Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SOWING EQUIPMENT
By
of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Agricultural Science
(Agricultural Mechanization)
2011
Approval Sheet
By
Dr. ………………………………….
Dr. ………………………………….
Dr. …………………………………..
By
Keywords:
Seed Metering Device, Vibrational Motion, Sowing Equipment, Planting
Equipment. Seed Feed Mechanizim.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work that presented in this thesis could not have been completed
without the help of several people that I wish, here, to acknowledge.
Subject Page
List of tables iii
List of figures iv
List of abbreviations vi
I- INTRODUCTION 1
II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3
2-1- Physical and mechanical properties of seeds 3
2-1-1- Size and shape 3
2-1-2- Angle of repose 5
2-1-3- Static coefficient of friction 9
2-1-4- Dynamic coefficient of friction 12
2-1-5- Flow of seeds or grains through an orifice 14
2-2- Methods of sowing and mathematical treatment of 17
distribution
2-2-1- Methods of sowing 17
2-2-2- Mathematical treatment of seed distribution 21
2-3- Design factors for sowing seeds 22
2-3-1- Seed box 22
2-3-2- Feeding mechanism 25
2-3-3- The performance of feeding mechanism 37
2-3-3-1- Feeding rate 37
2-3-3-2 Effect of feeding – shaft speed (ratio of 41
rotation)
2-3-3-3 Effect of agitation 42
2-3-3-4 Effect of gate opening 43
2-3-3-5 Effect of seed size 43
2-3-4- Seed damage 44
ii
density
4-3- Angle of Repose and Static Coefficient of Friction 73
4-4- Vibrational motion Effect on static coefficient of 78
friction
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Subject Page
NO.
Angle of repose of seeds for pilling and empting, (RNAM,
1 6
1991).
Oberved and predicted flow rates of granular materials
2 16
through horizontal circular orifice. (Mohsenin, 1986)
3 Size of graded corn seeds. 37
4 Code of the (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Corn10 143
5 Code of the (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Corn162 144
Code of the A (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Broad
6 145
bean Giza 716.
Code of the (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Broad bean
7 146
Sakha2
8 The treatments, voltage, rpm correlated with the peak. 64
9 The variables affecting the seed discharge. 65
The 3 - Major dimensions of two Corn kernel seed
10 68
varieties.
The 3 - Major dimensions of two Broad bean seed
11 70
varieties
The weight, volume, real and bulk density of 1000 seed's
12 72
for Corn kernel seed varieties.
The Weights, volume, real and bulk density of 1000 seed's
13 73
for Broad bean seed varieties.
Treatments that gave the suitable number of seed / hill for
14 94
the combination for Corn kernel and Broad bean varieties.
Effect of Opening gate on seed longitudinal (cm) for mean
15 95
treatments
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Subject Page
No.
1 Tracing of shape and designation of three intercepts for
seeds and grains obtained by photographic enlarger. 4
(Mohsenin, 1986)
Angle of repose and angle of flow at various moisture
2 7
content. (RNAM, 1991).
3 Type of flow as affected by hopper slope-angle and
8
friction angle of slid with hopper. (RNAM 1991)
Various types of surface profiles for row-crop planting.
4 18
(Kepner et al, 1978)
5 Methods of sowing and planting (all dimensions in cm).
19
(Klenin et al., 1985)
Distance (a) between nearest seeds and "P" for drilling,
6 22
R=inter row width. (Speelman, 1975)
Forms of the cross section of grain hoppers. (Bosoi et al.
7 24
1987)
8 Construction of the manual planter 26
Type of metering device used in seed drill. (RNAM,
9 30
1991)
(a)Stud-type roller metering mechanism. (RNAM, 1991)
30
10 (b)Rotating orifice-type metering device in IRRI seeders
31
suitable for paddy. (RNAM, 1991)
11 Sliding orifice plate metering device used in multi-crop
32
seeders. (RNAM, 1991)
12 Exploded of a foam pad and throat-type metering device
33
(RNAM, 1991)
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Page
Abbreviation Definition
No.
_ Average number of plants at a
X 48
standard unit area
Repose angle 6
Distance between nearest neighbor
a 21
seeds
Area Area of opening gate 145
B Diameter of orifice 13
CV Coefficient of variation 97
d Day of count 69
D Diameter of cone 6
Diameter of assumed spherical
ds 13
particles
d1 Average major diameter 14
d2 Average minor diameter 14
F Number of seeds in cell 43
F(a) Frequency of seed spacing 21
frec Feeder speed 67
g Gravitational acceleration 67
H No. of seed appeared at each count 69
h Height of cone 6
Ht Thickness of grain 3
Hg Height of opening gate 60,67,70
Hl Seed level height 65,67
Hz Hertz 13
K The shape index 3
xiv
L Length of grain 2
Lg Run length 23
Ls Average length of seeds 71
On Ratio of opening gate 145
P Bulk density 13
q Discharge seeds (weight / time) 67
QH Seed rate 23
qH1 Volume weight 24
R Inter row width 21
S Emergence (day) 68
SD Standard deviation 97
Seed distribution efficiency seeding
Se 50
device
SFC Static friction coefficient 9
Tn Vibrational motion 65
Ts Average thickness of seeds 60,67
V Final velocity of seed due to fall 54
V0 Initial velocity of the seed 53
W Width of grain 2
W.b% Wet balance 10
Wg width of opening gate 60,67
Ws Average width of seeds 67
β Sowing width 23
The coefficient of fullness of
ηc 24
hopper
The reciprocal of expected average
λ 21
sowing distance
μ Coefficient of friction 10
xv
The Basic objectives of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in the
ground at desired depth, seed to seed spacing, cover the seed with soil and
provide proper compaction over the seed, and the recommended row to row
spacing.
Using planting equipment in the right way lead's in increasing the production,
because of the great advantages we get from planting by planter's and allowing
further mechanization.
The Basic difference in the design of these planter's mainly is in the type of seed
mechanism and furrow opener's, Moreover, Metering mechanism is the heart of
sowing machine and it’s function is to distribute seed's uniformly at the desired
application rates. In planter's it also controls seed spacing in a row and should
not cause damage to the seed's while in operation, Therefore, it is essential to
select the machine with a metering unit and furrow opener suitable for the crop
and soil condition's.
Most seed damage in horizontal plate or vertical – rotor metering unit is caused
by the cutoff device. Damage can be minimized by making the cutoff device
flexible or by employing designs where no cutoff device is needed (Kepner et al.
1978).
2
El-Shal (1987) reported that using the mechanical metering mechanisms cause
seed damage due to the friction forces between the mechanical parts and the
seeds. He added that the pneumatic metering mechanisms may deal gently with
the seeds and no damage during planting can occur.
major axis. Other factors considered in determining seed size, were the weight
of a seed, volume, specific gravity, moisture content and number of seeds per
gram weight.
Fig. (1): Tracing of shape and designation of three intercepts for seeds and
grains obtained by photographic enlarger. (Mohsenin, 1986)
Abd Alla et al. (1995) mentioned that grain shape (Index - K) was
calculated using the measured values of principal dimensions of grain sample
and was used to describe shape of different studied crop varies using the
following equation.
Where:
L = Length of grain (mm).
W = Width of grain (mm).
H = thickness of grain (mm).
At the shape index – K > 1.5 the grain is considered oblong but at shapes index
– K ≤ 1.5 the grain is considered spherical.
-5-
Basnal et al. (1989) found that the difference in seeding rate from various
spouts is considered to be due to the physical properties of the seeds only.
El - Raie (1987) studied that some physical characteristics such as shape,
size, volume, average diameter, percent of sphericity, area of frontal and
transverse surfaces for the varieties of dry shelled corn. He proposed some
empirical equations for various dry shelled corn shapes to express the relation
between the three principal dimensions of a seed. Another set of suggested
equation can be used to predict with reasonable accuracy the above properties of
the seed from a measurement of any of these three dimensions. These properties
may help engineers in designing a specific machine and its operation or in the
analysis of the behavior of the product in handling of the material.
the horizontal at which the material will stand when piled. The size contact
surface and orientation of product material influence the angle of repose of a
placed material.
Mohsenin (1986) mentioned that there are two repose angles:
1. Static repose angle: friction angle between the granular materials when
layers of same grain slip on each other.
2. Dynamic repose angle: that is taken for every situation of mass movement
like seed flow as they are stored and from orifices, the repose angle
increases with the increase of moisture content
Chakraverty (1987) reported that the angle of repose and the frictional
properties of grain play an important role in selection of design features of
hoppers, chutes, dryers, storage bins and other equipment for grain flow.
RNAM (1991) mentioned that the angle of repose of seeds or grains is
affected by the moisture content and is different when seeds are simply piled in
the hopper or when the hopper is being emptied. The angle of repose of seeds
for pilling and emptying are in table (1).
Table. (1): Angle of repose of seeds for pilling and empting, (RNAM, 1991).
The angle of repose is smaller for piling than for emptying the seeds. The
variation of angle of repose and angle of flow for seeds at different moisture
content levels are shown in Fig. (2).
-7-
Fig. (2): Angle of repose and angle of flow at various moisture content.
(RNAM, 1991).
For grains with 8% moisture content values of angle of repose are low
indicating that when seeds are dry they have better flow characteristics than
when wet, Furthermore, the flow grains through hoppers are of two types :
Funnel flow or mass flow. In funnel flow the material from the central zone of
the bin flows and a funnel – shaped depression ids formed in the bin. The
material in contact with the hopper wall stationary. In mass flow, the entire mass
of grain flows downward in the bin. The type of flow depends on the angle of
friction of material with the wall and the hopper bottom slope Fig. (3).
-8-
Fig. (3): Type of flow as affected by hopper slope-angle and friction angle of
slid with hopper. (RNAM, 1991).
Kaleem et al. (1993) mentioned that the angle of repose is very important
in determining the inclination angle of the machine hopper tank.
Soliman (1994) studied the effect of moisture content on angle of repose
of paddy rice. He mentioned that the dynamic angle of repose is one of the
physical properties needed for the design of material handling system and
storage facilities for rice and rice products.
Amin (2003) he reported that the angle of repose () was measured and
the following equation used to calculate the repose angle:
tan -1 2h D .......... .........( 2 - 2)
Where:
h = height of cone (cm).
D = Diameter of cone (cm).
The determination of repose angle: letting wheat fall from a 20 cm height it
forms a heap. Through its height and diameter of base. The angle of repose ()
-9-
the friction coefficient and repose angle of some cereal crops on various surfaces
frictional characteristics are very important in determination the proper design of
conveying, grading and forage chopping machinery.
Awady (1979) noticed that the static and kinetic coefficient of friction
of agricultural materials and the repose angle for grain on grain were important
to determine the angle of inclined grain surface, he added that the friction
coefficient (f) which is the angle between a tilted plane and the horizontal plane
which the crop over = comes the static friction and begins to slide down the
surface of the tilted plane as it is tilted slowly and gradually.
Lawton (1980) determined the coefficient of friction of 7 materials
used in the construction of agricultural silo walls for wheat and barley at
different levels of moisture content. Tests were carried out by rotating angular
plates on grain surface. He reported that friction coefficient increased with
increasing moisture content.
Mohsenin (1986) concluded that friction is the result of shearing and
deforming asperities, adhesion and cohesion friction of agricultural products
against machine parts is one of the main causes of mechanical injuries to fruits
and vegetables during handling knowledge of the friction coefficient is also
important in the design of machines and equipment and in storage structures. He
concluded investigations over the years on various agricultural products have
added the knowledge of friction properties.
Yehia et al. (2004) the static friction coefficient in terms of the repose
angle was examined by using the digital apparatus that was designed and
fabricated at Kafr El - Sheikh Governorate rice mechanization center (R.M.C)
Agric. Eng. Res. Institute (R.Eng.Res.Int.). It was used to measure the friction
angle on material surface and angle of repose with diameter (14 × 31.5) cm
(width × length) the static friction coefficient (SFC) for seed and kernel was
calculated by using the following formula:
SFC = tan ………… (2 - 4)
- 00 -
Where
SFC = static friction coefficient.
= repose angle, degree.
Abu - Shieshaa et al. (2007) they mentioned that static coefficient of
friction of seeds was 0.24, 0.23, and 0.34 for galvanized metal, stainless steel
and plywood. Physical and mechanical properties for seed considered to be
necessary to design the separating, hulling and handling equipment and other
processing techniques.
Soliman et al. (2007) the static coefficient of friction was found to be
maximum on all surfaces (plywood, galvanized steel and mild steel) at high
moisture 30.26 than 9.88 (w.b %), It can be detected that the surface material
caused a significant effect on static coefficient of friction for the two corn
kernels varieties (white dent corn single hybrid 10 and yellow dent corn single
hybrid 155). The static coefficient was higher 0.5803, 0.5083, and 0.4801 for the
surface mild steel, galvanized steel and plywood respectively, at white dent corn
kernels S.H 10 and 0.5326, 0.4731, and 0.4428 for the three surfaces
respectively for the yellow dent corn kernels S.H 155 at the same moisture
content. The tested procedures started by leveling the apparatus wooden base. A
thin layer of one kernel thick was placed on the tested surface fastened to a
tilting plate. The pulley wheel was then wound slowly and smoothly until at
least 75 % of the kernels slide down the surface and then the tilted angle
between the tested surface and horizontal () was measured.
Zaalouk (2008) determination of friction between the material and wheat
grain is expected to be depending on material type only since wheat grain skins
is very smooth, the angle of friction is the angle between a tilted plane and the
horizontal plane at which a wheat grain over comes the static friction and begins
to slide down the surface of the tilted plane as it is tilted slowly and gradually. It
was determined according to the following equation:
μ = tan ………………….. (2 - 5)
- 01 -
It is clear that the vibration frequency affected positively Cs (clean less degree
of seeds recovered the production) this observation is attributed to the increased
seeds , cohesion due to the higher vibration frequency which leads to the higher
seeds kinetic energy that allows more impurities amount to separate from the
seeds. The vibration frequency is directly proportional to the apparatus
productivity, the energy requirements and seed quality.
Gomma et al. (2006) stated that grading includes two basic processes,
the first one is storing the product for removing undesirable and rotten material,
such a process runs in most cases manually and by dint of trained workers. The
second process is storing out the product into categories in term of distinctive
features such like shape, size, weight or maturity degree such a process runs
either manually or mechanically yet, the whole process of grading runs
mechanically if is preferred, since manual grading is less efficiency and more
costly by some source of vibration methods.
Fouda (2008) he made an engineering study on the performance of
paddy and rice separator using a vibration apparatus to minimize both crack and
energy and maximize performance efficiency.
-
D 0.8 d d
5 5
………….. (2 - 10)
d
2 1
4 4
2 d1
-
Where:
d2 = average major diameter mm. and
d1 = average minor diameter mm
However, when d2 / d1 < 2, the arithmetic average of d1 and d2 could be
used to calculate flow rate equation (10) is valid for flow of particles through
funnels with angle ranging from 20 to 110 assuming no cohesion among the
particles.
Beverloo et al. (1961) developed the equation for flow through orifices
as:
Φ = 35 ρ g0.5 (B – 1.4 d) 2.5 ……………………..(2 - 11)
Where:
Φ = flow rate in g / min.
B = diameter of orifice in cm.
Ρ = bulk density in g / cm3.
d = average screen size of particles in cm
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 cm / Sec2.
Calculated flow rates of various seeds showed an average variation of 5
% from the observed or measured values. For example, consider a soybean seed
with an orifice diameter of 40 mm, seed diameter size of 6.6 mm and density of
0.75 g / cm3. The value of Φ is given by:
Φ = 35 × 0.75 × 9810.5 (4 – 1.4 × 0.66)2.5
= 822.17 × (3.076)2.5
= 13.643 g/min
- 06 -
El_ Sayed (1994) on his study on corn planter with a inclined plate 3 mm
thickness using different cell diameter for each plate (16, 18, and 20 mm)
increased seed rate with cell diameter increase that was for content for the seeds
cause it increase in size, the content for the seed was 1.9, 3, and 4.4 seed / cell
for the diameter 16, 18, and 20 mm respectively and he found that cell full
percent increased as the size of the cell increased, the full percentage was 125,
- 07 -
Fig.(4) : Various types of surface profiles for row-crop planting. (Kepner et al,
1978)
Ab_ El_Ees (1985) showed that the method of seed drilling is very
effective as well due to its effect on uniformity of depth and spacing it is well
known that mechanical seed drilling leads to more uniform spacing and sowing
depth resulting in higher yield than traditional hand method of sowing of deed
mechanism.
Klenin et al. (1985) indicated that the common methods used for
sowing crops are as follows:
Broadcasting, dibbling, seed dropping behind the plough, drilling, hill
dropping, check _ rowing and transplanting Fig. (5).
- 09 -
Fig. (6): Distance (a) between nearest seeds and "P" for drilling, R=inter row
width. (Speelman, 1975)
f a 2 4ak 1 a 2 KR
2
0.5 exp - 2 4ak 1 a 2 - KR
2
......... 2 - 12
Where:
F (a) = Frequency of seed spacing %.
λ = the reciprocal of expected average sowing distance (cm) in the row.
R = Inter – row width, and
a = the distance between nearest neighbor seeds is defined by the radius of the
circle.
hopper.
Deere (1981) indicated that the seed box generally has a capacity from
one to nearly three bushels per foot (0.31 m3 per meter) of drilling width.
Awady and El-Said (1985) reported developed a simple seed planter
whose hopper is built from iron sheeting with 45° sloping bottom.
Klenin et al. (1985) said that seed boxes, barrels and hoppers not only
serve as spaces to store seed material but set up a flow of the seed materials
through the feed hole to the planting device. The shape of the orifice and the
height to which the seed box is filled has practically not effect on the quantity
and flow rate of seeds. The flow of seeds through thin walled orifice is more
uniform that through thick walled orifices. For this, orifices in seed boxes with
wooden bottoms are made conical (shape edge). In seed drills these boxes are
usually rectangular at the top and trapezoidal at the bottom. The slope of the side
walls is so selected that seed flow is not hampered. The holes provided at the
bottom of the box are usually circular in shape and are connected to the tubes of
the seed drill.
Bosoi et al. (1987) added that hoppers must have an optimum capacity
and must feed seeds uniformly and continuously to the seeds metering
mechanism independent of the direction of motion of the sowing unit. In
practice, the following forms of grain hopper cross section are found:
trapezoidal Fig. (7-a) almost hexahedral Fig. (7-b) and combined hoppers are
made from wood with metallic sides or are completely metallic with wooden
bottoms.
- 14 -
Fig. (7): Forms of the cross section of grain hoppers. (Bosoi et al. 1987)
Those most widely used are hoppers of the trapezoidal and combined
forms. The front and back of the grain hoppers are set at on angle to the base
equal to the angle of friction "φ" of the sowing material with the covering
surface (wood, metal). The volume (m3) of the hopper is determined per hectare
for crop with a high seed rate but low weight (mass of one liter in Kg).
Vc = Lg QH B / 104 ηc qH1 ……………….. (2 - 13)
Where:
Lg = run length, m.
QH = seed rate, Kg / ha.
B = sowing width, m.
ηc = the coefficient of fullness of the hopper, equal to 0.9.
qH1 = volume weight Kg.
Hopper length is given by.
Lg= a(nc + 1) …………………….(2 - 14)
Where
a = row width, m.
- 15 -
nc = number of boots.
The cross sectional area or the hopper is determined by
Fc = Vc / Lg …………………….(2 - 15)
The neck width and height H of the hopper depend on the volume, length,
form of cross section and suitability of servicing it is common practice to take
= 250 – 300 mm.
The bottom width B ״is determined on the basis of the cross sectional area of
the output opining. The output opining usually has a circular cross section.
According to the experimental data, it optimum area, securing continuous seed
feeding is Fo = 20cm2. The, the radius of the opening is ro = 25.4 mm. For
reliable fixation of metering mechanisms to the hopper bottom, allowance must
be made for bottom width of 20 mm on each side of the opening. Thus
B = ״do + 2 × 20 mm.
Accordingly, for thick wooden bottom the output opening should not be
cylindrical, but conical with the widening downward. Sees hopper must be
equipped with are breakers for sowing slow running seeds to avoid formation of
canopies.
Grain hoppers for sowing machines for inter – tilled crops are metallic and have
cylindrical hoppers. The numbers of openers is equal to the number of metering
mechanisms. The total volume of hopper is determined by the next formula. The
volume of one hopper is given by
Vb = Vc / n ………………… (2 - 16)
Where
n = the number of hoppers.
land wheeled of the drill through a train of drives employing either gears, chains
or both. The sowing rate must be accurately adjustable in spite of the widely
differing sizes of the seeds commonly sown. This problem account for the many
different types of seed – dispensing metering mechanisms available.
Awady (1970) developed a manual cotton planter adapted to a pipe
holder, Fig. (8). this holder server as strong for the seeds, as well as a pole that
reaches easily to the ground. Attached to the top of the pipe holder is a funnel
for filling with seeds, and a handle for holding the machine. A rod can be swung
both ways to help in estimating the right distance spacing.
RNAM (1991) mentioned that some devices, Fig. (9) Which meter seeds
on bulk (Volume) basis are:
1. Stationary orifice or hole with agitators metering device: stationary
- 17 -
orifice with agitator type, is used in low cost machines. The orifice plate
has large number of holes from 2 to 15 mm diameter. Holes size on the
plate is selected according to the size of seed and required seed rate, in
some designs adjustable orifices are provided to control the seed rate. The
size of orifice is controlled by either of the following processes.
(i) Sliding plate and a disc with notched agitator.
(ii) Ribbed rubber roller Fig. (9-b) or.
(iii) Cylindrical brush type rotor Fig. (9-c).
The unit gives satisfactory performance over a wide range of crops. The seed
rate is mostly controlled by the size of the orifice and the achieved seed
distribution has a high coefficient of variation caused by gravity and vibration
due to rough ground conditions.
Vertical roller with cells: Fig. (9-a) Cells on the vertical roller are located at
the periphery. Their sizes range from 2-15 mm diameters to accommodate,
small, medium and large sized seeds. Their roller is slid a long its length to vary
the desired cell size. A few seeds are picked up in each cell from the hopper and
then dropped into the seed tube, instead of having a single roller of different – v
belt cells. Separate rollers are used for different crops. In some designs, the
seeds from the main hopper flow into a smaller hopper so that constant level is
maintained in the secondary hopper to achieve a uniform rate, which vary with
the speed of rotors.
2. Fluted roller: Fig. (9-d) this is widely used in seed drills it is capable of
handing various crops, like wheat, chickpea, mung bean, pigeon, pea soybean
and sorghum. Fluted rollers can be manufactured from different materials like
cast iron, aluminum, and plastic. Seeding rate is adjusted by varying the exposed
length of flutes, which are in contact with seed, and by increasing or decreasing
the speed of rollers.Generally variation in seeding rate achieved by adjusting the
exposed length of flutes in the seed cup with the aid of calibrate sliding lever for
- 18 -
An improved design of the fluted roller has spiral – shaped fluted roller which
distributes the seeds more evenly compared with the straight fluted rollers.
3. Stud – type rollers: Fig. (9-e) stud – type rollers are widely used on
European – designed drills because they can handle a wide variety of seeds and
fertilizers. In this type of metering unit Fig. (9-e). The seed drills are fitted with
multi – speed gearbox or variator to easily set the speed at required application
rate.
4. Rotating drum with orifice – type: Fig. (10-a) the rotating drum with
orifice consists of a horizontally positioned (cylinder axis) cylindrical drum with
rows of closely spaced holes punched along the periphery of the drum, the eight
– row drum – type manually operated seeder was reported tube a simple, low –
cost and easy fabricates machine Fig. (10-b). It was also reported to be
economically viable for planning paddy seeds in uplands and wet soils in small
scale farms. Seeding rate varies depending on the size of holes on the drum and
on quantity of seeds in the hopper.
Fig. (10-b): Rotating orifice-type metering device in IRRI seeders suitable for
paddy. (RNAM, 1991)
5. Sliding orifice – type: Fig. (11), the unit consists of a plate with orifice
which oscillates below a seed hopper. A seed falls when it matches the orifice
on the base of the hopper and then enters the inlet end of the seed delivery tube.
A brush – type knock – off device is provided to keep the orifice clean. For
dropping different sizes of seeds, metering plates with varying sizes of orifices
are provided. The frequency of oscillation determines the seed rate. The orifice
place oscillates by means of a rotor arm mounted on the axle of the ground drive
- 11 -
wheels.
Fig. (11): Sliding orifice plate metering device used in multi-crop seeders.
(RNAM, 1991)
6. Foam pad – type metering device: Fig. (12) A special throat – shaped
cavity located at one side of a square – based seed hopper which is covered with
a foam rubber pad. The pad is kept flush with the throat on the side of the
hopper and seeds are slowly delivered by the rotation of the pad through the
throat at the inlet end of the seed tube. Seed movement is controlled by the
friction between the pad surface and the seed various. Seed rates are achieved by
varying the speed of the rotating pad. The unit can meter all types of seeds and
fertilizer. It is a low – cost device with uniform seed delivery rate.
- 11 -
Fig. (12): Exploded of a foam pad and throat-type metering device (RNAM,
1991)
7. Centrifugal – type rotating cup metering device: Fig. (13) the working
principle of the type of metering device is as follows:
Seeds from the cylindrical hopper are dropped through a series of openings into
a conical metal casing, revolving inside the outer cone is frustum (270 mm
diameter) or a cone shaped rotor (45 mm diameter) with curved blades. The
height of the cone is 150 mm. the angle directing the line of path of seeds is
40°.through the opening, at the bottom the rotor seeds can get inside the cone. A
curved finger – shaped agitator placed opposite the inlet opening forces the flow
of seeds into the funnel, the air blast produced by the rotor blades is directed
upwards and carries away the dust and fine particles. The size of the feeding slat
can be altered controlled by turning the hand – operated diaphragm. The seeds
enter the feed tubes through obliquely running openings and tubes. Individual
seed tube can be close by means of shutters. Seeds that miss the opening fall
back into the outer conical base and are fed again into the rotor. There is also an
opening on the outer cone for emptying the remaining seeds from the funnel.
- 14 -
The inter – row variations were found to be within ±5 %. This metering system
has been used in machines with large operating widths.
fall when center of gravity of the seeds is at the edge of the cell. If, for the same
conditions the seed layer height is great, which is common for disk feed seed
drills vertical (pressure) force (Ph) and friction force (fph) act on the seeds in
addition to gravitational force "G" under these conditions, as shown in Fig,
(14b), the second phase begins only after the center of gravity of the seeds
moves by some distance "d" with respect to the edge of the cell. It has been
established that for sugar beet seedlings "d" varies from 0.35 L to 0.45 L where
"L" is the length of the seed. Seeds fall into the cell, the seeds falling into the
cells are acted upon by the pressure of the overlying seed layers. Their influence
on the fall of the seeds into the cells may be considered by multiplying the
If the seed is symmetrical in shape and air resistance is neglected, then the
motion of the center of the seed may be considered to be that of force fall of a
The following equation represents the displacement of the seeds along the "X
- 16 -
During this time, the center of the call turns through some angle traversing the
path.
S = Ut …………………… (2 - 20)
Where the "U" is the tangential velocity of the center of the cell as shown in
Fig.(14c), the seed settles in the cell when
X1 ≥ S – L + δ + 1/2
Substituting X and S in the equations (2 - 17) and (2 - 20) results in the
following:
U Us [(L 1 / 2 ) / A / 9.8 ] .......... ....(2 - 21)
If feed units fitted with disks of horizontal axis of rotation, the seeds – fall into
the cells begin when the disk rotates through some angle with respect to the
horizontal line. It has been observed that this angle lies between 50 to 60°.
It follows from inequality (6) that for the seeds falling into the cells to tangential
velocity of the seed center must decrease with larger values of "and I" shorter
length "L" of the cells in the disk and smaller velocity "U" of the seeds.
At speed of 9 Km/h, the center of the cell in the drill used for sowing corn and
sugar beet attains velocity of 0.73 m/sec and 0.43 m/sec, respectively.
Packing of seeds in the cells: for high quality sowing, each cell should be
- 17 -
packed with a single seed such that it is not ejected by the plat. Seed packing is
greatly affected by relationship between the cell size and the seed thickness. The
ratio has an optimal value which is achieves by earlier grading of the corns, for
instance are grading into six fractions Table (3) , sugar beet, seed drills sow
seeds in two grades of size 3.5 to 4.5 mm and 4.5 to 5.5 mm.
Table (3): Size of graded corn seeds.
No. Grades Dimension, mm
Width Thickness
0 Large flat 9 – 10.5 (11) 3.75 – 5.5
1 Medium flat 8–9 3.75 – 5.25
1 Thin flat 7–8 3.75 – 5
4 Small flat 6.5 – 7 3.75 – 4.75
5 Large round 8 – 10.5 (11) 3.75 – 7
6 Medium round 6.5 – 8 4.75 – 7
are described which support this prediction. The factor with the most
outstanding effect is the ratio between forward speed of machine and the speed
of release points on the metering mechanism. When this ratio is unity, the
release errors will have a minimal effect upon spacing distribution seeds and
impact velocity which is shown in Fig. (15) and Fig. (16).
The horizontal velocity of the seed at the moment of release is give by:
UH = V – vCos θ ………………… (2 - 22)
The vertical velocity is given by:
Uv = - vSin θ ………………….. (2 - 23)
The relation for impact angle and impact velocity is the form:
tan 1 V 2 sin 2 g H r1 cos / V v cos
And
V1 2 g H r1 cos V 2 V 2 2Vv cos .......... .....2 24
Where
UH = Horizontal velocity of seed at the moment of release.
Uv = Vertical velocity of seed at moment of release.
VR = Velocity of seed at the point of release.
VH1 = Horizontal velocity component of the seed at impact.
VV1 = Vertical velocity component of the seed at impact.
V1 = Velocity of seed at the point of impact.
v = Peripheral speed of metering mechanism.
H = Height of the target release pint above the ground.
r = Radius of circular mechanism.
α = Angle of impact of the seeds at the ground.
θ = Angle subtended between "A and B" at the center of the circular mechanism.
A = Target point of release on metering mechanism.
B = Point of release on metering mechanism.
C = Point upon the soil surface vertically bellow "A".
D = Horizontal distance traveled by the seed during its flight.
g = Ground acceleration.
He concluded these points:
BDC opposite in direction, to the forward speed of the seed sowing machine.
This condition were result in a minimum placement error, an optimum impact
angle and minimum impact velocity for a given release height.
2. The height of the release point has a very little effect on placement error
and impact angle for a given release error but if impact velocity is to be kept as
low as possible the mechanism should be kept as close to the ground as in
practicable. The will in turn, release the magnitude of variations occurring
during flight that a wheel radius of between "70" and "100" mm would be the
optimum.
3. When release error occurs, a reduction in radius of the release mechanism
causes increased impact angle. This study suggests:
4. The optimum release point for a circular mechanism is dependent upon
the forward speed of the mechanism. At a reasonable sowing speed about "2 - 3"
m/s the optimum point would be "20" before BDC.
Bahnasawy (1992) found that the grain yield decreased with increasing
forward speed, where, the highest yield of grain was recorded at 3 Km/h speed.
Meanwhile, the lowest yield was recorded at 8 Km/h. these results may be due
that increase in velocity causes disturbance in speed – depth and seed spacing,
slip percent increases with speed, and affects plant population and grain yield.
Taib (1997) stated using a mechanical method of sowing sugar – beet in
newly reclaimed lands that:
1. Seed emergency percent and plant population decrease by increasing
forward speed.
2. It reduces the amount of used seed to 33%.
3. Reduces the cost of energy required for planting to 58%.
4. It reduces the time taken for planting for about 48%.
Karayel and Ozmerzi (2001) stated that variability in the seed precision
vacuum seeder increased with increasing forward speed. They revealed that
forward speed of 1 m/sec consistently produced a better seed pattern than 1.5
- 40 -
Fig. (17).
A 12.7 mm wide picker – wheel with eight teeth and similar design was
compared to the aforementioned 12.7 mm wide picker – wheel at speeds of 10
and 30 rpm and 100, 75, 50, and 25 percent of full seed box capacity. The 12-
tooth picker wheel with 50 percent more teeth than the 8-tooth picker wheel
increased the seeding rate by an average of only 3 percent. The 8-tooth picker
wheel was selected for the seeder.
149, 114, 76, and 36 at full, 3/4, half, and 1/4 exposed roller lengths,
respectively, with an average breakage percentage of 1.81. The breakage of seed
was due to small clearance between the cover plate and the fluted ruler.
Basnal et al. (1989) they mentioned that there was no damage in seeds
when they used positive – feed mechanism when the distance of the con cave
plate was 5 mm and rotation ratio was 0.81, 1, 1.39 and 1.69 foe Barely seeds.
But the wheat seeds were damaged for the same distance and same rotation ratio
cause of the difference of seed size.
Yehia (1993) and Awady et al. (1997) concluded that the wooden fluted
– wheel gave highest germination percentage comparing the plastic and
aluminum fluted – wheels.
Awady et al. (1998a and b) mentioned that the visible seed damage
increased by increasing feeder speed, due to increasing the momentum changes.
The impact force increases by acceleration resulting in visible seed – damage.
Also, they found the regression equation relating to "π" product of the soybean,
chick pea, fodder beet, and sugarbeet seeds as follow:
q g 3 5 h5 2
0.577 0.0047v g 12 12
h
0.0877d h 0.183L h 0.27 tan 0.635tan ......... 2 27
germination decreased as the feeder speed increased for all cell – diameters and
depths. That is due to increasing the acceleration. The impact force (mass ×
acceleration) increased by increasing the acceleration that cases visible seed –
damage and decreases germination.
Daboul (1998) mentioned that he found two kinds of losses in seeds
during planting: loss happened between the feed device and the seed tube, and
the second was the cracked seeds during the movement of the feeding device.
He found a linear recreation correlation between the forward speed and the
damaged seeds, increasing forward speed from 0.59 to 0.68 m/sec increased the
seed damage 100% and the total loss of the seeds was 161.3%.
drilling machine. In this method, samples are taken after drilling and transferred
to a glass house for have germination. After germination of seeds, each piece of
sample was placed in the 3 – dimension, measuring apparatus. Germination
seedling indicated the position of seeds in the soil and the soil is carefully
scrapped away until the seed is located A mobile pointer seed was then moved
to locate the position of seeds in horizontal and vertical planes.
Korayem (1986) reported the performance of mounted (CK HK - 6) corn
planter. He found that increasing cell speed reduced cell fill and increasing seed
spacing along the row.
Senapati et al. (1988) stated that uniform placement of seeds along the
line is an important factor which affects the crop growth and
thus the yield. Therefore the design of metering device is one of the most
important aspects of seed drills.
Coates (1992) mentioned that uniformity of plant distribution was
measured after 16 days at two directions from luteral to longitudinal by using
wooden frame (80 × 80 cm) divided in two directions at equal distance (5 × 5
cm).
The deviation of plant from average number of plant at standard are was
estimated according to the following equation:
_
x - x 2
n .......... .......... .( 2 29)
n 1
X = Summation of the number of plants on the longitudinal or lateral
direction.
_ 2
Panning et al. (2000) demonstrated that the seed space are important
for crops such as sugar – beet, because seed space uniformity is significant
factor affecting production costs and total yield although there are many planters
having deferent seed metering devices and are not capable of operating at high
travel speed in the same time.
consider all these parameters. Hence, for practical purposes by that of a free
body with influence of other factors being accounted for by an overall
coefficient.
The differential equation for the motion of a seed may therefore be written as:
Drills tubes influence the uniformity of seed distribution both, along and across
the rows in that the irregular distribution of seeds from the feed unit is partially
mitigated.
However, when the drill tubes are in instates factory condition (bent, pinched or
with surface necessary to take good care of the tubes and maintain them in
proper operating condition).
inclination of the machines tube to the vertical should not exceed "25" degree.
RNAM (1991) mentioned that the time of fall of seed through a tube is
affected by the size and by striking and bouncing of seeds against the wall of the
seed tube. When designing a seed drill, the seed tube should be kept vertical or
its inclination from the vertical should be smaller than 20°. A tube size of 25
mm in diameter can accommodate a majority of seed types. The velocity of seed
at the end of tube should be low to minimize bouncing and rolling of seeds in
the furrow.
The velocity of a seed falling freely from a height "h" is given by:
The actual time of fall of a seed slightly more than the calculated value by the
above equation because of air resistance. In the flow through tube it varies by 5
– 15 % from the theoretical values. The time of fall of seed through seed tube
depends upon the mass density of seed and its projected area normal to the
motion, if the air drag is to be taken into consideration.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3-1- Materials:
3-1-1- the designed test soil bin:
The test soil bin was designed specifically for such works like this and
was constructed at the workshop of the Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-
Kheima, Cairo, Egypt (Latitude 30° 02′ N, Longitude 31° 21′ E). The view of
the tested soil bin is photographed in Fig. (20).
Electric motor: Electric motor of 0.3 hp (0.225 kW) and 58 rpm was
hinged on a base support. The motor was fitted to the side on the base by a
screw, the motor and its base is attached to the gear box through a pulley.
65
The seed hopper was built from galvanized steel sheet "2 mm" thick, cylindrical
shape 15 cm diameter, 30 cm height, with a inclined wall with a angle of 15° for
the treated surfaces, before the bottom of the hopper that will provide three
heights 1.5, 3, and 4.5 cm, the wall has a slot for sliding gate leading to the tube,
with one opening. A vibration (apparatus)
Feeding mechanism consists of an electric motor (12v D.C) with Eccentric
weight to make the vibrational motion. The upper part was fixed under the
bottom of the hopper.
65
One opening shape (rectangular) with dimensions of (1, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75%) of
the main dimension of the tested seeds for the width, height shape, was tested
for the affect on grain seed discharge – rate and damage at different feeder
speeds (Vibrational motion that was supported from the rotation of the motor) ,
the gate openings are shown in Fig . (23).
Giza 716
Sakha 2
Eccentric motor: An Eccentric weight was fixed to the (12v D.V) motor
to make a vibrational motion at the bottom of the seed hopper.
Sliding gate and the tube: the dimension of the seed tube can be changed
by changing a tube (fitted with the housing of feeding mechanism).
Seed tube: the following tube was used with "U" section (1.5 cm width,
2. cm height for corn seeds) and (2.50 cm width, 2.25 heights for broad bean
seeds) with a fixed length and angle.
56
3-2- Instrumentations:
3-2-1- Speedometer:
Speedometer shown in Fig. (24) Was used to measure the feeder
mechanism "rpm" with two ranges available:
1st range (rpm) direct reading.
2nd range (rad/sec) direct reading.
F
ig.(27)
: The
photo
graph
of the
tested
Surfac
es sheets.
Peak mm
Volt
Treatment RPM Oven-
D.C
untreated Polish Mutt backed Galvanized* plywood
T1 1.5 256.4 22.48 9 24 19.23 13.76 6
T2 3 365.4 34.11 13.11 29 28.48 22.71 10.1
T3 4.5 453 42.6 28.82 41.3 66.1 35.56 22.5
56
The gate height and width of corn kernel varieties (corn10 and corn 162), and
broad bean varieties (Giza 716 and Sakha 2) were illustrated in table (4, 5, 6 and
7) in the appendix.
The variables affected the seed discharge table (9) were combined in to
dimensionless group according to Khumi (1978) and Awady (1995).
5 Gate height Hg L
6 Gate width Wg L
7 Feeder speed frec L T -1
8 Gravitational acceleration g L T -2
9 Seed level height Hl L
H 1 d1 H 2 d 2 ....... H i di
S .......... ...... 3 - 1
H 1 H 2 ......... H i
Where:
S = emergence (day).
H = No. of seed appeared at each count.
d = day of count
Firstly physical characteristics of the two Corn kernel and Broad bean varieties
under study were conducted in the laboratory of physical properties at Agriculture
Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
Corn 10 Dimensions
35
30
Frequency %
25
20
15
10
5
0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1.
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10
-0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -1
.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .0 .1
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Dimensions (cm)
s
- 96 -
60
50
Frequency %
40
30
20
10
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
00
10
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-1
-1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.0
.1
9
9
Dimension (cm)
Fig (28): The 3-Major dimensions of Corn 10 and Corn 162 seeds (cm).
The measurements of length (Ls), width (Ws) and thickness (Ts) in (cm) of
hundred grains randomly selected from each variety were conducted, the Corn
10 gave the highest value in each of the width and thickness of the seed giving
(0.866, 0.543 cm) respectively comparing with Corn 162 that gave a lowest
values of the width and thickness (0.774, 0.499 cm) respectively.
The highest frequency for the length of the seed (30%) was at (1 cm) and for the
width (33%) at (0.87 cm) and for the thickness was (33%) at (0.75).
The Corn 162 gave the highest value of seed length comparing with the Corn 10
(0.964, 0.904 cm) respectively. The highest frequency for the length of the seeds
(45%) was at (0.98 cm) and for the width (47%) at (0.84 cm) and for the
thickness was (50%) at (0.80 cm).
These differences in the 3-major dimensions gave an indicator that there will be
big differences in the other measured physical characteristics, dimensions are
important to design the cleaning, sizing and grading machines.
Main dimensions of grain are considered in selecting, designing the suitable size
of the screen perforations and determination the proper method for grading and
separation
- 07 -
An average of ten replicates the 3-major dimensions of two broad bean varieties
are shown in Table (11) and Fig. (29):
Table (11): The 3 - Major dimensions of two Broad bean seed varieties
Length Width Thickness
Seed's
(cm) (cm) (cm)
Giza716 1.727 1.293 0.617
Sakha 2 1.696 1.216 0.582
70
Frequency %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
40
50
60
70
00
20
40
60
80
00
-0
-0
-0
-0
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
.4
.5
.6
.7
.1
.3
.5
.7
.9
.1
9
9
Dimensions (cm)
Sakha 2 Dimensions
70
Frequency %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2
45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .90 .10 .30 .50 .70 .90 .10
-0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2
.4 . . . . . .0 . . . . . .
9 54 59 64 69 74 9 29 49 69 89 09 29
Dimension (cm)
Fig (29): The 3-Major Dimensions of Giza 716 and Sakha 2 seeds (cm).
The measurements of length (Ls), width (Ws) and thickness (Ts) in (cm) of
hundred grains randomly selected from each variety were conducted, the Giza
716 gave the highest value in all of the Length, width and thickness of the seed
- 07 -
giving (1.727, 1.293, 0.617 cm) respectively comparing with Sakha 2 that gave a
lowest values of the length, width and thickness (1.696, 1.216, 0.582 cm)
respectively.
For Giza 716 the highest frequency for the length of the seed (50%) was at (1.7
cm) and for the width (52%) at (1.2 cm) and for the thickness was (57 %) at
(0.58).
For Sakha 2 the highest frequency for the length of the seeds (52%) was at (1.5
cm) and for the width (52%) at (1.00 cm) and for the thickness was (56%) at
(0.52 cm).
These differences in the 3-major dimensions gave an indicator that there will be
big differences in the other measured physical characteristics, dimensions are
important to design the Sowing, cleaning, sizing and grading machines.
Main dimensions of grain are considered in selecting, designing the suitable size
of the screen perforations and determination the proper method for grading and
separation.
4-2- Weight and Volume of 1000 Seed, Bulk and Real density:
The measurements of weight and volume of one thousand grains of
different corn kernel, broad bean varieties under study and real and bulk density
were conducted in ten replicates.
The table (12) shows the other physical characteristics for the weight, volume,
bulk and real density, it shows that the Corn 10 gave the highest values for all
the mentioned characteristics which could be due to its highest width and
thickness.
Weight and volume of one thousand kernels are major considerations in
designing containers, silos and hoppers. Estimating the mass of seed is
necessary to assess the required mass of seed for planting a limited area and
number of seed in each hole.
- 07 -
Bulk and real density are major considerations in designing the sowing,
converting, drying, aeration and storage systems. Bulk density is also considered
for determination of paging capacity, designing seed hopper dimensions in seed
planters and cleaning and grading equipment.
Table (12): The weight, volume, real and bulk density of 1000 seed's for Corn
kernel seed varieties.
Weight Volume Real density Bulk density
Seed's
(gm) (cm3) (gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Corn 10 282.3 364.16 1.34 0.775
Corn 162 250.4 337.99 1.28 0.741
The table (13) shows the other physical characteristics for the weight, volume,
bulk and real density, it shows that the Giza 716 gave the highest values for all
the mentioned characteristics which could due to its highest 3-major dimensions.
Weight and volume of one thousand seeds are major considerations in designing
containers, silos and hoppers. Estimating the mass of seed is necessary to assess
the required mass of seed for planting a limited area and number of seed in each
hole.
Bulk and real density are major considerations in designing the sowing,
converting, drying, aeration and storage systems. Bulk density is also considered
for determination of paging capacity, designing seed hopper dimensions in seed
planters and cleaning and grading equipment.
- 07 -
Table (13): The Weights, volume, real and bulk density of 1000 seed's for
Broad bean seed varieties.
Weight Volume Real density Bulk density
Seed's
(gm) (cm3) (gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Giza716 935 1424.5 0.653 1.13
Sakha 2 878.8 1358.7 0.632 1.12
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
galvanized mild plywood
Material surfaces
Fig. (30): Static coefficient friction for material surfaces (corn kernel varieties).
Fig. (31): Static coefficient friction for painted surfaces (corn kernel varieties).
The lowest values of static coefficient of friction for the painted surfaces were
on Oven - baked enamel paint followed by untreated (mild steel), then the Mutt
paint and the highest on polish paint, (0.48, 0.5 – 0.531, 0.459 - 0.72, 0.71 -
0.828, 0.72) for the two varieties respectively.
The reason for the increased friction coefficient at the different painted
treatment may be owing to that the surface of the material becomes stickier
when using unprocessed paint offering a cohesive force between the contact
surface and the seeds and this is greater in the polish paint than the Mutt and
Oven - baked enamel. The Oven - baked enamel paint is lowest in static
coefficient friction that is may be owing to smoother and more polished
surface for the Oven - baked enamel paint than the other paints used, and may
be also owing to the adhesion between the seed and the painted surfaces
(polish and Mutt paint surface). It is recommended to use this type of painted
surface in the structure of seed hopper in planters, silos and storage containers.
- 09 -
Dynamic angle of repose for broad bean of the investigated varieties was 34.7°,
30.4° for the two varieties Giza 716 and Sakha 2 respectively.
The Giza 716 gave the highest repose angle than Sakha 2, it may be due to its
highest physical characteristics. It is clear that angle of repose of grain was
decreased as the dimensions of grain increased especially when the surface of
grain becomes more smooth. The previous data can be utilized to assess the
optimum side's inclination of seed hopper in planting machines, silos and
storage containers to allow an easily sliding.
Coefficient of friction is the tangent of dynamic angle of repose. The static
coefficient of friction for broad bean of the investigated varieties on the selected
materials surfaces including plywood, galvanized and mild - steel as shown in
Fig (32).
0.8 0.759
Static coefficient of friction
0.669
0.7
0.558 0.563 0.536
0.6
0.479
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
galvanized mild plyw ood
Material surfaces
Fig. (32): Static coefficient of friction for material surfaces (broad bean
varieties).
Fig. (33): Static coefficient of friction for painted surfaces (broad bean
varieties).
this could make the seeds bounce, that gives less contact area between the seeds
and the surface, decreasing the static coefficient of friction.
The decrease in the static coefficient of friction using the vibrational motion
effect could be also due to the term of conservation of energy, vibrational
motion in the seeds, makes it transfer its potential energy (mgh) to kinetic
energy (mv2/2), acquiring the seeds
0.759
0.8 0.679 0.669
Static coefficient of
0.624 0.584
0.6 0.531 0.507
0.461
friction
0.4
0.2
0
Giza 716 Sakha 2 Corn 10 Corn 162.
Seed varieties
0.7
0.563 0.572 0.558
Static Coefficient of
0.6 0.536
0.483 0.493
0.5 0.399 0.395
friction
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Giza 716 Sakha 2 Corn 10 Corn 162
Seed varieties
- 77 -
0.5 0.460.454
0.4 0.347
friction
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Giza 716 Sakha 2 Corn 10 Corn 162
Seed varieties
The effect of vibrational motion for all treatments in the investigation was in
decreasing the static coefficient friction
The Vibrational motion could extend the seeds by a value of (x) it makes it
oscillate (move back and forth) between its original position and its displaced
position, this could make the seeds bounce that gives less contact area between
the seeds and the surface decreasing the static coefficient of friction.
1
0.828
Static Coefficient of
0.6 0.476
0.4
0.2
0
Giza 716 Sakha 2 Corn 10 Corn 162
Seed varieties
0.729
Static Coefficient of friction
.
- 77 -
0.6 0.5
0.48
0.447
Static Coeficient of
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Giza 716 Sakha 2 Corn 10 Corn 162
Seed varietiey
The decrease in the static coefficient of friction using the vibrational motion
effect could be also due to the term of conservation of energy, vibration motion
in the seeds, makes it transfer its potential energy (mgh) to kinetic energy
(mv2/2), acquiring the seeds Velocity it increases its movement acceleration
decreasing the static coefficient of friction.
For all painted surfaces the vibrational motion decreased the static coefficient
of friction and the highest decrease was at the Polish paint surface followed by
Mutt then Oven - baked enamel (23, 17.55, 12.35 %) respectively, the lowest
decrease was at the mild – steel surface (11.47 %).
For the seed varieties, the corn 10 gave the highest decrease followed by Sakha
2 then Giza 716 (19, 18.1, and 17.2 %) respectively, the lowest decreased was
for Corn 162 (16.2 %), which could be due to its highest physical
characteristics.
- 77 -
100
90
80
Seed Rate / min
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 O13 O14 O15 O16
Opening gate
Fig. (36): Effect of Opening gate on seed rate / min for mean treatments.
The lowest Seed rate / min was from the treatment 05 (1.455 seed/min) that gave
the ratio of (Wg Hg) (1.25: 1), that shows the suitable size for the seeds.
- 77 -
40
30
26.28
20 20.66
10
3.98
0
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Mean change in width (Wg) of gate (ratio)
Fig. (37): Effect of Gate width dimension on seed rate / min for mean
treatments.
20.66 seed/ min, which could be due to the blocking (jam) of the seeds in the
gate, this behavior could be shown in many seed metering devices.
50 y = 3.933e0.6202x
R2 = 0.8636
Seed rate / min
40 38.63 39.08
30
20
10 10.13
7.73
0
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Mean change in hight (Hg) of gate (ratio)
Fig. (38): Effect of Gate height dimension on seed rate / min for mean
treatments.
It shows that increasing gate height dimension ratio from (1 to 1.75) increased
the seed rate / min from 7.73 to 39.08 seed / min, that increase may be due to
that the seeds are formed and moves in layers and those layers are more effected
to the gate height than the gate width.
50 y = 18.19x - 12.715
2
R = 0.9885 42.99
Seed rate / min
40
30
20 21.40
10
6.61
0
4.5 3 1.5
Seed level height (cm)
Fig (39): Effect of Seed level height on seed rate / min for mean treatments.
The highest value of seed rate/ min was from Hl3 (1.5 cm) (42.99 seed / min),
followed by Hl2 (3 cm) (21.40 seed/ min) the lowest value was from Hl1 (4.5
cm) (6.61).
35
30
25
20
15 8.41
10 7.58
5
0
Corn 10 Corn 162 Giza 716 Sakha 2
Seed varieties
Fig. (40): Effect of Seed varieties on seed rate / min for mean treatments.
for the broad bean varieties, the Giza716 gave the highest value (8.41 seed /
min) comparing with Sakha 2 variety which gave the lowest value (7.58 seed/
min), that may be due to its highest dimensions, and its highest physical
properties.
48.40
40 38.96
30 28.71 30.35
20
14.74
10
4.34
0 0.17
13.76 22.71 35.56 44.2 86.2 112.8 125.80
Peak
Fig (41): Effect of Vibrational motion on seed rate / min for mean treatments.
The highest value for seed rate / min was from treatment T5 (729.6 rpm, 86.2
peak) (48.40 seed / min), followed by T4 (586.3 rpm, 44.2 peak) (38.96 seed /
min).
The lowest seed rate / min were from T1 (256.4 rpm, 23.76 peaks) (0.17 seed /
min).
For the combination of all the treatments above that gave the highest value for
both Corn kernel varieties (Corn 10, and Corn 162) was T5 / 07 / Hl3, (367, 341,
341.6 seed / min) respectively, and for the both Broad Bean varieties (Giza 716,
and Sakha 2) was T5 / 011 / Hl2, (158, 150.2 seed / min) respectively.
4- 6- Seed / hill
4-6-1- Effect of opening gate on seed / hill
The effect of opening gate on seed / hill is shown in the fig (42), it shows
different effects, because the effect of opening gate comes from a combination
of two main dimension : the width Wg and the height Hg of the opening gate,
the highest Seed / hill value came from the opening gate 012 (16.03 seed/hill)
that gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg Hg) ( 1.5 : 1.75 ), followed by the
- 76 -
opening gate 011 (11.10 seed/hill) that gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg Hg)
(1.5 : 1.5).
18
16
14
Seed / hill
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
O O O O O O O O O O1 O1 O1 O1 O1 O1 O1
Opening gate
Fig. (42): Effect of Opening gate on seed / hill for mean treatments.
The lowest Seed / hill was from the treatment O5 (0.30 seed/hill) that gave the
ratio of (Wg Hg) (1.25: 1).
The gates that gave the recommended number of seeds per hill (3 – 4 seed/hill)
was O6, 09, O10, and O14 which gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg Hg)
(1.25:1.25), (1.5:1), (1.5:1.25), and (1.75:1.5) for the opening gates respectively.
6
4.62
4 3.75
2
0.77
0
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Mean change in width (Wg) of gate (ratio)
Fig. (43): Effect of Gate width dimension on seed / hill for mean treatments.
3.75 seed/ hill that could be due to the blocking (jam) of the seeds in the g ate,
this behavior could be shown in many seed metering devices.
6.96
6
2 1.80
1.36
0
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Mean change in hight (Hg) of gate (ratio)
Fig. (44): Effect of Gate height dimension on seed / hill for mean treatments.
- 67 -
It shows that increasing gate height dimension ratio from 1 to 1.75 increased the
seed / hill from 1.36 to 7.24 seed / hill, that increase may be due to that the seeds
are formed and moves in layers and those layers are more effected to the gate
height than the gate width, it gave the similar behavior of the seed rate / min.
9 y = 3.3229x - 2.2909
2
8 R = 0.9908 7.86
7
Seed / hill
6
5
4 3.99
3
2
1 1.22
0
4.5 3 1.5
Seed level height (cm)
Fig. (45): Effect of Seed level height on seed / hill for mean treatments.
The highest value of seed / hill was from Hl3 (1.5 cm) (7.86 seed / hill),
followed by Hl2 (3 cm) (3.99 seed/ min) the lowest value was from Hl1 (4.5
cm) (1.22).
The suitable number of seed / hill was at the level Hl2 (3cm) (3.99) seed / hill.
It illustrated for the Corn kernel varieties, the highest value of seed / hill was
from Corn 10 (6.81 seed / hill) comparing with Corn 162 which gave (6.30 seed
/ hill) that may be due to its highest dimensions, and physical properties, and
also for its highest seed discharge per min.
For the broad bean varieties, the Giza716 gave the highest value (2.21 seed /
hill) comparing with Sakha 2 variety which gave the lowest value (2.10 seed/
hill), that may be due to its highest seed discharge and may be also for its
highest dimensions, and its highest physical properties.
8 6.81
7 6.30
Seed / hill
6
5
4
3 2.21 2.10
2
1
0
Corn 10 Corn 162 Giza 716 Sakha 2
Seed varieties
Fig. (46): Effect of Seed varieties on seed / hill for mean treatments.
8
7.29
6
4 4.17 4.09
2 1.71
1.01
0 0.03
13.76 22.71 35.56 44.2 86.2 112.8 125.8
Peak
Fig. (47): Effect of Vibrational motion on seed / hill for mean treatments.
The highest value for seed / hill was from treatment T5 (729.6 rpm, 86.2 peak)
(11.29 seed / hill), followed by T4 (586.3 rpm, 44.2 peak) (7.29 seed / hill).
The lowest value of seed / hill was from T1 (256.4 rpm, 23.76 peaks) (0.03 seed
/ hill), the suitable number of seed / hill came from the treatments T3 (453 rpm,
35.56 peak) and T6 (836.1 rpm, 112.8 peak) that gave (4.17 and 4.09 seed / hill)
respectively
For the combination of all the treatments above that gave the suitable number (3
– 4) seed/ hill for both Corn kernel varieties (Corn 10, and Corn 162), and for
the both Broad Bean varieties (Giza 716, and Sakha 2) is illustrated in table (14)
respectively.
- 67 -
Table (14): Treatments that gave the suitable number of seed / hill for the
combination for Corn kernel and Broad bean varieties.
Corn kernel varieties Broad bean varieties
Corn 10 Corn 162 Giza 716 Sakha 2
T5/O3/Hl2 T4/O6/Hl2 T4/O4/Hl2 T5/O3/Hl3
T3/O3/Hl3 T4/O6/Hl3 T5/O6/Hl2 T4/O4/Hl2
T4/O6/Hl2 T6/O6/Hl3 T4/O7/Hl2 T5/O6/Hl2
T4/O6/Hl3 T4/O7/Hl1 T6/O8/Hl3 T4/O7/Hl2
T6/O6/Hl3 T6/O8/Hl2 T5/O9/Hl3 T6/O8/Hl3
T7/O11/Hl2 T3/O10/Hl2 T4/O11/Hl1 T5/O9/Hl3
T7/O12/Hl2 T7/O11/Hl3 T6/O12/Hl1 T4/O11/Hl1
T4/O13/Hl1 T7/012/Hl2 T4/O13/Hl2 T7/O11/Hl3
T3/O14/Hl2 T4/O13/Hl1 T5/O13/Hl2 T6/O12/Hl1
T7/O14/Hl3 T3/O14/Hl2 T5/O13/Hl3 T5/O13/Hl2
T4/O15/Hl2 T2/O14/Hl3 T4/O14/Hl2 T5/O13/Hl3
T4/O15/Hl1 T4/O16/Hl1 T4/O14/Hl2
T7/O15/Hl3 T4/O16/Hl1
T4/O6/Hl3
(0.05 %) it was the same treatment that gave the lowest seed rate/min, followed
by the opening gates 02 (134.96 cm) that gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg Hg)
(1:1.25), with SD (104.54) and CV (0.77 %).
Table (15): Effect of Opening gate on seed longitudinal (cm) for mean
treatments.
Opening Seed longitudinal (cm)
SD* CV**
gate Max. Min. Average
O1 160.4 0.0 46.75 76.81 1.64
O2 217.9 22.9 134.96 104.52 0.77
O3 137.5 20.3 92.01 56.42 0.61
O4 146.2 28.0 59.70 57.70 0.97
O5 162.7 147..1 151.49 7.51 0.05
O6 36.7 18.6 27.84 9.82 0.35
O7 33.8 1.9 17 17.40 1.02
O8 25.1 3.3 13.33 11.59 0.87
O9 112.1 6.4 58.48 59.85 1.02
O10 100.4 7.5 54.06 53.47 0.99
O11 6.9 2.5 4.66 2.35 0.51
O12 5.8 1.6 3.66 2.33 0.64
O13 81.9 11.9 46.38 39.28 0.85
O14 87.2 9.8 47.89 43.63 0.91
O15 25.7 3.7 14.49 12.35 0.85
016 15.9 5.3 10.51 5.78 0.55
*SD: Standard deviation.
**CV: Coefficient of variation
The lowest value of seed longitudinal (cm) was from the treatment O12, (3.66
cm) that gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg Hg) (1.5:1.75),with SD (2.33) and
- 69 -
CV (0.64 %) which was the same gates that gave the highest seed discharge per
min, seed damage and seed emergence (day).
Table (18): Effect of Seed level height on seed longitudinal (cm) for mean
treatments.
Level Seed longitudinal (cm)
height SD* CV**
Max. Min. Average
(cm)
4.5 83.778 20.389 50.40 34.04 0.68
3 22.117 6.526 14.16 8.56 0.60
1.5 23.504 2.816 11.69 10.41 0.89
*SD: Standard deviation.
**CV: Coefficient of variation.
Table (19): Effect of Seed varieties on seed longitudinal (cm) for mean
treatments.
Seed Seed longitudinal (cm)
SD* CV**
varieties Max. Min. Average
Corn 10 160.4 1.6 31.207 51.05 1.64
Corn162 162.7 1.7 31.875 51.05 1.60
Giza716 147.1 0.0 51.710 49.86 0.96
Sakha 2 217.9 0.0 66.647 62.77 0.94
*SD: Standard deviation.
**CV: Coefficient of variation.
- 66 -
For Broad bean varieties the table (19) illustrated that Sakha 2 gave the highest
longitudinal value (41.10 cm) with SD and CV (25.23, and 0.61 %) respectively,
that may be due to its lowest seed rate / min.
While Giza 716 gave the lowest value of seed longitudinal (40.07 cm) with SD
and CV (30.25, and 0.75 %) respectively, that may be due to its highest seed rate
/ min.
The highest longitudinal value was from T7 (1130.4 rpm, 125.8 peak) (39.34
cm) with SD and CV (35.74 and 0.91 %) respectively.
For the combination of all the treatments above that gave the maximum and
minimum values for both: Corn kernel, and Broad bean varieties are shown in
table (21 and 22).
Table (21): Treatments of Max. and Min. values of seed longitudinal (cm) for
combination for Corn kernel varieties.
Corn kernel varieties
Corn 10 Corn 162
Max. Min. Max. Min.
T4/O1/Hl3 All T1/Hl1 T4/O2/Hl1 All T1/Hl1
T4/O3Hl1 All T2/Hl1 T6/O2/Hl1 All T2/Hl1
T6/O3/Hl1 All T7/Hl1 T6/O10/Hl1 All T7/Hl1
T6/O10/Hl1 T3/O10/Hl1 T3/O11/Hl1 All T1/Hl2
T6/O11/Hl1 T3/O11/Hl1 T2/O13/Hl1 All T5/Hl2
T1/O13/Hl1 All T1/Hl2 T3/O13/Hl1 All T2/Hl2
T3/O13/Hl1 All T2/Hl2 T6/O3/Hl2 T7/O3/Hl2
T2/O13/Hl2 All T7/Hl1 T7/O4/Hl2
T4/O12/Hl2 T7/O5/Hl2
T5/O12/Hl2 T7/O5/Hl3
T5/O7/Hl2 All T1/Hl3
All T1/Hl3 All T2/Hl3
All T2/Hl3 T7/O13/Hl3
All T7/Hl3 T7/O14/Hl3
T4/O15/Hl3
T5/O15/Hl3
T6/O15/Hl3
- 777 -
Table (22): Treatments of Max. and Min. values of seed longitudinal (cm) for
combination for Broad bean varieties.
Broad bean varieties
Giza 716 Sakha 2
Max. Min. Max. Min.
T6/O7/Hl1 All O1/Hl1 T3/O7/Hl1 All O1/Hl1
T7/O11/Hl1 All O2/Hl2 T4/O14/Hl1 All O2/Hl1
T4/O14/Hl1 All O3/Hl3 T4/O15/Hl1 All O3/Hl1
T4/O15/Hl1 All O5/Hl1 T7/O11/HI1 All O5/Hl1
T3/O16/Hl1 All O13/Hl1 T4/O5/HI2 All O13/Hl1
T3/O15/Hl2 All T1/Hl1 T4/O9/HI2 All O14/Hl1
T4/O5/Hl2 All T2/Hl1 T6/O9/HI2 All O15/Hl1
T7/O6/Hl2 All T7/Hl1 T6/O15/HI2 All O16/Hl1
T3/O15/Hl3 All T1/Hl2 T7/O6/HI2 All T1/Hl1
T4/O5/Hl3 All T2/Hl2 T2/O15/HI3 All T2/Hl1
T7/O6/Hl3 All T7/Hl2 T3/O6/HI3 All T7/Hl1
All O1/Hl2 T3/O10/HI3 All O1/Hl2
All O2/Hl2 T6/O13/HI2 All O2/Hl2
All O3/Hl2 T7/O8/HI3 All O3/Hl2
T6/O5/Hl2 All T1/Hl2
T6/O6/Hl2 All T2/Hl2
All T1/Hl3 All T7/Hl2
All T2/Hl3 T6/O5/HI2
All T7/Hl3 T6/O16/Hl3
T3/O1/Hl3 T6/O5/Hl1
T3/O3/Hl3 T6/O7/Hl1
T3/O5/Hl3 All T1/Hl3
- 777 -
Opening gate
Fig. (48): Effect of Opening gate on seed damage (%) for mean treatments.
The lowest Seed damage (%) was from the opening gates 04, O15, and O16
(0.495 %) that gave the ratio of (Wg Hg) (1: 1.75), (1.75 : 1.5), and (1.75 :
1.75)for the opening gates respectively, both O4, and O15 was the same gates
that gave the lowest seed emergence (day).
All seed damage was lower than 0.5%.
0.497
0.497
0.497
0.496 0.496
0.496 0.496
0.495
0.495
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Fig. (49): Effect of Gate width dimension on seed damage (%) for mean
treatments.
4-8-1-2- Effect of Gate height Hg on seed damage (%)
The effect of gate height dimension Hg on seed damage (%) is shown in fig
(50).
0.497 2
y = -0.0002x + 0.0007x + 0.4958
0.497
seed damage (%)
0.497 2
R = 0.8363
0.496
0.496 0.496
0.496
0.496
0.496
0.496
0.496
0.495
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Fig. (50): Effect of Gate height dimension on seed damage (%) for mean
treatments.
It illustrated that increasing in height dimension ratio from 1 to 1.5 ratio
increases visible seed damage from 0.496 to 0.497 %increasing height ratio
more than that decreases visible seed damage to 0.496 % The effect of change
- 777 -
in height ratio on seed damage was similar to the effect found on seed
emergence (day).
All the values were lower than 0.5%.
0.496
0.496 0.496
0.496
0.496
0.496
0.496
4.5 3 1.5
Seed level height (cm)
Fig. (51): Effect of Seed level height on seed damage (%) for mean treatments.
(0.496 %), that may due to less damping in this level and may also be due to
its highest seed rate / min and its highest seed germination (94.13 %), further
decrease in seed level height decreases seed damage, but all seed damage
values were lower than 0.5 %.
0.6
0.5
0.37
0.4 0.34
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Corn 10 Corn 162 Giza 716 Sakha 2
Seed varieties
Fig. (52): Effect of Seed varieties on seed damage (%) for mean treatments.
by T4 (586.3 rpm, 44.2 peak) (0.48%), increasing vibrational motion more than
T5 Increases the seed damage, which may be due that increasing vibrational
motion, could cause turbulence motion between seeds causing more damage
between them, may lead to delaying the time needed for germination (increasing
emergence).
The effect of vibrational motion on seed damage was similar to the effect found
on seed emergence (day).
0.51 0.52
0.51
0.50
0.50 0.50 0.50
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.47 0.47
0.46
0.45
13.76 22.71 35.56 44.2 86.2 112.8 125.8
Peak
Fig. (53): Effect of Vibrational motion on seed damage (%) for mean
treatments.
The highest value of seed damage was from T7 (1130.4 rpm, 125.8 peak) (0.52
%).
For the combination of all the treatments above that gave the maximum and
minimum values for both: Corn kernel, and Broad bean varieties are shown in
tables (23 and 24).
- 777 -
Table (23): Treatments of Max. and Min. values of visible seed damage (%) for
combination for Broad bean varieties.
Broad bean varieties
Giza 716 Sakha 2
Max. Min. Max. Min.
T7/O12/Hl2 All T5/Hl1 All T1/Hl1 All T5/Hl1
All T5/Hl2 T2/O11/Hl1 T4/O4/Hl1
All T5/Hl3 T6/O2/Hl1 T5/O4/Hl2
T6/O13/Hl2 T4/O9/Hl2
All T7/Hl1 All T4/Hl3
All T1/Hl2 All T5/Hl3
All T7/Hl2
All T1/Hl3
All T7/Hl3
Table (24): Treatments of Max. and Min. values of visible seed damage (%) for
combination for Corn kernel varieties.
Corn kernel varieties
Corn 10 Corn 162
Max. Min. Max. Min.
All T1/Hl1 T4/O15/Hl3 T1/O1/Hl1 T3/O9/Hl1
All T7/Hl1 T5/O9/Hl3 T1/O6/Hl1 T4/O2/Hl1
All T1/Hl2 T1/O8/Hl1 T4/O16/Hl1
All T7/Hl2 T1/O12/Hl1 T5/O9/Hl1
All T1/Hl3 T1/O13/Hl1 All T5/Hl2
All T7/Hl3 T2/O7/Hl1 T4/O16/Hl2
T2/O12/Hl1
T6/O6/Hl1
- 776 -
T6/O12/Hl1
All T7/Hl1
All T1/Hl2
T2/O6/Hl2
All T7/Hl2
All T1/Hl3
T2/O10/Hl3
T7/O14/Hl3
T6/O8/Hl3
All T7/Hl3
94.20
Seed germination (%)
94.16
94.12
94.08
94.04
94.00
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 O13 O14 O15 O16
Opening gate
Fig. (54): Effect of Opening gate on seed germination % for mean treatments.
- 777 -
Followed by the opening gate 016 (94.179 %) that gave the ratio of opening
gate (Wg Hg) (1.75: 1.75).
The lowest Seed germination was from the treatment 011 (94.012 %) that gave
the ratio of (Wg Hg) (1.5: 1.5), all the values were around 94.10 %.
94.14
94.13
94.12
94.11 94.11
94.10 94.10
94.10
94.09
94.08
94.07
94.06
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Mean change in width (Wg) of gate ratio
Fig. (55): Effect of Gate width dimension on seed germination (%) for mean
treatments.
94.13 94.13
R2 = 0.8968
94.12
94.10 94.10
94.08 94.08
94.06
94.04
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Mean change in height (Hg) for gate (ratio)
Fig (56): Effect of Gate height dimension on seed germination for mean
treatments.
For 1.75 ratio 94.13 % that may be due to its highest primary seed germination
(%).
All seed germination was around 94.10 %.
94.11 94.11
94.10
94.10
94.09
94.08
4.5 3 1.5
Fig. (57): Effect of Seed level height on seed germination (%) for mean
treatments.
Be due to its highest seed rate / min.
All germination values were around 94.10%.
96.0 95.52
95.0 93.86
94.0
93.0
92.0
91.0 90.26
90.0
Corn 10 Corn 162 Giza 716 Sakha 2
Fig. (58): Effect of Seed varieties on seed germination (%) for mean
treatments.
Between the differences in its primary germination was (1.179 %), which may
be due to its highest: dimensions, physical properties, and primary germination
(96.06, 95.11%) for the two varieties Giza 716 and Sakha 2 respectively.
94.5
94.62
94.34
94.13
94.0
93.68
93.5 93.40
93.38
93.0
13.76 22.71 35.56 44.2 86.2 112.8 125.8
Peak
Fig. (59): Effect of Vibrational motion on seed germination (%) for mean
treatments.
The lowest germination was from T1 (256.4 rpm, 13.76 peak) (94.62 %).
For the combination of all the treatments above that gave the highest value for
both Corn kernel varieties and both Broad bean varieties is shown in the table
(25 and 26).
Table (25): Treatments of Max. and Min. value of germination (%) for
combination for Corn kernel varieties.
Corn kernel varieties
Corn 10 Corn 162
Max. Min. Max. Min.
T3/O8/Hl1 All T1/Hl1 T5/O1/Hl1 All T1/Hl1
All T4/Hl1 All T2/Hl1 T5/O4/Hl1 All T2/Hl1
All T5/Hl1 T3/O2/Hl1 T5/O5/Hl1 All T7/Hl1
T6/O8/Hl1 T3/O6/Hl1 T5/O12/Hl1 All T1/Hl2
T6/O13/Hl1 T3/O10/Hl1 T5/O9/Hl2 All T2/Hl2
T6/O16/Hl1 T3/O11/Hl1 T5/O14/Hl2 All T1/Hl3
- 777 -
Table (26): Treatments of Max. and Min. value of germination (%) for
combination for Broad bean varieties.
Broad bean varieties
Giza 716 Sakha 2
Max. Min. Max. Min.
T4/O3/Hl1 T7/O13/Hl1 T4/O6/Hl1 T2/O3/Hl1
T4/O10/Hl1 T1/O15/Hl2 T4/O13/Hl1
All T5/Hl1 T2/O16/Hl2 T4/O16/Hl1
T4/O16/Hl2 T2/O15/Hl2 All T5/Hl1
All T5/Hl2 T2/O16/Hl2 T4/O4/Hl2
T4/O3/Hl3 T4/O16/Hl2
- 779 -
6.06
6.05
6.04
6.03
6.02
6.01
6.00
5.99
5.98
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 O13 O14 O15 O16
Opening gate
Fig. (60): Effect of Opening gate on seed emergence (day) for mean
treatments.
the highest Seed emergence value came from the opening gate 012 (6.05 day)
that gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg Hg) (1.5: 1.75), it was the same
treatment that gave the highest seed rate/min and seed visible damage (%),
- 770 -
followed by the opening gates 06, 07, 011, and 014 (6.03 day) that gave the ratio
of opening gate (Wg Hg) (1.5:1.5), (1.75:1.25), (1.25:1.5),and (1.25:1.25) for
the opening gates respectively.
The lowest value of seed emergence (day) was from the treatments O4, O15,
(6.00) that gave the ratio of opening gate (1:1.75), (1.75:1.5), and (1.75:1.75) for
the opening gates respectively, which was the same gates that gave the lowest
visible seed damage(%).
R2 = 0.9239
6.03 6.031
6.026
6.02
6.013
6.01 6.016
6
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Fig. (61): Effect of Gate width dimension on seed emergence (day) for mean
treatments.
The effect of change in width ratio on seed emergence gave the similar effect for
the seed rate / min and the visible seed damage (%)
All seed emergence was around 6 days.
- 777 -
R2 = 0.878
6.026
6.025
6.020 6.022
6.021
6.017
6.015
6.010
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Fig. (62): Effect of Gate height dimension on seed emergence (day) for mean
treatments.
All the values were around 6 days.
6.021
6.02
6.018
6.015
6.01
4.5 3 1.5
Seed level height (cm)
Fig. (63): Effect of Seed level height on seed emergence (day) for mean
treatments.
It illustrated that decreasing seed level height to Hl2 (3 cm) increases seed
emergence (6.03 day), decreasing seed level height to Hl3 (1.5 cm) decreases
seed emergence to (6.02 day), that may due to less seed damage effect on seeds
at the lowest seed level height (1.5 cm) causing less damage in seeds that affect
in less days needed to germinate in seeds and may also be due to its highest seed
rate / min and its highest seed germination (94.13 %), but all emergence values
were around 6 days.
Seed varieties
Fig. (64): Effect of Seed varieties on seed emergence (day) for mean
treatments.
For Broad bean varieties the fig (64) illustrated that Sakha 2 gave the highest
emergence value (7.32 day) that may be due to its lowest: seed dimensions,
physical proprieties, and also for its lowest primary germination.
While Giza 716 gave the lowest value of seed emergence (6.06 day) that may be
due to it's highest: seed dimensions, physical proprieties, and also for its highest
primary germination.
Fig. (65): Effect of Vibrational motion on seed emergence (day) for mean
treatments.
Increases the seed emergence, which may be due that increasing vibrational
motion, could cause turbulence motion between seeds causing more damage
between them delaying the time needed for germination (increasing emergence .
The highest germination was from T7 (1130.4 rpm, 125.8 peak) (6.27 day).
For the combination of all the treatments above that gave the maximum and
minimum values for both: Corn kernel, and Broad bean varieties are shown in
table (27 and 28).
Table (27): Treatments of Max. and Min. values of emergence (day) for
combination for Corn kernel varieties.
Corn kernel varieties
Corn 10 Corn 162
Max. Min. Max. Min.
All T1/H1 T5/O14/H3 T1/O1/H1 T4/O2/H1
All T7/H1 T1/O5/H1 T5/O4/H1
- 777 -
Table (28): Treatments of Max. and Min. values of emergence (day) for
combination for Broad bean varieties.
Broad bean varieties
Giza 716 Sakha 2
Max. Min. Max. Min.
T7/O12/H2 All T5/H1 All T1/H1 All T5/H1
All T5/H2 All T7//H1 T4/O4/H1
All T5/H3 T2/O11/H1 All T5/H2
- 777 -
steel), then the Mutt paint and the highest on polish paint, (0.48, 0.5 – 0.531,
0.459 - 0.72, 0.71 - 0.828, 0.72) for the two varieties Corn 10 and Corn 162
respectively.
The angle of repose for broad bean of the investigated varieties was
34.7°, 30.4° for the two varieties Giza 716 and Sakha 2 respectively.
The lowest values of static coefficient of friction were on galvanized
iron followed by mild – steel, and the highest on plywood, (0.558, 0.479–
0.563, 0.536 – 0.759, 0.669) for the two varieties Giza 716 and Sakha 2
respectively.
The lowest values of static coefficient of friction for the painted
surfaces were on Oven - baked enamel paint followed by untreated (mild
steel), then the Mutt paint and the highest on polish paint, (0.447, 0.43 –
0.563, 0.536 - 0.729, 0.71 - 0.761, 0.75) for the two varieties Giza 716 and
Sakha 2 respectively.
5. 4. Vibrational motion Effect on static coefficient of friction
The highest Seed rate / min value came from the opening gate O12
(86.488 seed/min), the lowest Seed rate / min was from the treatment O5
(1.455 seed/min).
Increase in width dimension ratio from 1 to 1.5 increases the seed rate /
min, and after that ratio at 1.75 the value decreased.
Increasing gate height dimension ratio from 1to 1.75 increased the seed
rate / min from 7.726 to 39.080 seed / min.
Decreasing seed level height from 4.5 to 1.5 cm increases the seed rate
/ min from (6.61 to 42.9) seed/min.
For the Corn kernel varieties, the highest value of seed rate / min was
from Corn 10 (40.873 seed / min) comparing with Corn 162 which gave
(37.801 seed / min), for the broad bean varieties, the Giza716 gave the
highest value (8.407 seed / min) comparing with Sakha 2 variety which gave
the lowest value (7.582 seed/ min).
Increasing the vibrational motion increases the seed rate / min till it
comes to the maximum value at T5 (48.402 seed / min), increasing the
vibrational motion more than T5 decreases the seed rate / min,
The combination of all the treatments above that gave the maximum
and minimum values for both: Corn kernel and Broad bean varieties were
obtained.
5. 6. Seed / hill
The highest Seed / hill value came from the opening gate O12 (16.03
seed/hill), the lowest Seed / hill was from the treatment O5 (0.30 seed/hill),
The gates that gave the recommended number of seeds per hill (3 – 4
seed/hill) was O6, 09, O10, and O14 which gave the ratio of opening gate
521
(Wg Hg) (1.25:1.25), (1.5:1), (1.5:1.25), and (1.75:1.5) for the opening gates
respectively.
Increase in width dimension ratio from 1 to 1.5 increases the seed / hill
from 0.77 to 8.18 seed / hill, and after that ratio at 1.75 the value decreased
3.75 seed/ hill.
Increasing gate height dimension ratio from 1 to 1.75 increased the
seed / hill from 1.35 to 7.24 seed / hill.
Decreasing seed level height from 4.5 to 1.5 cm increases the seed /
hill from (1.21 to 7.86) seed/hill, The suitable number of seed / hill was at
the level Hl2 (3cm) (3.98) seed / hill.
For the Corn kernel varieties, the highest value of seed / hill was
from Corn 10 (6.81 seed / hill) comparing with Corn 162 which gave (6.30
seed / hill), for the broad bean varieties, the Giza716 gave the highest value
(2.208 seed / hill) comparing with Sakha 2 variety which gave the lowest
value (2.102 seed/ hill).
Increasing the vibrational motion increases the seed / hill till it comes
to the maximum value at T5 (11.292 seed / hill), increasing the vibrational
motion more than T5 decreases the seed / hill, The suitable number of seed /
hill came from the treatments T3 and T6 (4.171 and 4.090 seed / hill)
respectively.
The combination of all the treatments above that gave the suitable
number (3 – 4) seed/ hill for both Corn kernel varieties (Corn 10, and Corn
162), and for the both Broad Bean varieties (Giza 716, and Sakha 2) were
also illustrated.
from the treatment O12, (3.66 cm) that gave the ratio of opening gate (Wg
Hg) (1.5:1.75),with SD (2.33) and CV (0.64 %).
Increasing in width dimension ratio from 1 to 1.5 decreased the seed
longitudinal (cm) from (63.84 to 7.40) cm, increasing width ratio more than
1.5 increases seed longitudinal, for ratio 1.75 was 18.46 cm with a SD
(13.91) and CV (0.75 %).
Increasing in gate height dimension ratio from 1 to 1.75 decreases seed
longitudinal (cm) from (71.66 to 8.24) cm, that decrease was due to the
increase of seed rate / min, the SD and CV ranged from (64.24, 0.90 %) to
(5.12, 0.62 %) respectively.
Decreasing seed level height from Hl3 (4.5 cm) to Hl1 (1.5 cm)
decreases seed longitudinal from 5.04 to11.69 cm with SD and CV from
(34.04, 0.68 %) to (10.41, 0.89 %) respectively.
For the Corn kernel varieties the highest seed longitudinal (cm) was
from Corn 162 (10.60 cm) with SD and CV (8.04, 0.66 %) respectively,
comparing with Corn 10 which gave (9.91 cm) with SD and CV (7.56, and
0.76 %) respectively, for Broad bean varieties the Sakha 2 gave the highest
longitudinal value (41.10 cm) with SD and CV (25.23, and 0.61 %)
respectively, While Giza 716 gave the lowest value of seed longitudinal
(40.07 cm) with SD and CV (30.25, and 0.75 %) respectively.
Increasing vibrational motion from T1 to T3 increases the seed
longitudinal from 0.00 cm to 16.78 cm further increase in vibrational motion
decreases seed longitudinal till it reach T5 (6.73 cm) with SD and CV (4.52
and 0.67 %) respectively, more increase in vibrational motion increases seed
longitudinal.
The combination of all the treatments above that gave the maximum
and minimum values for both: Corn kernel and Broad bean varieties were
obtained.
521
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended to use the galvanized iron or mild steel in
manufacturing of seed hopper used in planting machines, silos and storage
containers with sides inclination of 40○ to allow an easily sliding.
The recommended feed rate settings which gave the minimum value
of: seed damage and seed emergence and the maximum of germination for
the suitable number of seed / hill is as following:
533
Vibrational Opening
Seed level
Seed varieties motion gate ratio
height (cm)
RPM Peak (Wg Hg)
Corn 10 729.6 86.2 1.75 : 1.5 1.5
Corn 729.6 86.2 1.5 :1 3
Corn
kernel 729.6 86.2 1 : 1.25 1.5
162
729.6 86.2 1 : 1.75 1.5
729.6 86.2 1.25 : 1.25 3
Giza 729.6 86.2 1.75 : 1 3
716 729.6 86.2 1.5 : 1 1.5
729.6 86.2 1.75 : 1 1.5
Broad
729.6 86.2 1.25 : 1.25 3
bean
729.6 86.2 1.75 : 1 3
Sakha 2 729.6 86.2 1 : 1.5 1.5
729.6 86.2 1.5 : 1 1.5
729.6 86.2 1.75 : 1 1.5
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VII. APPENDIX
Table (4): Code of the (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Corn 10
( Wg Hg ) Wg Hg Area
Code
ratio (cm) (cm) (cm2)
A(1 1) 01 1:1 1 0.866 0.543 0.47
A(1 2) 02 1 : 1.25 0.8 0.866 0.678 0.58
A(1 3) 03 1 : 1.5 0.66 0.866 0.814 0.7
A(1 4) 04 1 : 1.75 0.57 0.866 0.950 0.82
A(2 1) 05 1.25 : 1 1.25 1.082 0.543 85.0
A(2 2) 06 1.25 : 1.25 1 1.082 0.678 0.73
A(2 3) 07 1.25 : 1.5 0.833 1.082 0.814 0.88
A(2 4 ) 08 1.25 :1.75 0.714 1.082 0.950 2581
A(3 1) 09 1.5 : 1 1.5 251 0.543 8508.
A(3 2) 010 1.5 : 1.25 1.2 251 0.678 8500
A(3 3) 011 1.5 : 1.5 1 251 0.814 258.
A(3 4) 012 1.5 : 1.75 0.857 251 0.950 2511
A(4 1) 013 1.75 : 1 1.75 25. 0.543 8502
A(4 2) 014 1.75 : 1.25 1.4 25. 0.678 2582
A(4 3) 015 1.75 : 1.5 1.167 25. 0.814 2511
A(4 4) 016 1.75 : 1.75 1 25. 0.950 25..
2..
Table (5): Code of the (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Corn 162.
( Wg Hg ) Wg Hg Area
Code
ratio (cm) (cm) (cm2)
A(1 1) 01 1:1 1 8500. 85.00 8510
A(1 2) 02 1 : 1.25 0.8 8500. 85611. 85.0
A(1 3) 03 1 : 1.5 0.66 8500. 850.0 85.0
A(1 4) 04 1 : 1.75 0.57 8500. 8500 8560
A(2 1) 05 1.25 : 1 1.25 0.967 85.00 85.0
A(2 2) 06 1.25 : 1.25 1 0.967 85611 8568
A(2 3) 07 1.25 : 1.5 0.833 0.967 850.0 8501
A(2 4 ) 08 1.25 :1.75 0.714 0.967 8500 850.
A(3 1) 09 1.5 : 1 1.5 1.161 85.00 85.0
A(3 2) 010 1.5 : 1.25 1.2 1.161 85611 8501
A(3 3) 011 1.5 : 1.5 1 1.161 850.0 8506
A(3 4) 012 1.5 : 1.75 0.857 1.161 8500 2582
A(4 1) 013 1.75 : 1 1.75 1.354 85.00 8560
A(4 2) 014 1.75 : 1.25 1.4 1.354 85611 850.
A(4 3) 015 1.75 : 1.5 1.167 1.354 850.0 2582
A(4 4) 016 1.75 : 1.75 1 1.354 8500 2520
2..
Table (6): Code of the A (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Broad bean Giza
716.
( Wg Hg ) Wg Hg Area
Code
ratio (cm) (cm) (cm2)
A(1 1) 01 1:1 1 1.29 0.617 0.79
A(1 2) 02 1 : 1.25 0.8 1.29 0.77 0.99
A(1 3) 03 1 : 1.5 0.66 1.29 0.92 1.18
A(1 4) 04 1 : 1.75 0.57 1.29 1.079 1.39
A(2 1) 05 1.25 : 1 1.25 1.61 0.617 0.99
A(2 2) 06 1.25 : 1.25 1 1.61 0.77 1.23
A(2 3) 07 1.25 : 1.5 0.833 1.61 0.92 1.48
A(2 4 ) 08 1.25 :1.75 0.714 1.61 1.079 1.73
A(3 1) 09 1.5 : 1 1.5 1.93 0.617 1.19
A(3 2) 010 1.5 : 1.25 1.2 2501 0.77 1.48
A(3 3) 011 1.5 : 1.5 1 2501 0.92 1.79
A(3 4) 012 1.5 : 1.75 0.857 2501 1.079 2.08
A(4 1) 013 1.75 : 1 1.75 1511 0.617 1.375
A(4 2) 014 1.75 : 1.25 1.4 1511 0.77 1.71
A(4 3) 015 1.75 : 1.5 1.167 1511 0.92 2.05
A(4 4) 016 1.75 : 1.75 1 1511 1.079 2.40
2.6
Table (7): Code of the (Wg Hg) and Area of the gate for Broad bean
Sakha2.
( Wg Hg ) Wg Hg Area
Code
ratio (cm) (cm) (cm2)
A(1 1) 01 1:1 1 2512 0.582 0.70
A(1 2) 02 1 : 1.25 0.8 2512 0.727 0.87
A(1 3) 03 1 : 1.5 0.66 2512 0.873 1.05
A(1 4) 04 1 : 1.75 0.57 2512 1.01 1.22
A(2 1) 05 1.25 : 1 1.25 1.52 0.58 0.88
A(2 2) 06 1.25 : 1.25 1 1.52 0.727 1.10
A(2 3) 07 1.25 : 1.5 0.833 1.52 0.873 1.33
A(2 4 ) 08 1.25 :1.75 0.714 1.52 1.01 1.53
A(3 1) 09 1.5 : 1 1.5 1.82 0.58 1.05
A(3 2) 010 1.5 : 1.25 1.2 1.82 0.727 1.32
A(3 3) 011 1.5 : 1.5 1 1.82 0.872 1.58
A(3 4) 012 1.5 : 1.75 0.857 1.82 1.01 1.83
A(4 1) 013 1.75 : 1 1.75 2.12 0.58 1.22
A(4 2) 014 1.75 : 1.25 1.4 2.12 0.727 1.54
A(4 3) 015 1.75 : 1.5 1.167 2.12 0.87 1.84
A(4 4) 016 1.75 : 1.75 1 2.12 1.01 2.14
الملخص العربي
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التحكم في تلقيم البذور في آالت الزراعة
للحصول على
2011
صفحة الموافقة على الرسالة
للحصول على
درجة الدكتوراه في العلوم الزراعية
(ميكنة زراعية)
اللجنة:
................................................ د.
................................................ د.
لجنة اإلشراف:
د .محمد نبيل العوضي
أستاذ الهندسة الزراعية المتفرغ ،قسم الهندسة الزراعية ,كلية الزراعة ،جامعة
عين شمس (المشرف الرئيسي)