Constitutive Modeling of Oxidative Aging Effects

on Damage Response of Asphalt Concrete

Eisa Rahmani
Masoud K. Darabi
Eyad A. Masad
Dallas N. Little
Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub

Petersen Asphalt Research Conference and P3 Symposium, Laramie, WY

July 2014

Acknowledge funding by:

Qatar National Research Foundation
Asphalt Research Consortium through FHWA
 Overview
Air voids
Mechanical
loading

Major products:
Carbonyl, C=O
Sulfoxides, S=O Coupling to Mechanical Behavior
Stiffer & More Brittle through PANDA

Oxidative Aging Constitutive Relationship Calibration & Validation

• Physically-Based Aging Variable • Experiments
• Oxygen content and temperature • Computations
dependent

Pavement Performance
Simulations

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Oxidative Aging Constitutive Relationship
• Carbonyl Formation Rate:
(Liu M. et al. 1996)
dCA  −E 
= β Pα exp 
= rCA
dt  RT 

• Oxidative Aging
Constitutive Relationship: dA (Abu Al-Rub et al. 2013)
Γ aθ k1 (1 − A ) 2 f (T )
=
k
(Rahmani et al. 2014, under review)
dt
Aging variable, accounts for property change caused by oxidative aging

Aging Fluidity parameter Normalized oxygen content

History dependent term

k1 controls the oxygen content effect
Thermal coupling term
k2 controls the aging history effect

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 Calibration
• Identifying “Aging variable” using Dynamic Modulus Test

Test Specimens
Mixing and Superpave
Gyratory
preparation Compactor

Aggregate Limestone

Binder PG 67-22

Air void Content 7.0 ± 0.5

Max Agg. Size 19.0 mm

Temperature
Aging Room @ 60˚C

10 cm

ARC Mix #1, Test conducted by

15.2 cm
TAMU

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 Calibration
τ d (g σ )
τ
(ψ t
−ψ )
0 0 ij + g1 ∫ ∆D
t
ε= σ dτ
2 ij
Nonlinear Viscoelasticity: ve
g D t

dτ
ij
0
Schapery, 1969

Transient Compliance of Aged Material:

N
1 − exp ( −λnψ ) 
Dnaged= (1 − A) k2 Dnunaged
∆=
D t
∑D n 
t

n =1
λnaged= (1 − A) k λnunaged
2

Retardation times
Compliance terms
Interconversion Relationships:
(1 − A ) Dnunaged
k2
N
• Storage compliance ′=
Daged (ω ) D unaged
+∑
1 [ω / ((1 − A ) λn
0
)] + 1
k unaged 2
2

[ω / ((1 − A ) 2 λnunaged )]((1 − A ) 2 Dnunaged )

k k
N
• Loss compliance ′′ (ω ) = ∑
Daged
[ω / ((1 − A ) 2 λnunaged )]2 + 1
k
1

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Prediction of Aging-Viscoelastic Response
• Repeated Creep-Recovery

Axial Stress
at Various Stress Level Loading Unloading

Time

Axial Strain

Viscoelastic
Recovery

Irrecoverable
Strain
Time

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Prediction of Aging-Viscoelastic Response
• Repeated Creep-Recovery at Various Stress Level

Loading Time -
Aging Air Void Confinement
Test No. Temperature (˚C) Unloading Time
Condition Percentage Stress (kPa)
(sec)

1 Unaged

2 40 3 months 7% 0.4 - 30 138

3 6 months

4 Unaged

5 55 3 months 7% 0.4 - 30 138

6 6 months

ARC Mix #1, Test conducted by

TAMU

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Prediction of Aging-Viscoelastic Response
Comparisons of Recovered Viscoelastic Strain for Aged Asphalt Concrete

3-month aged 3-month aged

@ 40˚C @ 55˚C

6-month aged 6-month aged

@ 40˚C @ 55˚C

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Aging-Viscoelastic-Viscodamage Response Prediction

• Some of the Capabilities of PANDA in Constitutive Modeling:

Nonlinear Viscoelasticity Schapery, 1969

Viscodamage Darabi et al. 2013

Oxidative aging
• PANDA References:
1. Abu Al-Rub et al. 2010, “A micro-damage healing model that improves prediction of fatigue life in asphalt mixes”.
2. Abu Al-Rub et al. 2011, “A unified continuum damage mechanics model for predicting the mechanical response of asphalt mixtures and pavements”.
3. Darabi et al. 2011, “A thermo-viscoelastic-viscoplastic-viscodamage constitutive model for asphaltic materials”.
4. Darabi et al. 2012, “A continuum damage mechanics framework for modeling micro-damage healing”.
5. Darabi et al. 2012, “A modified viscoplastic model to predict the permanent deformation of asphaltic materials under cyclic-compression loading at
high temperatures”.
6. Darabi et al. 2013, “Cyclic Hardening-Relaxation Viscoplasticity Model for Asphalt Concrete Materials”.
7. Shakiba et al. 2013, “Continuum Coupled Moisture-Mechanical Damage Model for Asphalt Concrete”.

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Aging-Viscoelastic-Viscodamage Response Prediction

Effect of Aging on Viscodamage Evolution Function:

∆ ∆ (Darabi et al. 2013)

Remove q
σ vd  Y 
Γ   ( ε eff ) , k < 0
k
damages
Effective Stress: σ= 
φ=
1−φ  Y0 
Damage Density

Normalized damage force

Nominal (damaged) Effective (undamaged)
Configuration Configuration Effective Strain

σ
∆ Age
φunaged < φaged

t ε
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Aging-Viscoelastic-Viscodamage Response Prediction
• Cyclic Crosshead-Controlled Test

1500
Averagestrain
Applied strainatatthe
theend
endplates
plates
Loading rod 1200
Measuredstrain
Measured strainatatthe
LVDTs
LVDTs

Strain (microstrain)
900

600

300

LVDTs 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Time (sec)

Test Average initial on- Loading frequency

Aging condition Temperature
No. specimen micro-strain (cycle/sec)
1 3 months 108
5˚C 10
2 3 months 102

3 6 months 106
5˚C 10
ARC Mix #1, Test conducted by 4 6 months 105
NC State University

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Aging-Viscoelastic-Viscodamage Response Prediction
• Predictions of Stress Response:
3-month aged

(Strain Amplitude= 108 micro strain) (Strain Amplitude= 102 micro strain)

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Aging-Viscoelastic-Viscodamage Response Prediction
• Predictions of Stress Response:
6-month aged

(Strain Amplitude= 107 micro strain) (Strain Amplitude= 105 micro strain)

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 Pavement Performance Simulations
• Quantifying Effective Oxygen Diffusivity
3D microstructure of Aggregates Air voids Binder
asphalt concrete
Non-diffusible Super diffusible Experimentally
determined

VF = 82% VF = 7% VF = 11%
You et al. 2012

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 Pavement Performance Simulations
• Oxygen Diffusion Simulation

• Framework:
∂θ
Fick’s second law: = Deff ∇ 2θ
θ=1 ∂t

Normalized
Oxygen Content, θ

θ(t)

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 Pavement Performance Simulations

• Computational and Experimental Results for Oxygen Diffusivity

at Intermediate to High Temperatures
Experimental Computational
Type of Material
Results Results

Binder 3.82 – 22.81 11.16

Matrix
3.11 – 19.87 7.93
(with fine aggregates up to 25% VF)

Full Mixture N.A. 3.33

Units in mm2/day

Experimental results from Han and Glover (2011)

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 Pavement Performance Simulations
• Objective:
Investigate the effect of oxidative aging on damage
performance of a 2D pavement structure

• Pulse loading
(axisymmetric model)

100 mm

150 mm

• Contact Area = 0.0715 m2 500 mm

• Wheel load = 71 (kN)
• Contact pressure = 993 (kPa)
• From:
Transportation Pooled Fund Study TPF-5(019) and SPR-2(174)
Accelerated Pavement Testing of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt
Pavements

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 Pavement Performance Simulations
Oxygen content Aging variable

12 months 100 mm

θ
A
30 months

60 months

120 months

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 Pavement Performance Simulations
Damage evolution 8000 loading cycles, loading time=0.1 sec, rest period=0.4 sec

Unaged 6 months

12 months 30 months

60 months 120 months

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 Summary and Conclusions
• The oxidative aging constitutive relationship was presented.

• The effects of oxidation is incorporated by the physically-based aging

variable.

• A straight-forward procedure was introduced to identify material properties.

• The proposed constitutive modeling of aging is capable of predicting the

viscoelastic and time-dependent damage response of laboratory conducted
tests.

• The presented computational framework is used to investigate the effect of

different constituents on oxidative aging susceptibility of asphalt concrete.
This will provide a tool to design more aging-resistible pavements.

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 Ongoing Research
• Further validation of aging-mechanical constitutive model

• Thorough investigation of asphalt layer geometry and material

properties on fatigue response of aged pavements

• Incorporate the healing effect into oxidative aging studies

• Thermodynamic framework for oxidative aging constitutive

modeling

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 Thanks For Your Attention
Special Thanks to:

Dr. David H. Allen

Dr. Charles J. Glover
Dr. Emad Kassem

Acknowledge Funding by:

• Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF)

• The Asphalt Research Consortium –
The US Federal Highway Administration

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