Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2
Contents
3. Engine Problems………………………………………..p. 29
4. Maritime English……………………………………….p. 42
5. Conversations on board………………………………..p. 55
7. Types of ships…………………………………………...p. 75
8. Naval architecture……………………………………...p. 85
Bibliography………………………………………………...p. 98
3
Internal vs External Combustion Engines
Task 1
Look at the pictures below and state the difference between them.
Task 2
What do you think will be different about cars in the next ten years?
Take into account the following aspects:
Vocabulary practice
4
Reading activities
5
1. Skim through the text in order to answer the following
questions:
a) What is the difference between external and internal
combustion engines?
b) List some of the applications of external combustion engines.
c) What seems to be the future of combustion engines?
II. Read the text below and complete the following tasks.
It was like love, my fascination for those huge, noisy machines that
were already near the end of their golden age. They moved with such
magnificent purpose. They were alive, they had steam, smoke and the
smell of minerals; they burned energy without concealment, and you
could see their fire. (1) … But there was something very human
about the need to keep the fire going by hand, shovelling and
watching, never for a second being able to forget responsibility for
6
the journey and the work. Their waste didn’t have to be buried in
lead-lined coffins, it was exhaled as carbon, sulphur and nitrogen, or
swept and scattered as ash, the unburnt particles of coal settling
gently on our clothes and hair.
Some instruments, some things that humans make transcend their
function. (2) … That explosive, rhythmic sound we call puffing says
more to us about getting under way, about departure, than a petrol-
driven snarl can ever do; perhaps it has something close to the beat of
our pulse. Even if we were using up and heating the earth too much,
and no-one knew that at the time, it would have been worth making
an exception for steam engines as they were stunning. (3) …
The honest power of a steam engine is overwhelming – most of its
important parts are on display. You see the great cylinder with cranks
(manivelă) and mechanisms outside it, you see the ingenious
connection of levers (pârghie) and rods to the enormous wheels and
you have already understood that this combination of things will
work, and you might even see how. Unlike a motor car or a nuclear
ship, there’s no secrecy about a steam engine’s force. What engineers
call the ‘motion’, the linked shafts (arbore, ax, osie) and pistons and
wheels that drive the engine, is as fascinating as the movement of a
watch. And almost as jewel-like, for the couplings and connecting
rods were often still chipped and filled smooth by hammer and chisel,
after they came off the milling machine (masina de frezat). Hands
still made parts of these engines, and it is no surprise that drivers
spoke of them as individuals. (4) …
1. Four sentences have been removed from the text. Select the
appropriate sentence for each gap in the text. There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.
A. The idea that hordes of people and commodities could be carried.
B. Last but not least, the engine was essentially a boiler held in heavy
frames on a set of steel wheels.
C. Being alive, they raced against themselves, losing more heat than
they used, running by burning their own cargo of coal.
D. That way instruments can be magical.
E. They were beautiful machines; the most beautiful machines
produced in the industrial revolution.
7
1. What is one of the attractions of steam engines mentioned in the
first paragraph?
A. their connection with a previous period of history.
B. the speed at which they were capable of travelling.
C. the fact they needed people to make sure they ran properly.
D. the smell of the waste that they produced.
Mixed Conditionals
PAST PRESENT
8
Examples:
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
But I didn't win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now.
If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job
opportunities.
But I didn't take French in high school and I don't have many job
opportunities.
If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to
work here.
But she wasn't born in the United States and she does need a visa
now to work here.
PAST FUTURE
Examples:
If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us
tomorrow.
But she didn't sign up for the ski trip last week and she isn't going to
join us tomorrow.
If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to
Shanghai.
But Mark didn't get the job and Mark is not going to move to
Shanghai.
If Darren hadn't wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas,
he would go to Mexico with us next month.
But Darren wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas and
he won't go to Mexico with us next month.
PRESENT PAST
Examples:
If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
But I am not currently rich and that is why I didn't buy the Ferrari
yesterday.
If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
But Sam doesn't speak Russian and that is why he didn't translate the
letter.
If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last
night.
9
But I have to work a lot and that is why I didn't go to the party last
night.
FUTURE PAST
Examples:
If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have
accepted that new assignment at work.
But I am going to go on a business trip next week, and that is why I
didn't accept that new assignment at work.
If my parents weren't coming this weekend, I would have planned a
nice trip just for the two of us to Napa Valley.
But my parents are going to come this weekend, and that is why I
didn't plan a trip for the two of us to Napa Valley.
If Donna weren't making us a big dinner tonight, I would have
suggested that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
But she is going to make us a big dinner tonight, and that is why I
didn't suggest that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
1.a. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because
her business trip was canceled.
1.b. But, she (take, not) care of the children for us next weekend if
her business trip (be, not) canceled.
3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got
married.
3.b. But, Marie (be) happy if she (give, not)
up her career when she got married.
10
4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard
because he is going to take six months off to spend more time with
his family.
4.b. But, Dr. Mercer (accept) the research grant at
Harvard if he (take, not) six months off to spend more
time with his family.
5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because
she is an expert on African tribal groups.
5.b. But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) so much
about the Maasai tribe if she (be, not) an expert on
African tribal groups.
7.a. Nicole speaks Chinese fluently because she lived in China for ten
years.
7.b. But, Nicole (speak, not) Chinese fluently if she
(live, not) in China for ten years.
8.a. I will not help you study for your test because you have spent the
last two weeks partying and wasting time.
8.b. But, I (help) you study for your test if you (spend,
not) the last two weeks partying and wasting time.
9.a. Eleanor and Ben are not going skiing with us this year because
11
Eleanor just had a baby.
9.b. But, Eleanor and Ben (go) skiing with us this year
if Eleanor (have, not, just) a baby.
11.a. She is not worried about the conference tomorrow because she
is not giving a speech.
11.b. But, she (be) worried about the conference
tomorrow if she (give) a speech.
13.a. They are not releasing the prisoner next month because there
was so much public opposition to his parole.
13.b. But, they (release) the prisoner next month if
there (be) so much opposition to his parole.
12
15.a. We are not worried about the recent string of robberies in the
neighborhood because the police have started regularly patrolling the
area.
15.b. But, we (be) worried about the recent string of
robberies in the neighborhood if the police (start, not)
regularly patrolling the area.
shape
round
circular
square
condition
broken
cracked
ripped
fresh
rotten
13
*Adjectives are never plural. Therefore, when the adjective contains
a number and noun, the noun associated with the number is singular.
This is a three-year-old car. CORRECT
This is a three-years-old car. INCORRECT
14
6. This is a ________ movie.
new Italian wonderful
wonderful Italian new
wonderful new Italian
15
Basic Engine Parts
16
17
Task 2
Work in groups. List as many items as you can which use electric
motors.
Vocabulary practice
18
Reading activities
19
is attached to the upper end of the connecting rod by means of the
piston pins.
1. intake manifold
2. heat resistant material
3. cylinder head gasket
4. connecting rod
5. external combustion engine
A B
1. Cylinder head b a. A part of the
crankshaft that
changes reciprocating
movement to rotary
movement
2. Intake manifold c b. A part that is placed
on top of the
cylinders
3. Crank a c. Pipe or tube that
carries fuel-air
mixture to the
cylinder
4. Exhaust d d. Burned gases
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5. Lobe e e. The raised spot on
the cam
6. Valve f f. Permits or prevents
the flow of fuel-air
mixture to cylinder
4. Complete the text about diesel engines using the words in the
box
21
Before designing it, pay attention to:
The first impact on viewers
Advertising media (TV, magazines, radio)
Images (visual/ verbal)
The slogan and the logo
The target audience (age, profession)
The length and the price of the campaign
The ways of presenting the information: statistics, graphs,
metaphors, jokes
Conditionals – Type 3.
Review: Form/ Usage
Form
If + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an
invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this
case, don't use a comma.
Usage
Conditional Sentences Type III refers to situations in the past. An
action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been
fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what
would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
22
I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but
he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never
had the money to buy one.
2. Put the correct form of the verbs in brackets into the gaps.
Form a Conditional sentence - type III.
23
8) If you (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your
salad (to taste) better.
9) If Alex (to ask) me, I (to
email) the documents.
10) If he (to speak) more slowly,
Peggy (to understand) him.
THE ADVERB
Form
Adjective + ly
sad sadly quiet quietly
nervous nervously soft softly
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Adjectives ending in -y »»» ily
happy happily angry angrily
Irregular forms
good well low low
fast fast straight straight
hard hard extra extra
long long doubtless doubtless
Double forms
hard hard hardly
near near nearly
late late lately
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Usage
Verb + adverb
The adverb describes a verb
Example: He drove carefully.
verb adverb
She sold her house quickly
verb adverb
Adjective + adverb
The adverb describes an adjective
Example: Her necklace was horribly expensive.
adverb adjective
She was terribly sorry.
adverb adjective
Adverb + adverb
The adverb describes an adverb
Example: They played terribly badly.
adverb adverb
He did his absolutely correctly.
homework
adverb adverb
26
three. No one else knew about the meeting- it was important to meet
6________. “I had a terrible journey”, said Y. “But luckily the pilot
managed to land 7_________.” Her English was good, and she spoke
very 8__________. X was listening 9___________to every word.
They were speaking very 10___________in case the room was
bugged.
27
Engine Problems
28
Drivers tend to get nervous whenever the "check engine" light
illuminates on their dashboard. It can signal anything from a missing
$3 gas cap to vital repairs. What would you do in these situations?
Task 2
How future-oriented are you? Do this quiz and find out.
29
b. Some voice control is OK, but I still want some
switches.
c. I prefer switches.
3. The car will be made of self-cleaning materials.
a. No more wasting time at the car wash.
b. Aren’t we going to become very lazy?
c. But I want to clean my car! I really enjoy it!
4. Joysticks will replace steering wheels.
a. This is something new and it sounds like fun.
b. This could be OK, but it will take me a long time to
get used to it.
c. You only need one hand for a joystick. I like having
both hands on the steering wheel.
5. Sensors in the car will prevent accidents.
a. This means I can really depend on my car.
b. I would like to turn the sensors on and off when I
want.
c. What happens if the sensors don’t work?
6. Most of the tasks you do in your office you’ll be able to do in
your car.
a. This means I won’t waste any time on business trip.
b. I’m not sure if I want to think about work all the time.
c. My car is for fun and relaxing, not for work.
Mostly a’s: Congrats! You are ready for the future. You are not afraid
of change, and you see new technology as a challenge and something
positive.
Mostly b’s: You are not quite ready for the future. You are still asking
yourself why changes are necessary instead of accepting that
changes are going to happen.
Mostly c’s: You are fighting against change and technology. You seem
to be afraid of what the future will bring.
Vocabulary practice
Reading activities
30
So you go out one morning and your engine will turn over but it
won't start... What could be wrong? Now that you know how an
engine works, you can understand the basic things that can keep an
engine from running. Three fundamental things can happen: a
bad fuel mix, lack of compression or lack of spark. Beyond that,
thousands of minor things can create problems, but these are the "big
three." Based on the simple engine we have been discussing, here is a
quick rundown on how these problems affect your engine:
Bad fuel mix - A bad fuel mix can occur in several ways:
You are out of gas, so the engine is getting air but no fuel.
The air intake might be clogged, so there is fuel but not
enough air.
The fuel system might be supplying too much or too little fuel
to the mix, meaning that combustion does not occur properly.
There might be an impurity in the fuel (like water in your gas
tank) that makes the fuel not burn.
The most common "hole" in a cylinder occurs where the top of the
cylinder (holding the valves and spark plug and also known as the
cylinder head) attaches to the cylinder itself. Generally, the cylinder
and the cylinder head bolt together with a thin gasket pressed
between them to ensure a good seal. If the gasket breaks down, small
holes develop between the cylinder and the cylinder head, and these
holes cause leaks.
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If your spark plug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the
spark will be weak.
If the wire is cut or missing, or if the system that sends a
spark down the wire is not working properly, there will be no spark.
If the spark occurs either too early or too late in the cycle (i.e.
if the ignition timing is off), the fuel will not ignite at the right time,
and this can cause all sorts of problems.
A B
1. Compression the closed end of an engine
or pump cylinder
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2. Spark a piece of rubber or some
other material that is used to
make a tight seal between
two parts that are joined
together
3. Clog the electrical system in an
engine that causes the fuel to
burn so that the engine
begins working
4. Combustion a connector (usually a
support) that permits the
connected members to rotate
or to move in a straight line
relative to one another.
5. Cylinder head an outlet by which engine
exhaust gases are expelled
from a vehicle (as an
automobile or jet aircraft)
6. Gasket become or cause to become
obstructed
7. Ignition a small fragment of a
burning substance thrown
out by burning material or
by friction
8. Bearing the act of burning something
9. Tailpipe applying pressure
Writing activities
Passives
Review: Usage / Form
Usage
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Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not
important or not known, however, who or what is performing the
action.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was
stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not
blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake).
Form
Examples of Passive
34
Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
can Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.
Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
35
1. Put in the correct form of the verb in Passive into the gaps. Use
the verb and the tense given in brackets.
36
Her apartment…..
7. People often look on scientists as experts.
Scientists….
8. People might refer to him as “technophobic”.
He…
9. Electronics might intimidate some people, but not me.
Some…
Inversion
When "so", "neither" and "nor" are used to make short agreements
they are followed by an inversion.
Jennifer buys only organic fruit and vegetables, and so does Hugh.
They don't mind the higher prices, and neither do we. (Or: ...nor do
we.)
There are some words and phrases that function as adverbials that
sometimes need an inversion. Look at these two sentences.
37
The following three are used to describe an event that happened
immediately after another.
Note that the past perfect tense is used to describe the event that
happened first.
Only after he arrived at the airport did he look for his passport.
Only if you look through this dark glass will you be able to see the
spots on the sun.
We accepted the invitation. Only later did we suspect it might be a
trap.
Only by threatening extreme physical violence was the teacher able
to control the class.
Note that "should", "were" and "had" are the only verbs that can be
inverted in this way. (And "were" is also used with he, she and it.)
38
5. Inversions with "so" and "such"
3) Only by working three jobs _____ able to support his large family.
he was
he is
he's being
was he
4) The boss didn’t know what to do, _____ the rest of us.
so did
either
39
neither
nor did
40
had she hunger
41
This unit presents some key basic vocabulary related to parts of ships
and positions in ships and words of rank and onboard tasks.
Task 2
1. Ask students to name ranks and jobs on board ship.
Vocabulary practice
Study the table below
Stern The back part of a boat or ship
(pupa)
Dock to haul or guide into or alongside
a dock
Galley The kitchen of a ship or airplane
Berthing areas a place to sleep on a ship, train
Cargo something that is carried from
one place to another by boat,
airplane
Keel The chief structural member of a
boat or ship that extends
42
longitudinally along the center of
its bottom and that often projects
from the bottom
Rudder a flat, movable piece usually of
wood or metal that is attached to
a ship, boat, airplane, etc., and is
used in steering
Bow The forward part of a ship —
often used in plural <crossing
the bows> (prova)
Davit a crane that projects over the side
of a ship or a hatchway and is
used especially for boats,
anchors, or cargo
Bridge The forward part of a ship's
superstructure from which the
ship is navigated
Propeller a device with two or more blades
that turn quickly and cause a ship
or aircraft to move
Deck department
Officers:
• Master
• Chief Officer / Chief mate
• Second Officer
• Third Officer
• Boatswain
Unlicensed mariners:
43
• Able seaman
• Ordinary seaman
Engineering department
Officers:
• Chief engineer
• Second Engineer /First assistant engineer
• Third Engineer / second assistant engineer
• Fourth Engineer / Third assistant engineer
• Fifth engineer / Junior engineer
Unlicensed mariners:
• Oiler
• Greaser
• Wiper
• Utilityman
• Machinist
• Tankerman
Steward’s department
• Chief steward
• Chief Cook
• Stewards assistant
(On a cargo ship all three of these jobs are usually done by unlicensed
mariners)
44
B: Sandpiper, this is Marseille Port Control. Go ahead, over.
A: Marseille Port Control this is Sandpiper. Information: My ETA is
10.15, over.
B: Sandpiper, this is Marseille Port Control, Question: what is your
cargo? Over.
A: Marseille Port Control, this is sandpiper. Answer: we have one
thousand five hundred containers on board. There is no dangerous
cargo, over.
1. Wall
2. Bed
3. Floor
4. Room
5. Kitchen
6. Canteen
7. Tap
8. Corridor
9. Steering wheel
10. National flag
3. Fill in the blanks with the right words from the box:
45
Pump out remove keep push will be
distributed sit down drink clear join
will get hold on enter obey fire is
4. Briefing crew and passengers. Fill in the blanks with the words
listed below:
46
This is your Captain speaking. We have a (1)_________ in the
engine room. There is no immediate (2)________ to crew,
passengers or vessel- and there is no reason to be alarmed. For
(3)________ I request all crew members to go to their
(4)_________. All officers to report to the (5)_________.
(6)_________ remain at stations until further order. As soon as I
have further information I will make another (7)_________ -
there is no danger at this time. (8)_________ are fighting the fire.
This is your Captain speaking. I have another announcement: The
fire is not under control yet. Leave the (9)_______ immediately-
close all openings. Take (10)_______ with you. Take your
emergency equipment with you according to (11)________.
Follow (12)______ shown.
1. Imagine you are the captain of a cruise liner and your crew
and passengers are exposed to extreme weather conditions.
Write about the steps you should follow when in charge of
such a vessel.
2. Career profile: Marine Engineer or Deck Officer. Select one
of the professions mentioned and write about the
responsibilities or duties, qualities, preparations or training
you need for the job.
Linking verbs: be, appear, seem, become, get, etc.
Review
A linking verb is a verb which connects a subject to
its predicate without expressing an action. A linking verb is used to
re-identify or describe its subject.
The word, phrase, or clause which follows a linking verb to re-
identify or describe the subject is called the subject complement.
47
Example: She seemed unable to concentrate.
The most common linking verb is the verb to be. Other common ones
relate to the five senses (to look, to feel, to smell, to sound, and to
taste). Here is a list of common linking verbs:
to be to come
to appear to get
to become to grow
to feel to turn into
to look
to seem
to smell
to sound
to taste
Alan is a beast.
His father was the headmaster.
This project is a disaster
.
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Linking Verbs Are Not Action Verbs
The verbs to be, to become, and to seem are always linking verbs.
They always link the subject to the predicate to re-identify or describe
it. However, the other verbs in the list above are not always linking
verbs. Remember, linking verbs do not express an action. However,
some of the verbs in our list can express an action. For example:
He smells the soup. (In this example, smells is not a linking verb. This
time, it is an action verb. It has taken a direct object. He is doing
something to the soup.)
Tony smells awful. (In this example, smells is a linking verb. It links
the subject Tony to the adjective awful to modify Tony.)
The inspector will feel the fabric. (In this example, will feel is not a
linking verb. This time, it is an action verb. It has taken a direct
object. The inspector will do something to the fabric.)
The fabric will feel soft. (In this example, will feel is a linking verb. It
links the subject The fabric to the adjective soft.)
The verb to be is used to form the passive voice and the progressive
tenses. For example:
49
above are no different from these:
He was happy.
He is happy.
50
6. The jewels _____________ at the exactly the same time as the
child vanished.
7. Her latest novel, The Inner Limits, is to be ________.
8. When Germany scored for a seventh time, the crowd __________
with excitement.
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are formed by the addition of the
suffix self (singular) or selves (plural) to simple pronouns such as my,
your, her, him, it, them and our.
My + self = Myself
Your + self = Yourself
Our + selves = Ourselves
Them + selves = Themselves
It + self = Itself
When the subject and the object refer to the same person, a reflexive
pronoun is used for the object.
I cut myself. (Here the subject and the object refer to the same person
– I.)
You cut yourself. (Here the subject and the object refer to the same
person – you.)
She cut herself. (Here the subject and the object refer to the same
person – she.)
51
The child cut itself.
We cut ourselves.
Emphatic pronouns
Notes:
The emphatic pronouns cannot be used as subjects. It is therefore
wrong to say:
He cut himself. (Reflexive: here the subject and object refer to the
same person.)
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He himself cut the cake. (Emphatic: here the emphatic pronoun
himself merely puts emphasis on the noun he.)
I spoke to the principal myself. (Emphatic)
You must blame yourself for the loss. (Reflexive)
Note that an emphatic pronoun can be removed from the sentence and
the core meaning would not be affected. A reflexive pronoun, on the
other hand, is indispensable. The sentence wouldn’t make complete
sense if you remove the reflexive pronoun.
Compare:
You will have noticed that in the first pair of sentences, the core
meaning doesn’t change when the emphatic pronoun himself is
removed from the sentence. In the second pair of sentences, the
meaning changes or becomes incomplete when the reflexive pronoun
is removed.
Notes:
If the reflexive pronoun in a sentence is replaced by the reciprocal
pronoun ‘each other’, the meaning of the sentence changes
drastically.
Compare:
John and Peter blamed themselves for the loss. (John blamed himself
and Peter blamed himself.)
John and Peter blamed each other for the loss. (John blamed Peter
and Peter blamed John.)
53
8. We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
9. You have set yourself an unattainable goal.
10. We exerted ourselves.
11. A house divided against itself cannot stand.
12. You always think about yourself.
14. He was sitting by himself.
15. I cannot bring myself to do it.
16. The poor woman poisoned herself.
17. I myself did the job.
18. They gave themselves a lot of trouble.
A: Where is Martin?
B: He is ill. I spoke to 1______ yesterday. He was feeling a bit sorry
for 2__________.
A: Oh, poor Martin. And what about the twins?
B: 3___________came with Janet and me. 4___________gave
5________ a lift.
A: Yes, the twins came with 6________ in the car.
B: I hope they are going to behave 7___________.
A: Oh, I’m sure they will.
B: 8_________’ll be nice to have a day out. 9______ say it’s going to
stay sunny.
A: I’m sure we’ll all enjoy 10_________.
B: Where’s Anna?
A: Oh, she‘s here somewhere. I spoke to 11_________ a moment
ago. She was standing right next to12 __________.
54
2) What colour flare signals distress?
3) With what code words do you start a call for an urgent safety
message?
Vocabulary practice
man overboard, fire on board, collisions with other vessels and with
static objects like jetties, illness and disease on board, piracy,
leaking, sinking, damage done by weather, attacks by animals / fish,
OoW, starboard, buoy
Reading activities
Read the texts below and complete the following tasks
55
Sécurité (repeated three times) is the least urgent and it
is used for ‘important safety information’. The
emergency VHF channel is almost always Channel 16.
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2. ‘Dead slow astern’ b. Hold rudder in the fore
and aft position
Wheel orders
OoW: Steer starboard five.
Helmsman: (To steer/Steering/Steered) starboard five sir.
OoW: Hard- (to/the/a) -port.
OoW: (Reduce/Easy/Lower) to one-five and steady as she goes.
Helmsman: Steady (to/on/by) one-five sir.
OoW: Keep the buoy on the port side.
Helmsman: (Keep/Kept/Keeping) buoy on port side sir.
Engine orders
OoW: Stand (to/by/on) engine room.
Engineer: Engine room standing (to/by/on), sir.
OoW: (Slow astern/Reverse slowly/Go backwards).
Engineer: (Going slowly backwards/Astern slow/Slowly astern), sir.
OoW: Stop engines.
Engineer: (Engines stopping/Stop engines/I stop the engines), sir.
OoW: (Dead/Very/Really) slow ahead.
Engineer: (Going/Dead/Very) slow (forwards/ahead/in front), sir.
OoW: (Full ahead/Maximum speed/Top speed).
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4. Briefing crew and passengers. Fill in the blanks with the words
listed below:
danger, watch-keepers, assembly stations, minor fire, cabin, announcement
safety reasons,fire parties, bridge, lifejackets, escape routes, muster list
Writing activities
58
Regret with the past perfect.
Complaints with would + verb.
1. Expressing a wish:
Form:
Example:
Usage:
Example:
2. Expressing regret:
Form:
Example:
If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my
bus.)
Usage:
To express a regret.
The action is past.
3. Complaining:
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Form:
Example:
I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because
you always come late and I want you to arrive on time)
Usage:
2. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1) Alice didn't get a good grade. She wishes she (work)
……. harder.
2) Tom likes football very much. He wishes he (become)
………. a professional football player.
3) He was running very fast when he had a heart attack. If only
he (not/run) …… so fast.
4) She's keen on computers. She wishes she (study)
……. computer science next school year.
5) I am sorry I don’t know how to use the computer. If only I
(know) ……. how to use it.
6) I stayed late at work and missed the last bus. I wish I
(not/stay) ……. at work late
7) I wish I (talk) ……. to him
yesterday.
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8) I need help badly. If only you (can)
…… help me.
9) My old car often breaks down. I wish I (buy)
….. a new car.
10) He didn't pass the exam. If only he (work)
….. hard.
11) She was absent. I wish she (attend) ….. the conference.
12) What a beautiful house! I wish I (have)
… a house like this one.
13) I wish I (be) ….. rich. I would
buy a farm and enjoy the calm of the countryside.
14) They had that bad accident because they were careless. If only
they (be) ….. more careful.
15) We saw the film. I wish you (see)
…. it with us. It was an amazing evening.
16) I like traveling around the world. If only I (have)
….. time to realize my dream.
Examples:
Examples:
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I do know him
I do like you.
I can do it.
Examples:
I saw it happen
I watched it happen
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
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Usage
The full infinitive is used as follows:
The full infinitive can function as a noun phrase. In this case it is
used as follows.
As a subject.
Examples:
As an object.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
You need to exercise regularly to lose weight. (...in order to
lose weight)
He works hard to earn a lot of money. (...in order to earn a lot of
money)
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1) I can …. English. (speak/ to speak)
2) We have …. our homework. (do/ to do)
3) You must ….. at home. (stay/ to stay)
4) I will …. you. (help/ to help)
5) He cannot ….. us. (see/ to see)
6) My little sister learns …... (speak/ to speak)
7) They want ….. to the cinema. (go/ to go)
8) You should ….. your parents. (ask/ to ask)
9) I'd like ….. a dog. (have/ to have)
10) May we …. in? (come/ to come)
1. She longed the holidays to come so that she could be with her
family again.
2. I overheard say that he’s thinking of moving to Manchester.
3. We watched to play football until it started to rain.
4. My parents encouraged work hard at school.
5. I think we should let them to stay until the weekend.
6. Sam promised me to show me how to fish for salmon, but he
never had the time.
7. I hear her tell that she’s got a new job. (someone told me
about it)
8. This card entitles to take an extra person with you free.
9. They let them to borrow their car while they were on holiday.
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Look at the pictures and list the safety equipment the operator is
wearing/ should have worn to avoid catastrophes/ injuries/ casualties.
Vocabulary practice:
Study the following table
Safety helmet, ear muff, ear plugs,
safety gloves, safety shoes with
steel toe caps, overalls, fume
mask, dust mask, safety goggles,
welding glasses
Risks and hazards Combustion, contamination,
drains, dust, explosion,
flammable, friction, fumes,
fumigation, gas, harmful, shock,
spraying, toxic, vapour
Effects Adverse effects, burn, cancer,
dizziness, genetic damage,
impair infertility, irreversible
effects, vomiting
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Protective measures Avoid contact with, dispose of,
dry, handle, keep precautionary,
protect, recycle, rinse, seal
tightly, wash, well-ventilated
Reading activities
66
2. Who wrote this document?
a. Trade union representatives
b. Technician
c. Manager
d. Medical staff
3. What is the writer’s intention?
a. To prevent accidents
b. To ensure speedy help for injured employees
c. To protect the company
d. To warn about damages
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ferry, Scandinavian Star, sailing from Norway to Denmark. In the
week following that tragedy, there were two other cases of fires on
board ferries: on one plying between Wales and Ireland, and on
another between Portsmouth and Cherbourg. In both of them, a man
died.
(2) … Talking after the Scandinavian Star had been towed into the
small port of Lysekil, a Swedish police spokesman made it clear how
awful it had been. He said: "The toll from the blaze that engulfed the
ferry south of Oslo fjord is still officially 75 dead and 60 missing but
about 100 bodies have already been taken off the ship and as many as
50 to 100 could still be on board.
People tried to save themselves in the cabins and they are lying in big
piles and it's difficult to figure out how many there are. There are a
lot of children."
In the immediate aftermath of such catastrophes reports of inadequate
safety measures circulate. (3) … On a wider scale, newspapers
reported once again on the world-wide system of "flagging-out"
which means that ships are not registered in the countries where they
operate, and where the regulations are strict and expensive, but in
places like Panama and Cyprus and the Bahamas, where they are lax
and cheap. The Scandinavian Star, although Danish-owned, was
registered in the Bahamas.
One of the more outrageous cases came to light in October 1989. (4)
… West German police arrested and charged two men, the ship's
British master and its German owner. They were charged with flying
a false flag, and forgery of Belize government documents. A police
officer said:
"Belize was not the latest entrant in the cheap flag stakes; they in fact
operate no shipping whatsoever. When we contacted the Belize High
Commission in London, they were astonished to learn that a ship was
pretending to be registered in their country."
(Safety at sea, The Times)
1. Four sentences have been removed from the text. Select the
appropriate sentence for each gap in the text. There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use. 4 points
A. On board the Scandinavian Star, a fireman said the ferry had only
one system to pump and spray water on to the flames and that
pumping and spraying had to be done alternately.
B. These would have been properly trained in fire-fighting and
lifeboat drills and been able to communicate with their officers and
the passengers in the event of an emergency.
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C. Terrorists plant bombs, as in the case of the destruction of the
American airliner over Lockerbie in Scotland.
D. Clearly, fire is a commonplace hazard, and a very dangerous one,
at sea.
E. A general cargo ship named the Bosun set sail from Hamburg
under the flag of the small central American state of Belize.
Writing activities
69
1. Make a list of your own safety rules for one of these
activities: handling cargo, sailing or working on a site.
2. Catastrophes at sea and in the air make grim headlines: they
represent a great deal of sorrow for the families of the dead
and injured.
Tag questions.
Review: Usage/ Form
Usage
Tag questions are the short questions that we put on the end of
sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different
question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.
Form
Positive/negative
... and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is
positive.
The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence.
If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made
with the auxiliary verb.
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This isn’t working, is it?
If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the
question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.
If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the question
tag uses the same modal verb.
With ‘I am’
Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The
question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’
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2. Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.
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Absolute participle clauses, with an obligatory nominative
subject:
The gerund:
This always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a
verb), so it can be used:
after prepositions:
Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
She is good at painting
in compound nouns,
e.g. a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-
spotting
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4. We saw a clown standing on his head.
5. Asking questions is a whole lot easier than answering them.
6. Waving their hands, the audience cheered the winner.
7. Plucking flowers is forbidden.
8. Jumping over the fence, the thief escaped.
9. I was surprised at John’s being absent.
10. We spent the whole day playing cards.
11. A miser hates spending his money.
12. John was angry at Alice trying to lie to her.
13. Praising all alike is praising none.
14. Are you afraid of speaking the truth?
15. Singing to herself is her chief delight.
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Vocabulary practice
Study the words in the box below
hull, trim, tugboat, bulk carrier, tanker, keel, ballast, steer, draft,
derrick, propeller, deadweight, reefer ships, capsize, hold, stow
Reading activities
75
c) On container ships, containers are stacked both in the holds and on
the upper deck. On the upper deck cargoes are exposed to the sun,
spray and rainwater and big rises and falls in temperature. Below
decks it is possible to control temperature and ventilation. Containers
packed with batteries, electronic equipment, tea etc are therefore
stowed in the hold. Containers of glass, ceramics and machine parts
are stacked on deck.
2. Read the second text again and find words that mean the
following:
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make something better
turn into liquid
poisonous
uncovered
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airplane) moves
9. Draft i. a device with two or
more blades that turn
quickly and cause a ship
or aircraft to move
10. Capsize j. the chief structural
member of a boat or
ship that extends
longitudinally along the
center of its bottom and
that often projects from
the bottom
11. Derrick k. load or load-pulling
capacity
12. Propeller l. a tall machine with a
long part like an arm
that is used to move or
lift heavy things
especially on ships
4. Work in pairs. Match the type of cargo in the list below with
hazards on the right:
A B
1) Ammonium nitrate a) Falls
2) Timber b) collapse of load
3) Coal c) Explosions
4) LPG d) Fire
5) Containers e) unsafe lashings
f) dust
g) toxic gasses
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restrictions placed on ships, the dangers of discharging ballast,
accidents involving cargoes, dangers from the weather etc. ask
if they have any experience of transporting the goods.
Core modals
Review: Form/ Usage
All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals.
Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form;
they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
Be, do, and have also differ from the other auxiliaries in that they can
also serve as ordinary verbs in a given sentence.
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than necessary. Prohibition
Shall Shall I help you with your luggage? Offer
(More Shall we say 2.30 then? Suggestion
common Shall I do that or will you? Asking what to do
in the
UK than
the US)
Should We should sort out this problem at Saying what’s right
once. or correct
I think we should check everything Recommending
again. action
Profits should increase next year. Uncertain prediction
Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. Instant decisions
I'll do that for you if you like. Offer
I’ll get back to you first thing on Promise
Monday. Certain prediction
Profits will increase next year.
Would Would you mind if I brought a Asking for
colleague with me? permission
Would you pass the salt please? Request
Would you mind waiting a moment? Making
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - arrangements
"That’d be fine." Invitation
Would you like to play golf this Preferences
Friday?
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" -
"I’d like tea please."
Note
The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base
form or bare infinitive.
Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person singular.
You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple
Present and Simple Past.
Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the
future tenses.
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can could have to must might should
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out,
you walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
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10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but
it's not here.
Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish
washer. It be in there. That's the only other place
it be.
11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The
weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and
it rain later on this afternoon.
15. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez,
it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.
16. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago,
and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the
killer be someone in this room. It be any
one of us!!!
17. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never
took it out of this room. It be lying around here
somewhere. Where it be?
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Asking people to do things
Polite requests
Examples
The imperative
Examples
Examples
83
I want you all to be here at six a.m. I would like you to be more
careful
2. Read about each situation and then make the request. Use the
words in brackets.
84
c. naval architects debate d. the blueprints of a battleship
1. 2.
3. 4.
9
Task 2
What do you think naval architects do?
Vocabulary practice
Study the words from the table below
shipyard, hull, weld, keel, mold, afloat, trawler, ferry, bulk
carrier,
Reading activities
Read the texts below to complete the following tasks
A. A vessel's design starts with a specification, which a naval
architect uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions,
and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After
this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a
general profile and an initial overview of the ship's propulsion. At
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this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship's design, adding detail
and refining the design at each stage.
The designer will typically produce an overall plan, a general
specification describing the peculiarities of the vessel, and
construction blueprints to be used at the building site. Designs for
larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans, electrical
schematics, and plumbing and ventilation plans.
As environmental laws are strictening, ship designers need to create
their design in such a way that the ship -when it nears its end-of-
term- can be disassembled or disposed easily and that waste is
reduced to a minimum.
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1. Skim through the texts in order to answer the following
questions
1. Which are the steps followed by a naval architect to design a
vessel?
2. What does a naval architect need to know in terms of
environmental laws?
3. How long does constructing a ship last?
4. Which are the two methods of constructing a hull mentioned in the
text?
5. What does ship launching imply?
6. Why is the price of constructing a ship so high?
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large net
6. Afloat f) the main part of a ship
or boat : the deck, sides,
and bottom of a ship or
boat
7. Trawler g) to join pieces of metal
together by heating the
edges until they begin
to melt and then
pressing them together
8. Ferry h) the force that moves
something forward
9. Bulk carrier i) a place where ships are
built or repaired
10. Propulsion j) floating on water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAm4r7IYC1M
4. How many times was the project Queen Mary 2 put on hold?
_____________________________________________.
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_____________________________________.
Writing activities
1. Career profile: Marine Engineer, Mechanical Engineer or
Naval Architect? Select one of the professions mentioned and
write about the responsibilities or duties, qualities,
preparations or training you need for the job.
Marginal Modals
Review: Form/ Usage
Definition
A verb (such as dare, need, used to, ought to) that displays some but
not all of the properties of an auxiliary. A marginal modal can be used
as either an auxiliary or a main verb.
There are two properties that unite this narrow class of marginal
auxiliaries. First, in terms of meaning, they resemble modal
auxiliaries like can, must, etc. Second, they can be constructed either
as pure auxiliaries or as main verbs without a difference in meaning.
Both dare and need can be used as auxiliary verbs. In this use, like
other auxiliaries:
Examples
89
Need we tell the Dean about this?
Both verbs may also be constructed as main verbs. In this use, like
main verbs, they require do-insertion when negated by not and
in yes/no questions:
Examples
Examples
The reason for giving the forms as ought to and used to (instead
of ought and used) is simply that they only very rarely occur
without to. Thus, from this perspective they behave as main verbs.
However, with respect to their behaviour in negative clauses and
in yes/no questions, they often behave as auxiliaries:
Examples:
90
We ought not to tell the Dean about this.
Ought we to tell the Dean about this?
We used not to prepare the samples as carefully as this.
With used to, the only form of yes/no question in current usage is the
main verb construction (with do-insertion), as in (2). In clauses
negated by not, such as (1), the main verb construction is also
common:
Examples
91
3. You don’t have to be a member c. if teachers
object to the new
curriculum
4. You don’t have to play golf well d. to run up and
down the aisle of the aircraft
5. Newspapers mustn’t e. to use the tennis
club
6. You don’t have to drink alcohol f. when you drive
7. Newspapers don’t have to say g. who provided
their information
8. Children mustn’t be allowed h. where children
can get them
9. You mustn’t be surprised i. mislead the
public
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4. Complete the conversation with should, shouldn’t, ought or
oughtn’t.
A: I can’t come out tonight, Rachel. I _______to do some more work.
I’m behind everything. I’ve got so much to do.
B: You ________ worry so much, Vicky. Don’t panic. You
__________ to relax sometimes. You ________ take a break.
A: I know I ___________ panic, but I do. I can’t help it.
B: Anyway, you’re doing OK, aren’t you? Your results have been
good. You ________ be pleased. You ________ to invent problems
for yourself.
Negative sentences
Double negatives:
A double negative uses two negative words (in bold below) in the
same clause to express a single negative idea:
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The rules dictate that the two negative elements cancel each other out
to give a positive statement instead, so that the sentence ‘I don’t
know nothing’ could literally be interpreted as ‘I do know
something’.
Double negatives are standard in many other languages and they were
also a normal part of English usage until some time after the
16th century. They’re still widely used in English dialects where they
don’t seem to cause any confusion as to the intended meaning.
Nevertheless, they aren’t considered acceptable in current standard
English and you should avoid them in all but very informal situations.
Just use a single negative instead:
The use of not together with unconvinced suggests that the speaker
has a few mental reservations about the argument. The double
negative creates a nuance of meaning that would not be present had
the speaker just said:
Negative questions
Examples
94
Two meanings
Example
Didn’t you see Ann yesterday? How is she doing? (= I believe that
you saw Ann yesterday.)
Example
Wouldn’t it be nice to paint that wall green? (More polite than ‘It
would be nice to paint that wall green.’)
Example
Hasn’t the postman come yet?
95
1. You are not English.
?
2. You worked today at
3:00. ?
3. He is eating at the
moment. ?
4. Remy has got a
bike. ?
5. Would you come
tomorrow? ?
6. Juliet has a big
family. ?
7. They will pass their
exam. ?
8. Paul is French. ?
9. We went to the beach
yesterday. ?
10. I will realize all my
dreams. ?
11. My friends enjoyed the last Thanksgiving
feast. ?
12. The name of Ali's dog is
Pépito. ?
13. My grandparents lived in a small
village. ?
14. Sonia has two
children. ?
15. Tania is going
abroad. ?
16. Juan will help poor people when he is
rich. ?
17. I'd give you a present for your
birthday. ?
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18. The Earth turns around the
Sun. ?
19. Did you succeed in doing the
exercise? ?
1. While walking out the door, Kyle did not lock no doors.
2. The other girls in Kennedy’s class don’t never seem interested
in joining her study group.
3. Kara did not go nowhere during her time off from work.
4. A tiny bite or small piece of chocolate cake will not do no
damage to your dieting efforts.
5. I remember how when I was a young child I could not hardly
wait for Christmas morning.
6. Caleb was not unhappy with the results of his math test.
7. Just because Kylie cannot decide what she wants to give up
does not mean she don’t want to give up nothing.
8. Kathy has not done no cleaning since before the baby was
born.
9. The doctor would not give nothing to patients he had not seen
before that were asking for prescriptions.
10. Kenneth was not unhappy with the results of the experiment.
Bibliography
97
1. Albu, G., & Manolache, P., 1997 Vocabular frazeologic
englez-român, Constanţa.
98
13. Freeman, H.G., & Glass, G., 2005 Dicţionar tehnic englez
– român, român – englez, Bucuresţi: Editura Niculescu,
ISBN: 978-973-568-706-0.
14. Galea, I., & Stanciu, V., 2002 English with Tears,
Cluj-Napoca: Editura Dacia, ISBN: 973-35-1151-X.
99
23. Ionitiu, I., 2005 Introductory Notes on Building
Construction, Constanta: Ex Ponto, ISBN: 973-644-440-6.
29. Lieberman, L., & Spielberger, J., 1999 SAT II: Writing,
Bucureşti: Teora, ISBN: 973-20-0107-0.
100
34. Nisbert, A. & A.W. Kutz & C. Logie, 1997 Marlins English
for Seafarers, Study Pack 1, Marlins, Edinburgh.
101
journal.com/images/stories/Journals/The%20Maritime
%20English%20Journal%20Australia.pdf.
Online Sources:
48. http://www.bobthebuilder.com/usa/videos.asp
49. http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-
2/exercise-english-89004.php
50. http://www.britishcouncil.org/professionals-specialisms-
maritime-1.htm
51. http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/CET/cet_profs/maritime2_gap
type.htm
52. http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/CET/cet_profs/maritime4_mc.
htm
53. http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/CET/cet_profs/maritime3_gap
dd.htm
54. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine4.htm
55. http://mareng.utu.fi/download/
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