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At a low pressure condition, gas similarly behaves like ideal gas and the equation for the ideal gas law Click Here
is listed below;
Where;
P = pressure
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V = gas volume
T = absolute temperature
R = gas constant
Gas constant (R) is different because it depends on the unit system used in the calculation. The R in the
different unit system is demonstrated in the below table.
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At normal pressure and temperature, the ideal gas law is accurate to determines gas behavior.
However, the ideal gas law cannot be applied to gas in a reservoir as pressure and temperature in a
reservoir is much higher than atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the real gas equation has a
compressibility factor(z) to correct the real gas relationship. The real gas relationship can be shown
below;
PV = znRT
Where;
P = pressure
V = gas volume
T = absolute temperature
R = gas constant
z = compressibility factor
The compressibility factor (z) is changed by temperature and pressure. The two charts in Figure 1
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demonstrate how z-factor changes with temperature and pressure.
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At a reservoir condition, gas is mixtures of several gas molecules therefore it is impossible to have the
z-factor chart made to match with each composition of gas in a reservoir. Therefore, the Principle of
Corresponding States by Van der Waals (in 1873) is utilized to describe gas in reservoir conditions. The
concept of the Principle of Corresponding States proposes that the equation state shown in reduced
gas properties is the same for all gas types and mixtures.
PR (reduced pressure) = P ÷ Pc
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VR (reduced volume) = V ÷ Vc
TR (reduced temperature) = T ÷ Tc
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Where;
P = current pressure
V = current volume
Vc = critical volume
T = current temperature
Tc = critical temperature
Note: the critical point is where the liquid and the vapor have the same properties. Oilfield Acronyms
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Critical Pressure and Temperature Gas in SI Unit is shown in Table 3. dlovan on What are the differences
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The Standing and Katz (1941) chart is widely used to estimate reservoir gas compressibility factor (z).
The z-factor chart is shown below. The x-axis is pseudo reduced pressure and each line represents
pseudo reduce temperature. The y-axis is the compressibility factor (z).
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The pseudo-reduced properties are used in order to deal with all components of gas and the
relationships are expressed below;
Where;
P = current pressure
T = current temperature
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If acid gases as carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulphide are more than 5% by volume, the correction
must be applied. The Wichert and Aziz correction is used to correct the effect of acid gas contents.
The correction factor (ɛ) that is used to correct the pseudo-critical temperature and pressure is given by:
Where
A =sum of mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the mixture
Once the correction factor (ɛ) is determined, the corrected pseudo-critical temperature and pressure can
be calculated by the following equations.
Where;
After calculating the corrected pseudo-critical temperature (Tc”) and corrected pseudo-critical pressure
(Pc”), use these figures to calculate the corrected pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature. Then use
the Standing and Katz chart to obtain a compressibility factor (z) in a normal way.
References
Abhijit Y. Dandekar, 2013. Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition. 2 Edition.
CRC Press.
Tarek Ahmed PhD PE, 2011. Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering, Second Edition. 2
Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing.
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Handbook of Titration Boyle's Gas Law and Say GoodBye To Salt Cement Systems
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