Performance of transmission lines for different load conditions

Aim: To determine regulation and efficiency of a short, medium and long transmission line.

Theory: A transmission line has four distributed parameters, series resistance and inductance,
and shunt capacitance and conductance. The voltages and currents vary harmonically along the
line with respect to the distance of the point under consideration. The lines up to about 80 km are
termed as short transmission lines where the effect of shunt capacitance is neglected and the lines
above 80 km and below 160 km length are termed as medium length lines. For medium length
lines the shunt capacitance can be assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line or half of the
shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of the line. The two
representations of medium length lines are termed as nominal-T and nominal-respectively. For
line lengths more than 160 km the parameters are distributed and rigorous calculations are
required to be made except in certain cases where lines up to 250 km can be analysed using
nominal-representation. Performance of lines is meant the determination of efficiency and
regulation of lines.
Regulation: The regulation of a line is defined as the change in the receiving end voltage,
expressed in per cent of full load voltage, from no load to full load, keeping the sending end
voltage and frequency constant. Expressed mathematically,

 V A  Vr 
Regulation= s  *100
 Vr 

The efficiency of lines is defined as

 Power delivered at the receiving end 

% efficiency=  *100
 Power sent from the sending end 
Program
clc;
clear all;
Len=input('Enter the length of transmission line in km\n ');
Vr=input('Enter the receiving end voltage in kv\n ');
pf=input('Enter Power factor \n (Positive value for leading and Negative
value for lagging)\n ');
r=input('Per km resistance in Ohms\n ');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n ');
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
g=input('Per km conductance in Moh \n');
S=input('Receiving power in MVA\n ');
S=S*(10^6);
Vr=Vr*(10^3)/sqrt(3)
Ir=S/(3*Vr);
Ph_ang=acos(abs(pf));
if pf<0
Ph_ang=-Ph_ang;
else
Ph_ang=Ph_ang;
end
Ir=Ir*(cos(Ph_ang)+j*sin(Ph_ang))
L=l*(10^-3);
C=c*(10^-6);
j=sqrt(-1);
z=(r+j*2*pi*50*L);
y=(g+j*2*pi*50*C);
Z=(r+j*2*pi*50*L)*Len
Y=(g+j*2*pi*50*C)*Len
Zc=sqrt(Z/Y);
gama=sqrt(y*z);
if Len<=80
disp('Short transmission line')
ABCD= [1 Z
0 1]
elseif Len>80 && Len<=120
% Nominal PI method
disp('Medium transmission line (Nominal PI method)')
 ABCD= [1+(Y*Z)/2 Z
Y*(1+(Y*Z)/4) 1+(Y*Z)/2]
elseif Len>120
disp('Long transmission line (Rigorous method)')
ABCD=[cosh(gama*Len) Zc*sinh(gama*Len)
(1/Zc)*sinh(gama*Len) cosh(gama*Len)]
end
Send=ABCD*[Vr
Ir];
Vs=Send(1)
Is=Send(2)
Per_reg=100*((abs(Vs/ABCD(1,1))-abs(Vr))/abs(Vr))
Pow_Sending_end=3*real(Vs*conj(Is))
Pow_Recving_end=abs(S*pf)
Pow_Loss=Pow_Sending_end-Pow_Recving_end
eff=100*Pow_Recving_end/Pow_Sending_end
Output:
Enter the length of transmission line in km
160
Enter the receiving end voltage in kv
132
Enter Power factor
(Positive value for leading and Negative value for lagging)
-0.8
Per km resistance in Ohm
0.16
Per km inductance in mH
1.2
Per km capacitance in uF
0.0082
Per km conductance in Moh
0
Receiving power in MVA
100

Vr =
7.6210e+04
Ir =
3.4991e+02 - 2.6243e+02i
Z =
25.6000 +60.3186i
Y =
0 + 4.1218e-04i
Long transmission line (Rigarous method)
ABCD =
0.9876 + 0.0053i 25.3882 +60.1138i
-0.0000 + 0.0004i 0.9876 + 0.0053i
Vs =
9.9924e+04 + 1.4772e+04i
Is =
3.4689e+02 - 2.2605e+02i
Per_reg =
34.2046
Pow_Sending_end =
9.3970e+07
Pow_Recving_end =
80000000
Pow_Loss =
1.3970e+07
eff =
85.1335

Result: