change in x
mathematician ∆y Co-ordinates of the mid-point M are ( 4 , 6 )
➨ or m = –––––
Renee Descartes is ∆x
credited with the y2 – y1 b) If we call point P the first point and point Q the second
also m = –––––––– point, then the length of line formula becomes:
quotation, “I think x2 – x 1 ____________________________
therefore I am” An increasing function (from left to right) has a positive gradient. Length = √ ( x2 – x1 )2 + ( y2 – y1 )2
(Je pense, donc je
A decreasing function (from left to right) has a negative gradient.
suis). He is also the
inventor of the Example 1
Cartesian Co-ordinate R e ne e D e s c a r t es a) Find the gradient of the line AB where A is at (– 3, 2)
system. 1596 – 1650 and B is found at (3, 4)
b) Find the equation of the line AB.
The Cartesian plane is a system we use where a horizontal ‘x – axis’ Solution 1
and a vertical ‘y – axis’ are drawn on graph paper, and used as
y2 – y1
reference lines. The point where the two reference lines meet is a) Using the relationship m = –––––––
x2 – x1
called the ORIGIN or point (0, 0). Points can therefore be plotted at
unique positions on this plane. and taking point A to be point 1 and point B to be point 2:
For example, the points A(– 3, 2), B(3, 4) and C(– 2, – 1) represent (4) – (2) 2 1
We get m = ––––––––– ➨ m = ––– ➨ or m = ––
specific positions on the plane. Notice that the x value is ALWAYS (3) – (–3) 6 3
placed to the left and the y value is ALWAYS placed to the right (x, b) Since we have the gradient of the line,
y). Point B is found 3 units to the right of the y axis, and 4 units we know that y = 1/3 x + c, __________________________
above the x axis. It represents a single point, not two points on the where the c represents the y intercept. Length = √(7 – 1 )2 + ( 10 – 2 )2
axes. Point A is found 3 units to the left of the y axis (− 3) and 2 units _____________
above the x axis (+2).
– We also know that the line passes through points A and B,
➨ Length = √ (6)2 + (8)2
therefore the co-ordinates of these two points must satisfy _________
–
the equation.
If we substitute the coordinates of A or B into the equation
➨ Length = √ 36 + 64
_____
y = 1/3 x + c, we will get an equation with only one
unknown, which is c.
➨ Length = √ 100
– Using point A ➨ (2) = 1/3 (– 3) + c ➨ (2) = –1 + c
➨ Length of line PQ = 10 units
➨ we get c = 3
The equation is therefore y = 1/3 x + 3.
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
NOTE: If there is a graph of the line that we are describing, we can
examine the graph to see where the line crosses the y axis Lines that are parallel will always have the same direction and the
and therefore find the y intercept without calculations. same gradient. If two parallel lines have the same y intercept, they
are called co-linear (they lie on top of each other).
MID-POINT OF A LINE
Perpendicular lines have gradients which have a product of –1.
The mid-point of a line is found by finding the average of the two x
coordinates and the average of the two y coordinates.
If m is the gradient of a line
This may be written in the form: M and mp is the gradient of a perpendicular line,
It is very important that the student has a solid understanding of
then the product m × mp = – 1
the principles of plotting points. It may seem basic, but it is critical If the points are written as co-ordinates, one above the other with
to the application of other related techniques. Solving for mp ➨ mp = – 1/m
space for the mid-point between them, you will be better able to
visualize the averaging process.
The line AB is a straight line passing through A and B and extending This tells us that to get the gradient of a perpendicular line, invert
beyond A and B in both directions. We now explore the equation of LENGTH OF A LINE the gradient and change the sign.
a straight line and how to determine the unique equation of a
particular line. The length of a line is found using the Pythagoras Theorem. This Example 3
theorem states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse of a
y = mx + c triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
The coordinates of points D and F are D (3, 5) and F (9, 3)
We will be looking closer at Pythagoras theorem later; for now, we
The equation of a straight line is y = mx + c where m is the gradient work with the length of line formula.
a) Find the equation of the line passing through D and F.
or slope of the line and c is the y intercept, or the point where the _____________________________
line crosses the y axis. For example, y = – 3 x +5 is the equation of a Length of line = √ ( x2 – x1 )2 + ( y2 – y1 )2
b) Calculate the coordinates of the mid-point E.
straight line with a gradient of – 3 and a y intercept of 5. If the Example 2
equation is written: 2y = – 6 x + 10 or 2y + 6x = 10, the gradient is c) Find the equation of a line which is the perpendicular
still – 3 and the y intercept is still 5. In other words, the equation a) Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point M
bisector of points D and F.
of the points P (1, 2) and Q (7, 10).
must have y as the subject of the formula for us to ‘read off’ the
gradient and the y intercept directly from the equation. b) Find the length of the line PQ. J OL MA TH EM A TI CS co n t i n u e s o n n e xt pa g e
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, December 12, 2017 Page 1
J O L M AT H EM AT I CS c on t i n u e d fr om pr e v i ou s pa ge
Solution 3 b) The equation of the line PK is of the form y = mx + c.
EVALUATION We need to determine c, we already have m = 1⅓
a) First, we find the gradient of D F using the relationship: We could substitute the values of x1 = 6 and y1 = 6
y2 – y1 The line PK passes through the points P (6, 6) and K (0, − 2).
m = –––––––– into the equation y = (11⅓) x + c
x2 – x1 Determine:
and solve for c
3–5 –2 OR If we recognize that point K(0, −2) lies on the y axis,
m = –––––––– ➨ m = –––– a) The gradient of the line, PK. then y = (11⅓) x − 2 is the equation of the line.
9–3 6
b) The equation of the line, PK c) The mid-point is found
–1
➨ m = ––– by lining up the coordinates P ( 6, 6 )
3 the average of 6 and 0 is 3 (6 ÷ 2) M(3,2)
c) The mid-point of the line segment, PK
–1 the average of 6 and − 2 is 2 (4 ÷ 2) K ( 0, − 2 )
The equation is therefore: y = –––– x + c The mid-point of line segment PK is (3, 2)
3
d) The length of the line segment, PK.
b) The mid-point is found by d) The length of the line segment PK is found by:
lining up the coordinates: D (3, 5) ________________________
SOLUTION Length = √ (6 – 0)2 + (– 2 – 6)2
the average of 3 and 9 is 6 (12 ÷ 2) E (6,4) ______________
➨ Length = √ (6)2 + (–8)2
the average of 5 and 3 is 4 (8 ÷ 2) F (9, 3) ∆y y2 – y1 _________
a) The gradient is defined as m = ––––– or m = –––––
∆x x2 – x 1 ➨ Length = √ 36 + 64
Coordinates of the mid-point E are (6, 4)
_____
c) The line perpendicular to DE has a gradient of 3; If we label the points P and K as ➨ Length = √ 100
–1 P (6, 6) 1 and K (0, −2) 2
(invert the –––– and change the sign)
3 Then y2 = − 2, y1 = 6, x2 = 0 and x1 = 6 ➨ Length = 100 ➨ Length of PK = 10 units
The equation will be y = 3 x + c This is the final lesson that will appear in print. In the New Year we
The ‘bi-sector’ cuts in half, passes down the middle. y2 – y1 –2–6 will appear in ‘cyberspace’, in the electronic Observer. For anyone
Substituting the mid-point (6, 4) yields ➨ (4) = 3 × (6) + c Substituting into m = –––––––– ➨ m = –––––––– who has access to the internet, it means the Study Centre is free. It
x2 – x1 0–6
➨ (4) = 18 + c will be available on all your electronic devices and it means you
–8
➨ 4 – 18 = c ➨ m = ––––– = 4/3 won’t miss any lessons. Spread the word, we are going
➨ c = – 14 –6
“worldwide”. Peace and Love.
Equation of line (perpendicular bisector of D and F)
➨ y = 3 x – 14 ➨ Gradient of PK = 4/3 or = 1⅓
WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm


SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 13
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND

DENSITY
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
1. Explain and use the following concepts: Population growth, natural increase, fertility rate, infant mortality
rate, work
2. Explain the difference between population density and population distribution
3. Calculate population density
4. Interpret population pyramids
5. Outline at least four factors influencing population distribution
6. Examine the effects of population change
Some places are sparsely populated and some are densely populated. Places that are sparsely populated contain few
people. Places that are densely populated contain many people.
Population Distribution is the pattern of where people or the geographical location of where the people in a county
live. The geographical pattern (such as mountainous/flat land) usually determines where the people in a country live.
Population Density is the average number of people living in every square kilometer of an area or in a country. It gives
policy makers an idea of how many persons are in a particular area. The answer is usually represented in the form of
a ratio.
FORMULA FOR CALCULATING POPULATION DENSITY

Population Density = Total Population PD = TP/A (sq km) / PD =TP: A sq. km
Area (sq km)
EXAMPLE:
Country A has a population of 30,000 people; the country area is 1000 sq.km. What is the Population Density?
PD = TP : A sq. km
PD = 30,000 : 1000
1000 1000
PD = 30 : 1
= 30 per sq.km.
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
Explanation: For every square kilometre of land in Country A, an average of 30 persons are there.
NOTE: Not everywhere in a country will have the same number of persons as some areas may have more or less
persons. This is why the answer given is usually an average.
ACTIVITY 1
Calculate the population density of the following countries.
1. Country A has a population of 28,000 people; the country area is 800 sq.km. _________
2. Country B has a population of 8,000 people; the country area is 100 sq.km. _________
3. Country C has a population of 36,000 people; the country area is 2000 sq.km. _________
4. Country D has a population of 24,000 people; the country area is 400 sq.km. _________
5. Country E has a population of 10,000 people; the country area is 50 sq.km. _________
FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION DENSITY/DISTRIBUTION

There are a number of factors influencing population density. Some of these factors are: Relief of the Land/physical
factors; Urban and Sub-Urban influence; Ability of Physical Resources and Industrial Influence; Influence of
agriculture/soil type; Availability of Infrastructure; climate and natural vegetation.
Relief of the Land/physical factors

Most persons prefer to live in areas where the land is flat or gently sloping than land with rugged terrain, steep slopes
or land that is swampy or mountainous. This is because it is easier and cheaper to build on flat or gently sloping land
than land that is steep or rocky. For example: A large number of persons live in Liguanea in St. Andrew and in Portmore
in St. Catherine while fewer persons live in the Blue Mountains in St. Andrew or in the Cockpit country.
Urban and Sub-Urban influence

The urban areas (such as Kingston and St. Andrew) and areas close to the urban areas (Portmore) are usually densely
populated because of the availability of service industries, government jobs, financial institutions, manufacturing
plants among other businesses which all provide opportunities to earn a living. Other factors include: housing
development, better educational and health facilities and other social facilities, which are lacking or inadequate in
the rural areas. In addition, the development of tourism in major towns has resulted in areas such as Montego Bay,
Ocho Rios and Port Antonio having high population densities.
Availability of Physical Resources and Industrial Influence

Most persons prefer to live close to their place of work. The mining of physical resources such as minerals usually result
in the development of industries which leads to employment opportunities, higher pay jobs and higher standard of
living. The subsequent construction of homes in and around these areas often results in high population densities. For
example: the mining of bauxite in Mandeville has resulted in the area experiencing moderate to high population density.

Influence of agriculture/soil type

Fertile soil is suitable for the growth of agricultural crops. Agricultural areas usually have a moderate population
density because of the availability of large acres of land for cultivation (for subsistence as well as to sell and earn a
living) and available water supplies (springs, river and rain water).
Availability of Infrastructure
People usually prefer to live in areas where they have access to certain comforts such as water, electricity, telephone,
internet access, postal services, educational institutions, health facilities, entertainment facilities, police stations, good
roads and access to transportation instead of areas where these comforts do not exist.
Climate
Climate is the average weather condition of a place over a long period of time. More people usually live in areas where
the climate is hospitable. On the other hand areas that experience very hot or cold temperatures, frequent droughts
or excessive rainfall are usually sparsely populated.
Natural Vegetation
Areas that experience a lot of rainfall are usually forested. These areas are usually sparsely populated because the
areas are too steep and inaccessible.
POPULATION GROWTH
The population of a country also changes because of the growth of the population either through natural increase or
immigration. Population growth refers to the increase in the population. Population growth is affected by:
• Natural factors where there are more births also called natural rate of increase.
• Net migration where immigration (movement in the country) exceeds emigration
(movement out of the country).
Natural Increase in the population is affected by:

• fertility rates
• infant mortality rate
• life expectancy of the population
FERTILITY RATE
Fertility rate refers to the number of live births per one thousand for women in the 15 – 45 age group. It is also
referred to as the number of children an average woman will have in her lifetime.
Fertility rate is usually higher in developing, low-income countries especially among the farming population and the
unemployed where it is believed that children should care for their parents in their old age. In developed countries
or in modern urbanized communities most families prefer to have only a few children because:
(1) childcare is seen as a huge responsibility and
(2) women believe that they should have a pension which would provide for them in their old age.

LIFE EXPECTANCY
Life expectancy is the average age a person can expect to live to in a particular area. Life expectancy can be used as an
indicator of the overall ‘health’ of a country. From this figure you can determine many features of a country e.g. standard
of living. The higher the life expectancy the healthier (or more developed) a country is.
ACTIVITY 2
Instruction: Answer the questions below. Share your responses with your classmates before looking at the answer
sheet.
1. What does the term dependency ratio mean?
2. Write two positive effects and two negative effects of population/demographic change.
3. List five factors affecting fertility rate.
4. List five factors affecting life expectancy
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY #1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
35 80 18 60 200
ACTIVITY #2
1. The dependency ratio also referred to, as the ‘total dependency ratio’ is a measure showing the number of
dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF POPULATION/ DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
POPULATION/DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
• An increase in the dependency ratio reduces a country’s prosperity
• More investors may want to because the persons who are economically active
invest in the country (employed/self-employed) would be supporting too many persons who
are consuming instead of producing wealth.
• Increase in the country’s level of • Pressure is placed on health services, educational services and other
prosperity: if a country’s social services
population decreases after a • Housing problems where some persons may not be able to afford
period of increase, it reduces the suitable housing and may build shanty towns and temporary dwellings
number of persons who on land that doesn’t belong to them
need social services such as • If an area becomes densely populated pressure is also placed on the
health care, education and so on. availability of land
• Unemployment, underemployment and unequal income distribution
• Out of desperation, the unemployed may turn to crime, or other
unproductive activities
3) Factors affecting Fertility Rate 4) Factors Affecting Life Expectanc
3 The availability of jobs as well as income for the 3 Cost and availability of medical care
persons in the population especially women
3 The amount of wages or salaries earned
3 Persons awareness about family planning as well
as persons willingness to take family planning 3 Individual’s standard of living
3 Religious beliefs of persons 3 Diet and nutrition
3 The education levels of the population 3 Stress Levels
3 The standard of living of the people 3 Exercise
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of

St. Andrew Technical High School
! Email: charmief2@yahoo.com

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Lesson 13
with
Shandeen Robinson-White
DATABASE & EXAM STRATEGIES
Objectives:
! explain what examiners are looking for from you

the candidate
What are the examiners looking for?
As an examiner, we find that candidates perform worst on database compared to the other applications. We believe
this could be as a result of a number of factors, such as:
1. database is usually taught last and as such it does not get the same amount of time as the other applications
2. students find it difficult to relate to its abstract nature
However, as the examiner, we look for the skills outlined in your syllabus. You should be able to generate reports
using report generating facilities of the database package, including use of:
1. sorting
2. grouping
3. statistical and summary features, for example, count, sum and average
Let us look at some examples, using the report that was created in lesson 12.
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
SORTING IN DATABASE:
SORTING IN DATABASE:
If the question has asked you to sort the records on a particular field, that is what the examiner
will be looking for. Now, remember, you can sort the records in the query design or in the report
itself.
Diagram 1 below is showing a report that was not sorted.
Looking at the fields you will notice that the data are in no particular order (neither ascending nor descending). Let
us sort it in descending order by Tuition. See diagrams below.
In the query design view, in

the sort row of the design
grid, descending is selected.

See the data under the
Tuition field is now sorted
You will be happy to know that, once you make corrections to your query design, and then save
the changes, these changes will be reflected in the report as well (after you have refreshed the
report). Another benefit of creating the report from a query.
Hence, the examiner will look to see whether the records are sorted by the Tuition field in descending order. This
could value up to 2 marks.
GROUPING DATA:
Grouping the data in a database report, will then enable you to create summary data. Look at an example below. In
this example, you are to group the data based on grade. Note that, the records could be grouped by gender as well.
The field on which the records

will be grouped.

This is what the report would look like:
Grouping levels
This report could have asked you to sort the records by last name for each group.
STATISTICAL AND SUMMARY FEATURES
This is usually done when you have grouping in a report. See diagram below:
This is where we select the

summary options feature

Select the summary data you

were told to include. Click Ok.
The final report would look like the one below.
Summary details
included

The examiners are not so much interested in the actual figures. We look to ensure that it is grouped on the correct
field and that the summary data are included. As for the total figures, you would lose the most one (1) mark, and
that is if it was being tested at the time.
END OF TERM TEST
Answer ALL the questions that follow.
Question 1
Name the output devices A, B, C and D using the words from the list.
Question 2
Name the input devices A, B, C and D using the words from the list
Question 3
A school keeps records of every student including details of their names, addresses, phone numbers and dates of
birth. Using this information, define the terms file, field and record.

Question 4
A car showroom uses a database to store information about the cars it has sold. Part of this database is shown
above.
(a) Which field stores Boolean data?
(b) Give one reason why this data type is used.
(c) Which field stores numeric data?
(d) Give one reason why this data type is used.
Question 5
The manager of a bookshop uses a database to store data about the books she sells. This is part of the database.
(a)How many fields are there in this part of the database?

(b) How many records are there in this part of the database?
(c) The records shown are to be sorted in ascending order of Number in stock. What will be the title of the book
which will be the first record in the database after it has been sorted?
(d) What is the title of the book which has no more than 12 copies in stock and is not Fiction?

(a) Which row contains labels?

(b) Give the cell reference of the cell that contains 0-74-879116-7.
(c) Give the cell reference of a cell that contains numeric data.
(d) Write down the formula which has been entered in cell F2.
Question 10
Complete each sentence below using appropriate IT terminologies/concepts learned:
(a) ____________ is used to input data about products at a POS.

(b) ____________ is used to produce high quality hard copy.
(c) ____________ sends data to a microprocessor in a washing machine.
(d) ____________ is used to input freehand drawings to a computer.
(e) ____________ is used to output sounds from the computer.
Questions like these are testing knowledge and understanding. You must know the answers. Continue reading your
textbook and the Jamaica Observer Lecture series booklet, 3rd edition for more information. Now, let us review your
responses:
(1) A - Multimedia projector;

B – Speakers;
C – Motor;
D - Dot matrix printer
(2) A - Trackerball; B - Digital camera; C - Light pen; D - Joystick

(3) A file is a collection of records/all the students’ names, addresses, phone numbers and dates of birth;
A field is one item of information/name/address/phone number/date of birth;
A record is all the information about one student/name, address, phone number and date of birth of one student
(4) A - Air conditioning (Y/N);

B - One from: The field only contains Y or N (two possibilities); It saves time entering data; It reduces errors when inputting

data; It’s easier to validate; It saves storage space for the file;
C - Number sold;
D - One from: Might need to calculate total of all cars sold; Easier to validate; Might need to produce a graph; Can easily find
bestselling make.
(5) A - 4; B - 7; C - The Old Curiosity Shop; D - The Moon’s a Balloon
(6) A – T; B – F; C – T; D – T; E–F
(7) Any Four from: ROM cannot be changed/RAM can be changed;

RAM can be read from and written to;
ROM is read only memory and RAM is random access memory;
ROM holds instructions that need to be unchanged such as BIOS/program cycles in a washing
machine/program instructions in games;
RAM holds the work that is being currently done by the user;
ROM is non-volatile/RAM is volatile
(8) A - Magnetic stripe; B - Magnetic ink characters; C – Chip; D - Optical marks; E - Bar code
(9) (a) 1 (b) A4 (c) Any cell in the range B2 to F5 (d) (=) D2*E2
(10) A bar code reader;

A laser printer;
A temperature sensor;
A graphics tablet; A speaker
Check your answers. How many did you get correct?
This is where we will stop for this term. See you in 2018. Keep practising.
Word for the wise: ‘I don’t have the time’ is the grown-up version of ‘the dog ate my homework’. Don’t look for
excuses; instead look for answers.
Shandeen Robinson-White is on staff at Maths Unlimited - 960 8701 and Hillel Academy. You may email them her at
teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com.
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with

Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.
! Email: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com

HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 13
with
Leroy Munroe
THE TEETH
Objectives:

1. State the importance of the teeth
2. Identify the different types of teeth in humans
3. Explain the dental formula in humans
4. Draw and identify the internal and external
structures of the teeth
5. State the causes of dental caries and peridontitis
and how they should care for their teeth
digestive juices.
The teeth are a group of hard organs found in the mouth.
They are the hardest substances in our body. We use them
to bite and chew that start the process in the digestion of
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEETH AND THEIR
our food. The actions of the teeth increase the surface area FUNCTION
of the food in the mouth. This gives the digestive enzymes
a greater access to the food, hence its role in the digestive Humans have four different types of teeth, they are as
process. Humans usually develop two sets of teeth during follows:
their lifetime. They are the primary teeth also called the
‘baby’, ‘milk’ or deciduous teeth and the permanent also The incisors or “cutting teeth”
called the adult or secondary teeth. Children have twenty The incisors are the four front teeth in both the upper and
(20) primary or deciduous teeth that are replaced by lower jaw bone. They consist of sharp edges that are made
permanent or secondary teeth by the age of thirteen (13). for cutting and biting of food. Incisors are broad, flat teeth
Adults have thirty- two (32) permanent teeth that replaced with narrow edges that shape like a chisel. The incisors
the milk teeth by age fourteen (14). cut the food and push it to the premolars and molars with
help from the tongue. There are eight (8) incisors in total.
Teeth are held firmly in the jaw bone by the cementum.
Teeth are used for the mastication of food. Mastication is
Canine or “eye teeth”
the mechanical or physical breakdown or chewing of food
These are the sharpest teeth in your mouth that are used
into smaller particles. The teeth are used to prepare the
for ripping and tearing your food a part. They are longest,
food for the digestive juices; these juices cannot act, or
only act slowly, on large morsels of food. Small particles
of food are needed for quick and efficient digestion by the JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
strongest and most stable teeth in the mouth. They are STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
thick and come to a single sharp point. The canines are
found on both sides of the incisors in the lower and upper OF THE TOOTH
jaw bones. There are two in the lower bone and two jaw
bone a total of four (4). The crown is the top part of the tooth, and the only part
you can normally see, this is the part of the tooth that
projects above the gum; it is the grinding surface of a
Premolar tooth.
These have flat surface that are used for biting. These are The enamel is the outer biting surface of the tooth; it is
a cross between the canines and molar teeth. They not the hard white substance covering the crown of the tooth.
only have sharp points for piercing and ripping, but also It is the part you are looking at when a person smiles with
have a broader surface for chewing and grinding the food you. The enamel is the hardest substance produced in the
into small pieces. These are found beside the canine; they body and is resistant to decay. This is important for the
are eight (8) in total. prevention of wear and tear. It is mainly made of calcium
phosphate, a very hard substance.
Molar
The dentine consists of the bulk of the tooth and is found
Molars have a large surface with pits and grooves that
beneath the enamel. It supports the enamel on your teeth.
make them perfect for crushing, grinding and chewing
It is a yellow bone-like material that is softer than the
your food into small morsels. These are the last three teeth
enamel and carries some of the nerve fibres that tell you
in the upper and lower jaw on both sides of the mouth.
when something is going wrong inside your tooth. The
There are twelve (12) in total. The third molars are called
dentine surrounds the pulp cavity. The dentine is made of
wisdom teeth.
living cells like bone which secrete a hard mineral
substance. It is not as hard or resistant to decay as the
HUMAN DENTITION enamel.
The pulp cavity is a living tissue, called pulp, which

The human dental formula contains blood vessels and nerves that runs throughout
the cavity. The blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients in
The dentition of any animal can be written as a dental for the cells and remove waste products. The nerve endings
are connected to the brain and sensitivity to and from the
formula, and the dental formula for human dentition is:
tooth. An opening into the pulp cavity allows entry for the
blood vessels and nerves; this opening becomes very small
The milk dentition (six months to approximately six
when the tooth stops growing, and the root is then said
years old).
to be closed.
1 0 The root is that part of the tooth which is embedded in

Incisor 2 canine premolar 2 molar
2 1 2 0 the jaw bone. The root is covered in ‘cement’, another
bone-like substance, and outside the cement is a
periodontal membrane, which fixed the tooth in its socket.
The permanent dentition formula (these are the
It helps to attach the tooth to the bones in your jaw. The
permanent teeth).
cementum is a layer of connective tissue that binds the
roots of the teeth firmly to the gum and jawbone.
2 2 3
Incisor 2 canine 1 premolar molar
1 2 3
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

Cross Section of a molar tooth

CAUSES OF TOOTH DECAY

minerals are being lost faster than they are being regained.
DENTAL CARIES The longer carbohydrates and sugar stays near the
bacteria on the tooth, the more acids are produced. Sweet
sticky foods that contain sugar, such as cakes, raisins,
Dental caries is the medical term used to describe tooth biscuits, sweets and so on especially between meals are
decay or a cavity. It is caused by specific bacteria that harmful. They produce acid that damage your teeth. These
produce acids that destroy the tooth enamel. This causes along with other foods pack into crevices of the tooth and
demineralization or decalcification and destruction of the cause decay. Banana and other chips are a perfect example.
hard tissues of the tooth including the enamel, dentine When you eat a handful of chips do you realise how long
and cementum. Bacteria always live in the mouth of you have to work to get all the stuck bits out from
between the crevices of your teeth. The molars and
humans. They build up on the teeth in a sticky film called
premolars with plenty of nooks and crannies trap these
plaque. This plaque contains saliva, bits of food, and other
food particles, hence the reason they tend to have more
substances. People who live on a natural diet such as raw cavities than canine and incisors.
fish and meat with fibrous vegetables normally do not
suffer from tooth decay or dental cavities. The reason Once the decay breaks through the enamel causing a
cavity, it is permanent, meaning it cannot be reversed. This
being, these foods do not contain carbohydrates.
is because the acid destroys the calcium salts in the
The early sign of dental caries is a small patch of enamel and dentine making small holes called cavity. Every
demineralized (softened) enamel at the tooth surface, time you eat, these holes gather and hold more and more
often hidden from your sight in the grooves of teeth food, thus the enamel and dentine of the teeth are quickly
(mainly premolars and molars) or in between the teeth. destroyed by the same process. The damaged dentine
The destruction spreads into the softer, sensitive part of starts toothache and becomes worse as the holes enter the
the tooth beneath the enamel to the dentine. The pulp cavity where the nerve endings and blood vessels are
weakened enamel then collapses to form a cavity and the found.
tooth is progressively destroyed. Dental caries can also
This may lead to the entry of bacteria. These bacteria will
attack the roots of teeth should they become exposed by
enter the blood stream where it will cause ill health due
gum recession.
to blood poisoning. Abscess or gum boil may be formed in
The bacteria that are found in your mouth turn sugar and the root of the tooth because of the presence of the
bacteria. Dental caries is painful and makes the teeth
carbohydrates (starches) in the foods you eat into acid in
response to hot or cold food. A dentist must clean out the
a process called fermentation. This acid starts the process decay and fill the cavity. Left untreated, the decay will get
of dental cavities or tooth decay by dissolving the minerals worse. That’s why it is important to treat caries at a very
in the hard enamel that erodes and develop pits. At first, early stage, when the process can be reversed.
these pits are too small to be seen, but they get larger over
time. Acid can also seep through pores in the enamel to PERIODONTAL DISEASE
begin the process of decay in the softer dentine layer, the
main body of the tooth. As the enamel and dentine break
Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental plaque,
down, it creates a cavity in the tooth. If the decay is not a sticky substance that form on your teeth a few hours
removed, bacteria will continue to grow and produce acid after you have brushed them. Interestingly, it is your
that will eventually reach the inner layer of the tooth that body’s response to bacterial infection that causes most of
contains the soft pulp and sensitive nerve fibers. the problem with periodontal disease. The body, in an
Dental caries begins inside the tooth enamel when JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
effort to eliminate the bacteria, the cells of your immune bones. Periodontitis is more serious than gingivitis
system release substances that cause inflammation and because the tissues that hold the teeth to the bone is
destruction of the gums and periodontal ligaments. This destroyed, causing tooth roots to be exposed and
leads to swollen, bleeding gums; this is an early sign of increasing decay, inflammation and receding gums,
gingivitis and loosing of teeth a sign of severe resulting in possible tooth loss.
periodontitis. Periodontal are gum diseases that include
gingivitis and periodontitis. These are serious periodontal Some signs and symptoms of periodontists include:
diseases. swollen gum, bright red or purplish gum, gum feels tender
when touched, gum pulls away from your teeth (recede),
Gingivitis is inflammation of the surface portion of the making your teeth look longer than normal, new spaces
gums, around and between the crowns of the teeth. developing between your teeth, bad breath and loose
Plaque and tartar build-up can lead to gingivitis. It causes
tooth. Good oral hygiene is needed to keep plaque away.
the gum to become red and swollen, and may bleed easily.
Flossing, brushing and visiting the dentist at least twice
Gingivitis is often caused by inadequate oral hygiene. It
can be reversed with daily brushing and flossing and yearly will help to keep plaque away. Flossing and
regular cleaning by a dentist. Untreated gingivitis can brushing will not remove all the plaque so visiting the
advance to periodontitis. With time, plaque can spread and dentist is important to have a good oral hygiene.
grow below the gum line. Toxins produced by the bacteria
in plaque will irritate the gums.
Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages the

How to care for your teeth
soft tissues and destroys the bone that supports the teeth.
Periodontitis can cause tooth loss or even more serious 1. Brush your teeth twice daily and floss at least once.
health problems such as an increased risk of heart attack Brushing and flossing helps to remove the plaque and
or stroke. Periodontitis is common but it is preventable. It food particles from the surface and in between the
usually results in poor oral hygiene. Brushing your teeth crevices of the teeth.
at least twice daily, flossing and getting regular checkups
from a dentist can reduce the chances of getting this 2. Replace your toothbrush at least every two months or
disease. Periodontitis begins with plaque, a sticky when the bristles become frayed or worn
colourless film that is comprised mainly of bacteria.
3. Use fluoride toothpaste and antibacterial mouth wash
The build-up of plaque below the gum-line leads to such as Listerine is another way to help keep tooth
inflammation of the gums. As the gum tissues become decay at bay.
more swollen, they detach from the tooth forming a space,
or “pocket,” between the tooth and gums. Plaque forms 4. Eat nutritious and well-balanced meals. Choose a
on your teeth when starches and sugars in food interact variety of nutritious foods from the five main groups:
with bacteria normally found in your mouth. If plaque is grains, dairy, fruits, vegetables and meat.
allowed to build up on your teeth, overtime then become
5. Visit the dentist at least every six months for oral
calcified or hardened it can harden and turn into tartar.
health checkups and professional cleaning.
Tartar also may form as a result of the mineral content of
your saliva. Tartar makes plaque more difficult to be
6. Eat foods containing calcium and vitamins C and D
removed and acts as storage for bacteria. You cannot get
rid of tartar by brushing and flossing alone your teeth
must be cleaned by a dentist to remove it. Leroy Munroe is on staff of the
Trench Town Polytechnic College
If left untreated, periodontitis can develop causing ! Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
irreversible damage to the gums, teeth and surrounding

PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 13
with
Tedmore Clarke
BAD DEBTS
Where a business finds it impossible to collect a debt, that amount should be written off as bad. This means that the
debt will be ‘called a loss’, and should be treated as an expense of the firm.
To write off a debt as bad:
DR Bad debts
CR Debtor
At the end of the trading period, the total of bad debts written off in the period should be transferred to the profit and
loss account:
DR Profit and Loss
CR Bad Debts
EXERCISE
On January 1, 2015 the following balances appeared in the Sales Ledger of J. Watson:
$
H. Amos 200
L. King 300
G. Avery 720
H. Smith 800
Amos was declared bankrupt and could not pay anything. King was unable to pay in cash and so he offered fixtures
valued at $200 in part payment on March 31, 2015, but the balance was deemed to be irrecoverable. On April 10, 2015,
Avery paid in a cheque for $300, plus $200 in cash, but it became obvious that the balance was not forthcoming. Smith
managed to pay cash equivalent to 80 cents in the dollar, on May 15, 2015, but the outstanding amount was considered
bad.
On December 31, 2015, when preparing the final accounts, it was decided to write off these outstanding balances as
bad debts.
REQUIRED: Prepare the necessary entries in the following:

a) the individual personal accounts
b) the Bad Debts Account
c) the Profit and Loss Account Extract
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
TUTORIAL NOTES
i) Debtors have debit balances.
ii) Amounts received should be credited to the debtors’ accounts.
iii) The phrase ‘80 cents in the dollar’ means that for every dollar owed by the customer, the firm received
80 cents. Thus the total amount received would be $640 (i.e. $800 x $0.80).
The Books of J. Watson
DR H. Amos A/C CR
2015 $ 2015 $
Jan 1 Balance b/f 200 Dec 31 Bad Debts 200
DR L. King A/C CR
2015 $ 2015 $
Jan 1 Balance b/f 300 Mar 31 Fixtures 200
___ Dec 31 Bad Debts 100
300 300
DR G. Avery A/C CR
2015 $ 2015 $
Jan 1 Balance b/f 720 Apr 10 Bank 300
Apr 10 Cash 200
720 720
DR H. Smith A/C CR
2015 $ 2015 $
Jan 1 Balance b/f 800 May 15 Cash 640
800 800

DR Bad Debts A/C CR

2015 $ 2015 $
Dec 31 H. Amos 200 Dec 31 Profit & Loss 680
Dec 31 L. King 100
Dec 31 G. Avery 220
Dec 31 S. Hill 160 ___
680 680
DR Profit & Loss Account Extract for year ended December 31, 2015 CR
$
Bad Debts 680
BAD DEBTS RECOVERED

This is where money is being received for a debt that was previously written off as bad. There are three alternative
ways in which the recovery of a bad debt may be recorded.
Alternative: Here the amount recovered is simply credited directly to the bad debts account, thereby reducing bad
debts for the current year:
DR Cash/Bank
CR Bad Debts
Alternative 2: In this case, the recovery of the debt is credited to a bad debts recovered account, and then
transferred to the profit and loss account.
To record the recovery:
DR Cash/Bank
CR Bad Debts Recovered
At the end of the trading period, the total amount recovered in the period is transferred to the profit and loss
account:
DR Bad Debts Recovered
CR Profit and Loss
Thus, bad debts recovered should be regarded as revenue to the firm.

Alternative 3: Before the receipt can be recorded, the debt should first be reinstated (restored).
To reinstate the debt:
DR Debtor
CR Bad Debts Recovered
To record the receipt:
DR Cash/Bank
CR Debtor
At the end of the trading period, the total bad debts recovered in the period should be transferred to the credit of
the profit and loss account:
DR Bad Debts Recovered
CR Profit and Loss
EXERCISE
Assuming that the amount owed by Avery (above) was received in cash on April 10, 2016, show the necessary entries
to reflect this in the books.
SOLUTION (using alternative 3):
DR G. Avery A/C (with adjustments) CR

2015 $ 2015 $
Jan 1 Balance b/f 720 Apr 10 Bank 300
Apr 10 Cash 200
720 720
2016 2016
Apr 10 Bad Debts Recovered 220 Apr 10 Cash 220
DR Bad Debts Recovered A/C CR

2016 $ 2016 $
Dec 31 Profit & Loss 220 Apr 10 G. Avery 220
DR Profit & Loss Account Extract for year ended December 31, 2016 CR
$
Bad Debts Recovered 220
TUTORIAL NOTE
It is necessary to debit the debtor’s account in order to restore the debt, because his account was originally credited
with the entry for bad debt written off. The recovery of the debt therefore reverses the bad debt entry.
Next time we will focus on Provision for Bad Debts. Happy Holidays!
Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics

! Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com

INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 13
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ENERGY – PART 1
Hello students, in this the first of two lessons, we will

identify the various forms of energy, discuss energy
transformations and sources of energy.
What is Energy? The simplest definition of energy is “the

ability to do work”. Energy is how things change and
move. It is everywhere around us and takes all sorts of
forms. It takes energy to cook food, to drive to school, to
jump in the air, to sit quietly, and even to sleep.
A waterfall has both potential and kinetic energy.

The water at the top of the waterfall has stored potential
energy.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY

Energy exists in many different forms; however the two
categories under which all forms of energy fall are kinetic
energy and potential energy.
Potential energy is the stored energy in an object due of
its position whereas kinetic energy is the energy which a Once the water leaves the top of the waterfall, the
body possesses because of its motion. potential energy is changed into kinetic energy.
Energy can take a number of different forms. Here are
some examples:
Chemical energy comes from atoms and molecules and

how they interact. Examples of chemical energy are:
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
i. Wood is an easily available source of chemical

energy. Since ancient times, wood has been
burnt to give out heat and energy. The wood
decomposes to produce chemical energy.
ii. Coal is formed when excessive heat and
pressure under the earth surface act upon
rocks for millions of years. Coal is burned to
obtain chemical energy.
iii. Gasoline is burned in the combustion

chamber of the engine to produce chemical
energy.
iv. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants

convert the sun energy they receive into
chemical energy. This chemical energy is
stored in the food we eat.
Electrical energy
is generated by the movement of
electrons.
Gravitational energy
large objects such as the Earth and the
Sun create gravity and gravitational
energy.
Heat energy
is also called thermal energy. It comes
from molecules of different temperatures
interacting.
Light energy
is called radiant energy. The Earth gets a
lot of its energy from the light of the Sun.
Nuclear energy
huge amounts of nuclear energy can be
generated by splitting atoms.
Sonic energy
is the energy of sound waves. A sonic
boom, a song played on a stereo, your
voice.

Units of Measure for Energy

In physics, the standard unit of measure for energy is the joule which is abbreviated as J. There are other units of
measure for energy that are used throughout the world including kilowatt-hours, calories and newton-meters.
Law of Conservation of Energy

This law states that energy is never created or destroyed; it is only changed from one state to another.
Energy transformation is the change of energy from one form to another. Because the law of conservation of energy
states that energy is always conserved in the universe and simply changes from one form to another, many energy
transformations are taking place constantly.

Various Forms of Energy

RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE SOURCES
OF ENERGY
As humans we use a lot of energy to drive our cars, heat
and cool our houses, watch TV and more. All the types of
energy that we have discussed come from two sources.
These are renewable energy sources and nonrenewable
energy sources.
The alarm clock needs electricity to work. This electrical

energy changes to light energy, the time comes on; to heat
energy because the box feels hot after a while; and to
sound energy when the alarm goes off. The electrical
energy is not destroyed; it just changed to other forms of
energy.
Below are some examples of changing forms of energy:

A renewable energy source is one that can be replenished, this

means, its source cannot run out (like the sun) or can easily be
replaced (like wood, as we can plant trees to use for energy).
Examples of this include hydropower from turbines in a dam, wind
power from windmills, and solar power from the sun. The more
renewable power we use the better for our planet and for future
generations as they will not run out of resources someday.
Nonrenewable energy uses up resources that we cannot recreate,

they took millions of years to form, and will run out one day.
Non-renewable energy is energy from fossil fuels these are coal,
crude oil and natural gas. Some examples of this are gas to run our
car and coal burned in power plants. Once they are used, they are
gone forever. Uranium which is used to make nuclear energy is also
a non-renewable source of energy.
WATCH THE THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.
Until the next lesson, have a Merry Christmas and a productive start to the New Year.
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of

Excelsior High School
! Email: mgrey.xlcr@gmail.com

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 13
with
Simone Gibbs
HOW TO RESPOND TO POEMS
Good day to you all. For the past few weeks I have been
paying attention to drama. This week I will take a look at
poetry, which for many is the most difficult of the three
literary genres (the other two being drama and prose).
The following tips should help when you are doing poetry.
Approach with an open mind:

Too often students (and sometimes teachers) have a
negative view of poetry. They state that it is “too hard”
even before they start to read the poem. In that way,
persons approach poems with apprehension. Instead, try
to read poetry with an open mind: look at poetry as
something that you will enjoy and a tool that can enrich
your life. Pay attention to Figurative Devices:
Consider the title: When you begin to read the poem, take notice of the
literary devices. Each device is used for a particular reason.
Do not ignore the title; it can give a wealth of information Irony, for example, is used to highlight a situation where
about the contents of the poem. Before you begin reading something appears to be one way on the surface, but in
the stanzas (the divisions), consider what the title could actuality, it is otherwise. Also, you will be asked about
possibly mean, and what the poem could be about. these devices in the examination. You should be able to
identify, explain, give an example of, and make comments
Find out about the poet’s background: as to whether or not these devices have been used
effectively.
Note the poet’s name and do some research on when
he/she was born, where he/she was raised, some of the If you are uncertain, try to find out:
experiences he/she has had etc. These should give you
information about the contents of the poem. This might Don’t read the poem and skip over words and phrases that
only be applicable to the prescribed poems on Paper 2 of you don’t understand. You will have the time to search for
the examination as you will not have the opportunity to information regarding the prescribed poems on Paper 2.
do so for the poems on the Paper 1. You should still look In the case of Paper 1, where you are likely to be seeing
at the name of the poet on Paper 1. Although the poem this poem for the first time, try to use context clues, or the
might not be familiar to you, the name might be, and words and phrases around the difficult areas in the poem
knowledge of some of the issues that the poet has written to help you to understand the parts that you don’t
about in other literary work, could shed light on the poem
in the examination.
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, December 12, 2017 Page 38
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
understand. When you are knowledgeable about all the The persona describes what he sees when an aircraft that
words and phrases in the poem, the general meaning of he is on, lands in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Although Puerto
the poem will be clear to you. Rico is an island in the West Indies, it is a territory of the
U.S.A. As the aircraft descends on the “Dallas of the West
Why did the poet write? Indies”, San Juan seems to glitter “like a maverick’s gold
ring”. This suggests that the surroundings were
Poets are inspired to write when they are affected by an
immaculate. The tarmac is smooth and “U.S. patrol cars
experience that they have had. It might be a love
glide across” it, in order to ensure that none of the
relationship (It is the Constant Image of Your Face), or war
“desperate blacks” on the plane who might have a desire
(This is the Dark Time, My Love), or even attending a
to leave the aircraft and enter this U.S. territory, are
sporting event (Test Match Sabina Park). When you
successful. In fact, the pilot repeatedly advises the
understand what inspired the poet to write, it is likely to
passengers who are not disembarking to “stay on the
reveal the poet’s intent, or messages that he/she wants to
plane”. This advice seems like a warning.
convey. You might be asked about what possible
statements the poet wishes to make in the examination. The persona also notices the electric fence and the fact that
the “baggage trucks unload with fierce efficiency”.
There could be more than one meaning: Apparently, the airport in San Juan is the picture of
perfection. When the persona compares this airport with
Be aware that poems, and parts of poems, can have
the other West Indian airports that he has been to recently
various meanings. A poem entitled “The Tree”, for
(in Trinidad, Haiti and Antigua), they pale in comparison.
example, may be about a literal tree, but it could also be
It appears as if Puerto Rico is lucky to be a territory of the
about life, where the ‘branches’ represent various
great United States.
experiences that the speaker has had. Don’t be afraid to
offer your interpretation of particular aspects of the poem. As the plane leaves the airport and ascends, the persona
Try, however, not to be too extreme. Your interpretation notices something else: dilapidated dwellings juxtaposed
should be done after a careful assessment of the content with condominiums and fancy cars zipping past poor
and overall meaning of the poem. people pushing carts. Perhaps Puerto Rico is not paradise
after all. Although some persons there are living in luxury,
Identify similarities among the prescribed poems:
others are living in abject poverty. As a result, the persona
In response to the poems on Paper 2, you will be asked to concludes that all that glitters is not gold.
compare (and contrast) the poems that you have done.
While you are studying these poems, look for similar SOUTH
themes, issues and literary devices and make notes about
them. In this poem the persona is an adult who lives in a
Let us now consider three of the poems from the developed country or in the north (possibly the U.S.A. or
prescribed list, “South” by Kamau Braithwaite, “West Canada). Although he lives in the great north, he is not
Indies, U.S.A.” by Stewart Brown and “Sonnet Composed impressed by the stone structures in the big cities, nor the
upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802” by William cold climate that he experiences there. Instead he
Wordsworth. remembers the beautiful beaches that he walked on when
he was a child in the West Indies, or the south, and wishes
that he were there experiencing the different wonders that
WEST INDIES, U.S.A. he used to experience on the beach.
Because of his love for the sea/ocean, he feels oppressed

The title of this poem is rather conflicting. Geographically,
the West Indies and the United States of America are miles
apart. In this poem, however, the two are brought together. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
while he is in “this house in the forest”. Here, the only everywhere. Additionally, it was noisy and the streets
water that he comes in contact with is the “rain and the were filled with horses and carts which the people had to
tepid taste of the river”. The poet’s use of the word tepid side-step in order not to be overrun. Generally the city of
(which means unenthusiastic or lukewarm) suggests that London, in 1802, during the day, was a rather unpleasant
he does not admire rivers as much as he admires the place.
sea/ocean, nor is he as passionate about them. Still, he
envies the river because it eventually flows into the sea, This is the total opposite of what Wordsworth saw that
the very place he wants to be. early morning in September. In fact he does not see the
ugliness of the Industrial Age, but instead he observes not
Many people believe that life is better in developed only the beauty of the physical structures but also the
countries when compared to life in developing countries, beauty of nature as well, as can be seen from his
such as the islands of the West Indies. As a result, they comments about the fields, the sky, the sun and the river.
leave the islands and migrate to these developed countries
in order to experience this “better life”. Although some Based on the description of the city during the day, the
West Indians improve financially when they migrate to average person would dislike the city. The poet, however,
developed countries, many of them recall the experiences was able to dismiss the unpleasantness of the city and
they had in former years and long to return to the land appreciate its beauty when the city is “asleep”. From this
that they grew up in. poem the reader can see Wordsworth’s admiration for the
serenity and splendour of the city’s buildings as well as
It can be seen that the poet idealises life in the West Indies his respect and admiration for the natural environment.
as although he mentions the pain of slavery (a significant The reader can also come to the conclusion that ‘beauty is
feature of West Indian history), he also highlights the joy in the eye of the beholder’. In other words, different
of living there. The poet also contrasts the warmth of the people will find beauty in different things. What one
islands with the cold of the north. This implies that the person considers as beautiful, may not be the same for
West Indies is nurturing and friendly, while the lands of others.
the north are hostile. This is why he yearns to be in the
‘South’. I have explained in general what each poem is about. Can
you identify similarities among them? How are they
different? What literary devices has each poet used?
SONNET COMPOSED UPON WESTMINSTER
Consider these questions and jot down your responses.
BRIDGE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1802 These notes should provide content for you to write an
essay in the examination.
While crossing Westminster Bridge in a coach one early
morning the poet observes the city of London. In the early That’s the lesson for this week.
morning the city is quiet and, to the poet, beautiful. In Please join me for the next lesson.
fact, according to Wordsworth, there was nothing on earth
that could compare to London at that time and something Happy Holidays!
is wrong with anyone who is unmoved by such a sight.
Wordsworth marvels at how clean the air is, the silence
and how majestic the buildings appear to be.
This is in contrast to the city during the day. The period

within which the poem is written is significant. It is at the Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School
height of the Industrial Revolution. During this period ! Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
there were large factories which puffed out smoke.
Consequently, people who walked the city’s streets during
the day were buffeted with fumes. There was rubbish
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 13
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
ESSAY WRITING PRACTICE
Hello everyone. This is our final lesson for this semester

and I hope it has been an exciting first term for you. Today
we will focus on answering an essay question for module
2 as well as what you are expected to write for your
language analysis. Please note that you have been
preparing for it as last week’s lesson focused on extracts
geared toward content for this area. Let us look at the
answers for last week’s questions before we get into news report which communicates general information.
today’s lesson.
Dialectal Variation
1. We see that Angella is using non-standard structures

and can be highlighted by words such as “dem tings
dey”. As you would have noticed there is no voiceless
consonant of ‘things’ and ‘there’.
Language Registers 2. The mother is using Standard English and is

demonstrated by her use of correct subject-verb
agreement and pronunciation of her voiced ‘th’ words.
Let us look at the registers presented in the different
scenarios:
Attitudes to Language
1. Intimate – seen with the use of terms of endearment
like ‘honey’ and ‘boobee’. The writer of the article is not at all pleased with the fact
that the news was at some point being read in Patois and
2. Casual – obviously used between individuals who are notes that broadcasters at the media house have ‘fallen
familiar with each other. We see the use of and hit their heads very hard’. He is exhibiting much
nonstandard language that includes slangs such as contempt towards Patois being used in that context as he
‘dawg’ for friend and ‘ding’ for call. believes that the news should be presented in Standard
English. He could arguably celebrate Standard English and
3. Formal – there is the use of Standard English which not Patois. It could be that the writer believes that not
could possibly be an address at a function (such as a everyone will understand the news if it is presented in
graduation or a ball). Patois but I know you would have known by now that
while that may be true, Patois is still a dialect and is
4. Frozen – there is no feedback expected as this is a
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
intelligible, thus some individuals will be able to the language – ‘yow dawta’. The facial expression of his
understand the news. As was presented in last week’s guests communicate shock, concern and maybe even
lesson the writer may believe that Patois may very well be embarrassment as they are wide-eyed and open-mouthed.
associated with deprivation or social inadequacy and if For today’s lesson I am going to share a sample of a story
such a language variety is used in the media then the news and then a sample of an essay which shares the language
may not ‘sound sophisticated’. analysis of the piece. As you look at the essay you will see
how you should have arranged your essay you attempted
Communicative Behaviours – the pictures portrayed
the following:
Facial expression – this can be seen in how angry the male

character looks. He seems frustrated with something on
the computer as he hit his forehead against it while
holding it tightly.
Artefacts – the Gucci bag and shoes show that the female
character may be wealthy or from the middle class to be
able to wear such accessories.
Proxemics – the space between the girls show that the
girls are friends and the physical distance communicates
the type of relationship they have. for the clip of ‘Bashment Granny’.
Chronemics – this refers to the use of time to communicate
different things about a person. The male character is Instruction: Read the passage below and answer the question
sitting alone with a rose and seems to be looking that follows.
expectantly. He may be sitting there for a while waiting
Mark had been admiring Donnette for some time and he
on his date but she has not yet arrived which
finally thought he had saved enough money to take her out on
communicates that she may not respect time the way he a proper date. Donnette was one of the most recent expatriates
does or she does not value the date. hired as the Inbound Logistics Officer and he loved her velvety
smooth ivory skin. He was in the warehouse when he shared
I am sure you were able to identify most of what is listed his ideas for a date with some of his colleagues.
above. We can include other examples which would also “Bredda, me like di ting you nuh, me feel like me can probly
be correct, for example facial expression for the man try a movie Friday. Maybe even try fe a food a Scotchies. Weh
waiting on his date and the body movement for the group you say my yute?”
of female friends. Please do not forget to be specific when “Yute, why you doan wait till Tuesday fe do two for one a
you do your own analysis and write your essay for module Carib, eh?” chimed in Anthony.
“No, bredda stop gwaan fool fool man. Nuttin nah come outa
2.
dat. You cyan talka di cinema. Go Scotchies man,” Gary
It is an analysis so do not omit anything you see.
suggested.
An analysis of the cartoon can result in us commenting on “Gentlemen, you are a bit loud in the warehouse,” the
all four elements for the analysis. You would have realized supervisor noted as she walked passed them.
that the trio was at a restaurant and there is an “Sorry Miss Green, we gwine turn it down,” Anthony said.
expectation of how we behave, not only when we are in Mark was at his wits end with what to do but he knew he had
public but also a restaurant. The bald headed man is to make a move.
shouting (seen with the use of exclamation marks) and I * * *
know you would agree with me that you really ought not The moon was full and as they walked towards his gate there
to be shouting in a restaurant. We can see what looks like was a missing street light that Mark wanted to use to his
a waiter in the background and in such a restaurant you
would not expect the use of non-standard structures on
advantage.
“What a big moon eh?” Mark asked. 4. Communicative Behaviours
“It’s been a beautiful evening…” Donnette replied.
“Come mek we go inna me yard,” he responded.
“Huh!” Daisy looked quizzically. Now, when writing an essay you must ensure that it is
“Me house,” Mark said. organized, error free and clearly expresses the correct
concepts. It is not that you are going back to doing
Although Mark was anxious to get Donnette inside he was
Language classes, but you will find that everything you
delaying the entry through his very wide zinc fence and
ultimately his one bedroom board unit. He had to ensure the write going forward will be done in an organized manner.
date went right as he did not want to tell his coworkers he did I am inserting a link below of one of the suggested ways
not get to score. to help you with writing organized essays. The video uses
the analogy of a hamburger but there are other methods
Donnette was a bit hesitant but Mark pulled her soft hands that can be applied such as the oreo method or the
and locked it in the crook of his arm while opening his gate and construction of a house, so feel free to use the one that
stepping aside so she could go in. She was surprised at the stale you are most comfortable with.
garbage scent that assaulted her nostrils as she got through the
gate. Her nostrils felt a tingle but she said nothing as Mark WATCH THE THE VIDEO BELOW
pushed the key in the door.
As they entered the room he pushed away the footstool to

allow Donnette to get to the chair beside the bed. She removed
the magazine from the chair before taking a seat. She started
reading while Mark removed his clothes. He folded his jeans
and put it in a box he pulled from under the bed. He removed
his t-shirt and hung it on a hanger behind the door. He was
concerned that she was so quiet and got worried she may want
to leave soon.
“You want some Lasko fe drink?” Mark asked.
“What? I am still not very comfortable with how you guys
speak. What is Lasko?”
“Is jus a juice, me ave strawberry. You want it?” he
responded.
“O.K. juice would be nice, thank you.”
He made the drink and gave it to her in a neon green plastic
cup. He made himself a cup and went to sit on the bed beside Step 1: Start with your introduction
her.
“Come beside me nuh sweets,” he patted the bed. The introduction should state what the analysis is about
“I like this,” she said as she sat beside him. and what it intends to achieve. Please see below a
“Me glad you like it,” he said while holding her free hand in suggested introduction for the passage above.
his. The passage relates the experiences of a young man who
He moved her hand toward his lips as he looked into her eyes made attempts to woo a foreigner he admired. The writer
expressing his admiration.
uses a combination of dialectal variation, language
In an essay of about 500 words write an analysis of the above
registers, attitudes to language and communicative
sample, taking into consideration the following:
behaviours to show how difficult it can be for men to show
1. Dialectal Variation how one’s background can contribute to potential
communicative challenges in different interactions.
2. Use of registers
3. Attitudes to language JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

use of words like ‘bredda’ and ‘dawg’ are references which

Step 2: Paragraph 2 (comment on one of the linguistic replace the names of the young men. We also see evidence
criteria – dialectal variation) of intimate register as Mark attempts to get close to
Donnette. He does this when he called her ‘sweets’ which
The first element mentioned in the introduction is dialectalis a term of endearment used to show that the characters
variation, so begin with this criterion. Ensure you are closer than mere acquaintances, as this is how he feels
comment on the narrator’s use of language where because of how the date was progressing. Donnette uses
appropriate, as well as that which is used by the the formal register as she is not close to Mark since they
characters. Do not forget to include examples from the are on their first date and getting to know each other.
passage to justify your suggestions. One suggestion could
include the following: Step 4: Paragraph 4 (comment on another linguistic
criterion – attitudes to language)
The characters’ use of language differs as they are not only
from different backgrounds but also employed in different In the sample story we see different attitudes as the young
positions at the company. Mark and his friends use men were comfortable with their use of Jamaican creole.
Jamaican Creole (Patois) in their conversations. The writer Be reminded to use some of the words you have been
may have used the Jamaican creole to possibly add exposed to when commenting on this element for your
humour/cultural flavor as well as to provide for the analysis. Your paragraph could include the following:
non-Jamaican reader, an insight into the Jamaican
experience. Jamaican creole is evident in the passage in There are varied attitudes seen in the extract. We see a
the reduplication of ‘fool fool’, the use of shared words but sense of celebration in the young men as they comfortably
different meanings for example ‘yard’ and ‘juice’. Mark and used Patois as they spoke of Mark’s predicament. It could
his friends constantly omit the ‘th’ sound from key words be that they are proud Jamaicans or that it could be the
such as ‘dat’ and ‘di’. Donnette, on the other hand, used only way they know how to express themselves among
Standard English which highlighted that she is from a each other. We see an obvious attempt to code switch
different social circumstance from that of Mark and his with Anthony as he responded to Miss Green. It could
friends. She is an ex-patriate and not aware of all the arguably be noted that Anthony is not proud of Patois or
Jamaican expressions which she shares when she asked he realised that it may not be appropriate for the
about the Lasko. Donnette may also have been more workplace. We see that there may be some contempt on
educated as her language structure embodies the rules of the part of Donnette as she said ‘I am still not comfortable
grammar as is the case with Standard English which is the with how you guys speak’. She rejects the use of the
language of instruction in most institutions. One such Jamaican creole and makes no attempt to understand the
example is seen in ‘what is Lasko?” and ‘juice would be language of the country, even after being employed at a
nice, thank you’. company located in the country.
In this paragraph you can also comment on where on the
language continuum you would find each variety used. Step 5: Paragraph 5 (comment on another linguistic
criterion – communicative behaviours)
Step 3: Paragraph 3 (comment on another linguistic
criterion – language registers) This element is the same as non-verbal communication.
When commenting on this linguistic criterion please
Here you are required to comment on all types of registers mention at least four (4) specific body language – both for
present in the passage. Again, where appropriate do not your essay in paper 2 module 2 and your language
forget to mention the register used by the narrator. A analysis. Your commentary could include the following.
suggested comment could read as follows: We see quite a few instances of non-verbal communication
Mark and his friends used the casual register as they
constantly used different slangs to refer to each other. The
in the passage that ranged from body language to objects TIPS

and dress. There is a lack of confidence in Mark as he took
"Your essay should incorporate the use of transitional
a little time before entering his dwelling place. This can
words and phrases not only at the beginning of
be evidence of the fact that the time taken may not only
paragraphs but within the paragraphs.
be timidity but a level of embarrassment because of the
difference in the socio-economic background of the two.
"Submit drafts to your teacher to see how you are
We can also see that the artefacts portrayed a sense of
progressing with the exercise.
deprivation on the part of Mark. This is evidenced by the
zinc fence, which confirmed that Mark is from a poor
"Remember that your analysis should be in essay
background and could possibly be uneducated. The fact
format, for both your I.A.
that he had to be storing his clothes in a box (stored under
the bed) also highlights the fact that Mark is from the
"Don’t forget to organize your essays properly as 7 of
lower class as he does not own a chest of drawer or
the 25 marks are allocated to organization.
dresser. The use of senses is another example of
communicative behaviours. The foul smell which greeted
You may use your syllabus to familiarize yourself with
Donnette could be indicative of someone who is nasty or
the mark scheme.
lazy to empty his garbage and keep his room clean. Finally,
the use of space shows that Mark had ulterior motives and
wants to get close to Donnette. When Mark invited her on
I hope that you will have an awesome Christmas break.
the bed (closer to him) and took her hand in his is
Exams are not very far away – 5 months to be exact so
confirmation that he intends to make attempts at ending
do not forget to do a bit of reading over the holidays.
his date as he planned.
Take care.
Step 6: Final Paragraph – Conclusion
References:
Do not forget to write a concluding paragraph. This is an
McDermott, Harold (2008). CAPE Communication Studies.
absolute necessity as you are marked for your organisation
La Romaine, Trinidad: Caribbean Educational Publishers.
in your essay on the exam. Your conclusion should embody
what was discussed in previous paragraphs.
The passage about the shenanigans of Mark showed that
he was from the lower class of society who was desirous
of getting close to a young lady who was an expatriate at
his place of employment. The different elements of the
language analysis showed the experiences Mark had as he
tried to woo his foreign coworker. The different attitudes
to language showed that the characters had different
views of Patois and Standard English. The language
varieties utilised by the different characters showed their
background as well as other factors that may have
influenced their decision to speak the way they did.
Finally, communicative behaviours in the passage
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan is on the staff of
highlighted not only the responses and beliefs held by the
Queen’s High School for Girls
different characters but also their lifestyle. ! Email: perkins.pg@gmail.com

CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 00
with
Debgeri Whitely
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY AND

CULTURE Caribbean Sea
Objectives:

Analyze the characteristic features of Caribbean society and culture
“Human civilization tends to organize itself in groups, as befitting a very social animal. Some would
say that this is one essential feature of being human – interactions with others; in many societies,
exclusion from the group is used as punishment and isolation can be used to induce insanity. From
the earliest hunter/gatherers to sophisticated city dwellers, individual membership in the family,
clan, tribe, community has been thy key to survival. The common living practices would then be
their culture, identifiably different from other cultures”.
Adapted from: CAPE Caribbean Studies; pg. 114 by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson (distributed by Pearson Education Ltd)
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
DEFINITION OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OFSOCIETY
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY


Culture is not static. It is a dynamic, creative and continuous process. It has been referred to as a melting pot of
cultures because of the input of the various groups and races. Our colonial experience over a number of centuries
played a major role in shaping the culture of the Caribbean.
There are different types of culture:
3 Material Culture – is concrete and tangible, it refers to those things that a society produces and uses for
survival such as food items, clothing, houses, books, computers, tools and factories.
3 Non-material Culture – refers to all intangible components of a people’s way of life; for example languages,
beliefs, ideas and values of a people that shape their norms and standards of behaviour.
3 High Culture (or dominant culture) - refers to the cultural creations that are, essentially, the culture of the
dominant group or colonizer. This doesn’t necessarily reflect the statistical majority but it reflects those
with the most power and status.
3 Folk Culture - refers to the culture of ordinary people, especially those living in pre-industrial societies.
Dominic Strinati states that folk culture is from the “grass roots”, it is self-created and autonomous and
directly reflects the life and experiences of the people – such as folk songs and stories.
3 Mass Culture – is consumed by large numbers of people and one of its features is that it is generally very
easily understood, with very obvious themes that do not require a great deal of thought.
3 Popular Culture – is sometimes referred to as ‘mass culture’. Popular culture includes cultural products that
are enjoyed by large numbers of ordinary people who do not pretend to be cultural experts. Elements of
popular culture includes TV and radio programmes, pop music and fiction.
3 Subculture – refers to groups of people that have something in common with each other that distinguishes
them in a significant way from other groups, e.g. the Rastafarian movement in Jamaica.
3 Ideal Culture – refers to the values and standards of behaviour that people in a society claim to hold and
that are worthy of aspiring to; e.g. abstaining from sex before marriage.
3 Real Culture – refers to the values and standards that people follow in society as opposed to the cultural
ideal.

REFERENCES
1. CAPE Caribbean Studies for self-study and distance learning (distributed by Nelson-Thornes Ltd)
2. CAPE Caribbean Studies: An Interdisciplinary approach by Jennifer Mohamed - 2nd Ed ( distributed by Macmillan
Education)
3. CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson (distributed by Pearson Education Ltd)
4. CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and Thomas-Hunte(Distributed by
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd)
5. https://www.slideshare.net/Veeshalla100/movements-toward-independence
Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

! Email: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org

Study Centre December 12, 2017

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ► CALL: 936-9458 OR 384-2810 ► EMAIL: BOOKPUBS@JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM

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THE SBA: GATHERING INFORMATION

This refers to those set of rules which govern the way

Audience purpose of each type of writing. Is the writer/speaker

Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of

Tuesday, December 12, 2017

WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.

Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND

At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING POPULATION DENSITY

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

Calculate the population density of the following countries.

FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION DENSITY/DISTRIBUTION

Relief of the Land/physical factors

Urban and Sub-Urban influence

Availability of Physical Resources and Industrial Influence

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

Influence of agriculture/soil type

Natural Increase in the population is affected by:

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

3) Factors affecting Fertility Rate 4) Factors Affecting Life Expectanc

3 Religious beliefs of persons 3 Diet and nutrition

3 The education levels of the population 3 Stress Levels

3 The standard of living of the people 3 Exercise

Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

DATABASE & EXAM STRATEGIES

At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

! explain what examiners are looking for from you

What are the examiners looking for?

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Diagram 1 below is showing a report that was not sorted.

In the query design view, in

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

The field on which the records

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

STATISTICAL AND SUMMARY FEATURES

This is where we select the

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Select the summary data you

The final report would look like the one below.

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

END OF TERM TEST

Answer ALL the questions that follow.

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

(a)How many fields are there in this part of the database?

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

(a) Which row contains labels?

(a) ____________ is used to input data about products at a POS.

(1) A - Multimedia projector;

(2) A - Trackerball; B - Digital camera; C - Light pen; D - Joystick

(4) A - Air conditioning (Y/N);

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

(5) A - 4; B - 7; C - The Old Curiosity Shop; D - The Moon’s a Balloon

(7) Any Four from: ROM cannot be changed/RAM can be changed;

(10) A bar code reader;

Check your answers. How many did you get correct?