What are the Kalpasutras?

Examine the different classes of sutras that emerged out of the

Kalpasutras? 2 + 3 = 5
8. Analyse, in brief, the administrative machinery of the Sakyan republics? Explain the
nature of the Sakyan state? 2 + 3 = 5
9. Trace the origins and functions of panchayats in ancient Hindu law. Examine the nature
of governance in the villages of ancient India. 2 + 3 = 5
10. Trace, in brief, the salient features of pastoralism in ancient Indian economy. Did
pastoralism represent a highly developed stage in the growth of the ancient Indian economic
structure? 2 + 3 = 5
11. Explain, in brief, the trial process in Hindu law. From when and under whose rule did the
profession of pleaders emerge in ancient India?

Analysing the role of the family in ancient Indian society show whether individualism
ever informed the social structure of Vedic North India. 5
Was the jajmani system aimed at perpetuating the basic structure of the varna system in
India? 5
Did the establishment of urban centres and guilds demonstrate the existence of a vibrant
market economy in the pre- and post-Maurya periods of ancient Indian history?
Define sutra. Examine, in brief, the different types of sutras. Demonstrate whether there was
increasing radicalization of Hindu legal literature with the passage of time. 2 + 3 = 5

Trace the social structure of the Vedic Aryans. Can it be suggested that society in ancient
India was democratically run? 7 + 3 = 10
4. Explain the origin of the caste system in India. 10
5. Critically analyse the peasant phase of the ancient Indian economy. Do we witness the
emergence of early attempts to establish an egalitarian society in ancient India? 7 + 3 = 10
6. Evaluate the importance of the sources of Hindu law in the making of the relationship
between the shastras and modern Indian law. 10

B. Answer any four short questions: 5 x 4 = 20

8. Define dharma. What are the different branches of dharma. 2 + 3 = 5
10. Who were officials responsible for the administration of the courts? 5
11. Did the trial process in ancient Hindu law ensure fair dispensation of justice?