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Introduction
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Pipe flow under pressure is used for a lot of purposes. Energy input to the gas or
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liquid is needed to make it flow throughWith
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pipe can count onThis energy input is
conduit.
needed because there is frictional energy loss (also called frictional head loss or
frictional pressure drop) due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe wall
and internal friction within the fluid. The Darcy Weisbach Equation, which will be
discussed in this article, is commonly used for a variety of calculations involving
frictional head loss, pipe diameter, flow rate or velocity, and several other
parameters. The friction factor, which is used in the Darcy Weisbach equation,
depends upon the Reynolds number and the pipe roughness.
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02/02/2019 Use the Friction Factor to Calculate Frictional Head Loss (Pressure Drop) for Pipe Flow
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The Darcy Weisbach Equation applies to fully developed, turbulent pipe flow.
Recall that pipe flow will be turbulent for a Reynolds number greater than 4000.
Fully developed flow will be present in a pipe or conduit beyond the entrance
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length. The entrance length is where the velocity profile is adjusting to the x
constant profile that is present throughout the fully developed flow region. The
diagram at the left illustrates the concept of the entrance region and fully
developed flow.
Most pipe and conduit flow of gases and liquids with a viscosity similar to water
will be turbulent flow. If the total pipe length is large compared to the entrance
length, then the entrance effects are negligible and the total pipe length is used
for calculations.
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The Darcy Weisbach Equation With
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L = pipe length, ft
D = pipe diameter, ft
The table at the right shows some typical values for pipe roughness for common
pipe materials.
The energy loss in pipe flow due to friction can be expressed as a pressure drop x
instead of as a head loss. Chemical and mechanical engineers often work with
pressure drop, whereas civil engineers usually work with head loss. The
relationship between frictional head loss and frictional pressure drop is simply:
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02/02/2019 Use the Friction Factor to Calculate Frictional Head Loss (Pressure Drop) for Pipe Flow
The friction factor (also sometimes called the Moody friction factor) can be x
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determined for known values of Reynolds
Withnumber andcount
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on empirically
derived charts and/or equations. A commonly used chart is the Moody friction
factor chart, shown in the diagram on the left. Clicking on the chart will give you
a larger scale diagram, so you can see it better. This chart helps to illustrate how
the friction factor, f, depends upon Reynolds number and pipe roughness/pipe
diameter (ε/D). The straight line at the upper left on the diagram represents
laminar flow, in which f is independent of ε/D and depends only on Re. The
portion of the chart with horizontal lines is called the completely turbulent
region, in which f depends only on ε/D. For the rest of the graph, the transition
region, f depends upon both Re and ε/D. The dark solid line represents "smooth
pipe turbulent flow", in which f depends only on Re.
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There are equations available for friction factor for each of the four regions of the x
chart identified above as follows.
Note that the last equation requires an iterative solution to find f for given values
of ε/D and Re, or "solver" can be used in the Excel spreadsheet.
The Darcy Weisbach Equation relates the variable, hL, D, L, V, ε, ρ and μ. It’s
typical use is to calculate hL, D, L, or V, when all of the other parameters are
x
known. Some of these require iterative calculations.
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References
1. Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
4th Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2002.
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https://biosystems.okstate.edu/darcy/DarcyWeisbach/Darcy-
WeisbachHistory.htm
Pipe flow calculations include using Reynolds number to find if the flow is
laminar flow or turbulent flow. Frictional head loss can be found using the Darcy
Weisbach equation and the friction factor. The entrance length for fully
developed flow can be found for turbulent flow and for laminar flow.
1. Pipe Flow Calculations 1: the Entrance Length for Fully Developed Flow
2. Pipe Flow Calculations 2: Reynolds Number and Laminar & Turbulent Flow
3. Pipe Flow Calculations 3: The Friction Factor & Frictional Head Loss
4. Excel Formulas to Calculate Water Flow Rates for Different Pipe Sizes x
5. Pipe Flow/Head Loss/Friction FactorMonetize
Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet
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Templates
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C J • 4 years ago x
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Hello, thank you for this post. I do have a question your site
though.
Suppose we need to calculate the flow. To With ads you
calculate thecan
flowcount on to calculate the average
we need
velocity. If we are trying to calculate the average velocity based on the pressure drop by
applying Darcy's equation, we will need to know Reynold's number first in order to determine
the friction factor, but to know Reynold's number, we need to know the velocity first. In this
case, how is it possible to determine the flow rate?
Thank you in advance for your time and answer.
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question 2 explain the philosophy of using smooth pipe law for modelling gas supply systems.
question 3.what factors which contribute to the deviation from smooth pipe conditions.
question4 why the accurancy of pressure data is importance and why large elevation changes
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quest o y t e accu a cy o p essu e data s po ta ce a d y a ge e e at o c a ges
are required x
question 5 with aid a diagram describ steady state flow and transient flow and provide
reasoning asto why these flows are used in the gas industry.
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Are you perhaps working with a friction factor other than the Moody friction factor?
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E d hi
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Which equation is applicable for finding "FRICTION FACTOR FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN
ENTRANCE REGION OF PIPE" for fluid air.
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For another way to get a value for the friction factor, go to the article, "Pipe Flow/Head
Loss/Friction Factor Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet Templates," at
http://www.brighthub.com/en.... You can download an Excel spreadsheet that will calculate
friction factor using the equations given in this article.
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NS • 8 years ago
Is there any value available in literature for friction factor of electropolished line. x
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Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago
Normally IV liquids are dispensed through an infusion pump that carefully controls the flow
rate. You can make a rough check on the flow rate by measuring the length of time for a
certain amount of fluid to get used up.
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H l B t M d 8
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Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago
x
Please see the article, "Pipe Flow/Head Loss/Friction Factor Calculations with Excel
Spreadsheet Templates," at http://www.brighthub.com/en.... This article has a table of typical
values of pipe roughness for different pipe materials. Also it has Excel spreadsheet templates
to calculate the friction factor and other pipe flow parameters that can be downloaded.
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The two references that give this relationship between n and f are: x
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geo... and http://www.idosi.org/wasj/w...
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if there is a flow in the rectan gular channel .............od depth d ....how can we coreelate darcy
weisbach and manning coeefcient ........is there any realtion which involve m the hydraulic
mean depth.???????
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