EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST.

PROFESSOR

ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS [17EC36]

B.E., III Semester, Electronics & Communication Engineering/
Telecommunication Engineering (VTU)
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) scheme]

Module-3

I
Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations

A
Derivation of Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations, Uniqueness theorem, Examples of the solution of

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Laplace’s equation.

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Steady Magnetic Field

Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s circuital law, Curl, Stoke’s theorem, Magnetic flux and magnetic flux
density, Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials.
BA
Text Books:
1. W.H. Hayt and J.A. Buck, “Engineering Electromagnetics”, 7th Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2009, ISBN-978-0-07-061223-5.
EJ

Reference Books:
IT

1. Ian John Krauss and Daniel A Fleisch, “ Electromagnetics with applications”, Mc Graw Hill.
2. N. Narayana Rao, “Fundamentals of Electromagnetics for Engineering”, Pearson.
V
RA

PREPARED BY:

RAVITEJA BALEKAI
Asst Professor
ECE Dept, GMIT
Davangere 577006
Cell: +919739223504
Mail: ravitejj10@gmail.com , ravitejb@gmit.ac.in
Website: https://ravitejb.wixsite.com/ravitej

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Poisson’s And Laplace’s Equation

From the Gauss’s law in the point form, poisson’s equation can be derived. Consider the Gauss’s
law in the form as,

.D= - - - - - - - - - (1)

Where D= Flux density and Volume charge density

For homogeneous, isotropic and linear medium, flux density and electric field intensity are directly
proportional. Thus,

I
A
D= E - - - - - - - - - (2)

.E = (E= V)

K
. =

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[ . ]=

. =-
BA
2
V=- - - - - - - - - - (3)

If in a certain region, volume charge density is zero ( , which is true for dielectric medium
then the Poisson’s equation takes the form,
EJ

2
V = 0 - - - - - - - - - (4)
IT

2
operation in different coordinate systems
In Cartesian coordinate system,
V

V= ax+ ay+ az
RA

. V= + +

2
V= + + =0

In Cylindrical coordinate system,

2
V= =0

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

In Spherical coordinate system,

2
V =0

Uniqueness Theorem

I
Assume that the Laplace’s equation has two solutions V1 and V2, both are function of the coordinates of the

A
system used. These solutions must satisfy Laplace’s equation. So we can write,
2 2
V1 = 0 and V2 = 0 - - - - - - - - - (1)

K
Both the solutions must satisfy the boundary conditions as well. At the boundary, the potential at different

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points are same due to equipotential surface then,

V1 = V2 - - - - - - - - - (2)

Let the difference between the two solutions is Vd.

BA
Vd = V2 - V1 - - - - - - - - - (3)

Using Laplace’s equation for the difference Vd,

2 2
Vd = (V2 - V1) = 0 - - - - - - - - - (4)
EJ

2 2
V2 - V1 = 0 - - - - - - - - - (5)

On the boundary Vd = 0 from the equations (2) and (3).

IT

Now the divergence theorem states that,

= - - - - - - - - - (6)
V

Let A = Vd Vd and from vector algebra,

RA

. (α B) = α ( + B . ( α)

Now use this for . (Vd Vd) with α = Vd and Vd = B

. (Vd Vd) = Vd ( Vd ) + Vd . ( Vd)

But Vd = 0 . (Vd Vd) = Vd . ( Vd)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

=0

This is volume integral to be evaluated on the volume enclosed by the boundary.

= 0 - - - - - - - - - (7)

Now integration can be zero under two conditions

i) The quantity under integral sign is zero.

ii) The quantity is positive in some regions and negative in other regions by equal amount and

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hence zero.

A
K
But square term cannot be negative in any region hence, quantity under integral must be zero.
=0

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i.e =0

As the gradient of Vd = V2 - V1 is zero means V2 - V1 is constant and not changing with any coordinates.
But considering boundary it can be proved that V2 - V1 = constant = zero
BA
V2 = V1

This proves that both the solutions are equal and cannot be different.

Procedure for solving Laplace’s Equation

EJ

The procedure to solve a problem involving Laplace’s equation can be generalized as,

Step 1: Solve the Laplace’s equation using the method of integration.

IT

Step 2: Determine the constants applying the boundary conditions given or known for the region.

Step 3: Then E can be obtained for the potential field V obtained, using gradient operation
V

Step 4: For the homogeneous medium, D can be obtained as D = Eε.

RA

Step 5: At the surface, = DN hence once D is known, the normal component DN to the surface is

known. Hence the charge induced on the conductor surface can be obtained as Q = .

Step 6: Once the charge induced Q is known and potential V is known then the capacitance C of the

System can be obtained C = .

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Problems
1. Determine whether or not the following potential fields satisfy the Laplace’s equation:
a) V = x2-y2+z2 b) V = r cos φ + z c) V = r cos θ + φ

a) V = x2-y2+z2

I
2
V= + +

A
= + +

K
=2
2
V 0

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Potential field V does not satisfy Laplace’s equation

b) V = r cos φ + z
BA
2
V=

= = cos
EJ

= =

= =1
IT

= cos
V

= - cos
RA

=0
2
V 0
Potential field V satisfy Laplace’s equation

c) V = r cos θ + φ
2
V

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

=-r

=0

2
V =0

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Potential field V satisfy Laplace’s equation

A
2. Solve the Laplace's equation for the potential field in the homogeneous region between the

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two concentric conducting spheres with radii a and b, such that b > a if potential V=0 at r=b

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and V=V0 at r=a. Find the capacitance between the two concentric spheres.
The concentric conductors are shown in figure
V= Vo
BA
a
a
asb V= 0
EJ

bbb
Fig. 1

At r= b, V= 0 hence the outer sphere is shown at zero potential.

IT

The field intensity E will be only in radial direction hence V is changing only in radial direction as
the radial distance r, and not the function of and
V

According to Laplace’s equation,

2
RA

V 0 - - - - - - - - - (1)

v is function of r only

=0

Integrate, = 0 + C1 = C1

= = C1 r-2

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EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Integrate, V = C1 r-2 dr + C2 = + C2

V= + C2 - - - - - - - - - (2)
Use boundary conditions,
V=0 at r=b

0= + C2 - - - - - - - - - (3)
And V=V0 at r=a

I
A
V0 = + C2 - - - - - - - - - (4)
Subtracting the two equations (3) – (4)

K
-V0 = -

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-V0 = C1

C1 =
BA
C2 = =
EJ

V=- + - - - - - - - - - (5)
IT

Eqn (5) represents the potential field in the region between the two spheres.

Now E = V=- ar = - ar = ar V/m - - - - - - - - - (6)

V
RA

2
D= E = ar = ar C/ m - - - - - - - - - (7)

As per the boundary conditions, D is always normal to the surface hence DN.

= C/ m2 - - - - - - - - - (8)

Q= x Surface area

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Q= x 4πr2 = C - - - - - - - - - (9)

Now C = V= potential between two spheres

C= = - - - - - - - - - (10)

3. Use Laplace's equation to find the capacitance per unit length of a coaxial cable of inner

I
radius 'a' m and outer radius 'b' m. Assume V=0 at r=b and V=V0 at r=a.

A
The coaxial cable is shown in figure

K
V= Vo

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a
V=0
BA
Fig. 2

Consider cylindrical coordinate system. The field intensity E is in radial direction from inner to
EJ

outer cylinder hence V is a function of r only and not the function of and z.
2
V=0
IT

2
V= = 0 - - - - - - - - - (1)

=0
V

Integrate, = 0 + C1 = C1
RA

V= dr + C2

V = C1 ln r + C2 - - - - - - - - - (2)
Use boundary conditions,
V=0 at r=b

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

0 = C1 ln b + C2 - - - - - - - - - (3)
And V=V0 at r=a
V0 = C1 ln a + C2 - - - - - - - - - (4)

Using the equations (3) and (4), we get

C1 = C2 = - C1 ln b =

I
V=- + - - - - - - - - - (5)

A
ar = - ar =

K
Now E = V=- ar V/m - - - - - - - - - (6)

LE
D= E = ar = ar C/ m2 - - - - - - - - - (7)

As per the boundary conditions, D is always normal to the surface hence DN.
BA
= C/ m2 - - - - - - - - - (8)

Q= x Surface area of inner cylinder

Q= x 2πrL = C - - - - - - - - - (9)
EJ

Now C = V= potential between two spheres

IT

C= == - - - - - - - - - (10)
V

Capacitance per unit length i.e L= 1m

C= F/m - - - - - - - - - (11)
RA

4. Two plates of parallel plate capacitors are separated by distance ‘d’ and maintained at
potential zero and Vo respectively. Assuming negligible fringing effect determine,
a) Potential at any position between the plates.
b) Surface charge density on the plates.
c) Capacitance between the plates.

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

z
V= Vo
z=d

I
A
z=0 z
V= 0

K
y

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Fig. 3

Assume that the plates are placed parallel to xy plane as shown in figure

a) Using Laplace’s equation in Cartesian form,

BA
2
V= + + =0

V is a function of z and not the function of x and y

EJ

2
V= = 0 - - - - - - - - - (1)
IT

Integrate, = 0 + C1 = C1

V= dz + C2
V

V = C1z + C2 - - - - - - - - - (2)
RA

At z = 0, V= 0 and z = d , V= Vo
C1 = Vo / d C2 = 0

V= - - - - - - - - - (3)

b) Now E = V=- az = - az = az V/m - - - - - - - - - (4)

D= E = az C/ m2 - - - - - - - - - (5)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

As per the boundary conditions, D is always normal to the surface hence DN.

= C/ m2 - - - - - - - - - (6)

c) Q= x Cross sectional area of each plate

Now C =

C= == = - - - - - - - - - (7)

I
A
K
5. Given the potential field V= [ A +B ] sin4
2
i) S.T V= 0

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ii) Select A and B such that V=100 V and |E|=500 V/m at P (1, 22.50, 2).

i)
BA
In Cylindrical coordinate system,

2
V= =0

= (sin 4 ) [ 4A - 4B ]
EJ

= (sin 4 ) [ 16A + 16 B ]
IT

= (4 cos 4 ) [ A +B ]
V

= (- sin 4 ) [ 16A + 16 B ]
RA

=0
2
V= 0

ii) At P, r = 1, = 22.50 , z = 2 and V = 100 V

100 = [ A + B] sin ( 4 x 22.5) = A + B - - - - - - - - - (1)

V=

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

= (sin 4 ) [ 4A - 4B ] = 4A – 4B at P

= = 0 at P

=0
= - (4A-4B) ar V/m
= 4A – 4B = 500 - - - - - - - - - (2)

I
A
Using equations (1) and (2) we get
A = 112.5 and B = -12.5

K
6. In a free space , ρv=200εo/r2.4 use poisson's equation to find v as a function of r, if it is assumed

LE
that r2Er→0 as v →0 and v→0 as r→∞. Use spherical coordinate system.
Poisson’s equation states that
BA
2
V=- as free space - - - - - - - - - (1)

= =- =-
EJ

2
V =-
IT

= - 200

Integrate, = 200 dr + C1 = -333.33 + C1

V

As E is the function of r only we can write,

RA

V=- = - - - - - - - - - (2)

= -333.33 + C1

As r2 Er → 0 , V → 0
C1 = 0

= -333.33

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EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

= -333.33

Integrate, V= 333.33 dr + C2

V = + C2 - - - - - - - - - (3)
As V → 0 , r → ꚙ

0= + C2

I
A
C2 = 0

K
V = - - - - - - - - - (4)

LE
BA
EJ
IT
V
RA

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

STEADY MAGNETIC FIELD

The scientist Oersted has discovered the relation between electric and magnetic fields in 1820.
Scientist Oersted stated that when the charges are in motion, they are surrounded by a magnetic field. The
charges in motion i.e flow of charges constitutes an electric current. Thus a current carrying current is

I
always surrounded by a magnetic field. If such current flow is steady i.e time invariant the the magnetic

A
field produced is a steady magnetic field which is also a time invariant. The direct current (d.c) is a steady
flow of current hence magnetic field produced by a conductor carrying a d.c current is a steady magnetic

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field. The study of steady magnetic field, existing in a given space, produced due to the flow of direct
current through a conductor is called magnetostatics.

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Direction of magnetic field: The direction of magnetic field line is directed from north pole to south pole
outside the magnet and from south pole to north pole inside the magnet.
BA
EJ

Fig. 4
IT

(Key point: An isolated magnetic pole cannot exist)

A right hand thumb rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field around a conductor
V

carrying a direct current.

RA

Fig. 5

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Biot-Savart Law
Consider a conductor carrying a direct current I and a steady magnetic field produced around it. The
Biot- Savart law allows us to obtain the differential magnetic field intensity dH, produced at a point P, due
to differential current element IdL. The current carrying conductor is shown in the figure.
The Biot-Savart law states that,
1. Proportional to the product of the current I and differential length dL.

I
A
2. The sine of the angle between the element and the line joining point P to the element.
3. And inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between point P and the element.

K
LE
I
BA
ɵ
R P
EJ

Fig. 6
IT

dH α - - - - - - - - - (1)
V

dH = - - - - - - - - - (2)
RA

where, k = Constant of proportionality =

dH = - - - - - - - - - (3)
From the rule of cross product,
x = dL sin = dL sin

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

dH = A/m - - - - - - - - - (4)

But =

The entire conductor is made up of all such differential elements. Hence to obtain total magnetic field
intensity H, the above eqn(4) takes the integral form as,

I
= A/m - - - - - - - - - (5)

A
The Biot-Savart law can be expressed for surface current considering ds while for volume current

K
considering dv.

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= dS A/m - - - - - - - - - (6)
BA
= dV A/m - - - - - - - - - (7)

Problem
μ Am at P1. The
EJ

1. Find the incremental field strength at P2 due to the current element of 2

coordinates of P1 and P2 are (4,0,0) and (0,3,0) respectively.
IT

z
V
RA

P2 (0,3,0) y
P1(4,0,0) R12

Fig. 7

According to Biot-Savart law,

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

dH2 =

= =5

= -

I
dH2 = - 4 x 10-3 μ A/m

A
K
H due to Infinitely Long Straight Conductor
Consider an infinitely long straight conductor, along z-axis. The current passing through the

LE
conductor is a direct current of I Amp. The field intensity H at a point P is to be calculated, which is at a
distance of ‘r’ from z-axis. This is shown in figure.
Consider small differential element at point A, along z-axis. At a distance z from origin.
BA
I dL = I dz - - - - - - - - - (1)

z
EJ

dl A (0, 0, z)
IT

R
V

O r P (r,0, 0)
RA

-z -

Fig. 8 due to infinitely long straight conductor

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

The distance vector joining point A to point P is R and can be written as, (Consider Cylindrical
coordinate system (r, )

= = - =r -z = = =R

dH = - - - - - - - - - (2)

I
A
= r dz

K
dH = - - - - - - - - - (3)

LE
H= - - - - - - - - - (4)
BA
For such integration, use the substitution

Z = r tan θ dz = r sec2 θ dθ For z= - θ= -90° and z= θ= 90°

EJ

H= =

But = sec2 θ
IT

H= A/m - - - - - - - - - (5)
V

H due to Straight Conductor of Finite Length

RA

Consider a conductor of finite length placed along z-axis, as shown in figure. The current passing
through the conductor is a direct current of I. The conductor is placed such that its one end is at z = z1
while the other at z = z2.The field intensity H at a point P is to be calculated, which is at a distance of ‘r’
from z-axis. This is shown in figure.

Consider small differential element at point A, along z-axis. At a distance z from origin.
I dL = I dz - - - - - - - - - (1)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

The distance vector joining point A to point P is R and can be written as, (Consider Cylindrical
coordinate system (r, )

z2

dl A (0, 0, z)

I
I

A
z1

K
O α1 P

LE
r

BA
-z -

Fig. 9 due to finite long straight conductor

EJ

= = - =r -z = = =R
IT

dH = - - - - - - - - - (2)
V

= r dz
RA

dH = - - - - - - - - - (3)

H= - - - - - - - - - (4)

Use

z= r tan α dz = r sec2 α dα

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

For z = z1 z1= r tan α1 and for z = z2 z2= r tan α2

H= = - - - - - - - - - (5)

But = sec2 α

α α
H= - - - - - - - - - (6)

I
H=

A
A/m- - - - - - - - - (7)

Sign convention for α1 and α2

K
2 2
α2

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P

2 α1
α2 P
α1
BA
α1

1 1
α2 P 1
EJ

a) Both α1 and α2 are positive b) Both α1 and α2 are negative c) α1 negative , α2 positive

Fig. 10
IT

H at the centre of a circular conductor

Consider the current carrying conductor arranged in a circular form as shown in figure. The H at the
V

centre of the circular loop is to be obtained. The conductor carries the direct current I.
RA

R12
P

Fig. 11

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Using the definition of cross product,

= sin ɵ = I dL sin ɵ - - - - - - - - - (1)

dH = = - - - - - - - - - (2)

H= = =

I
H= - - - - - - - - - (3)

A
As I dL is tangential to the circle and R12 is the radius, angle must be 90°

K
H= A/m - - - - - - - - - (4)

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Problem
1. Find the magnetic field intensity at point P for the circuit shown in figure
BA
20 m

B C
EJ

10 m P Radius 5m

A 10 A D
IT

Fig. 12
V

Consider the various section of the loop

RA

20
α1 = tan -1 = 14.036°
B
But α1 is negative as point A is below P
5 r α2 α1 = -14.036°
α1
5 α2 = tan -1 = 14.036°

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EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

A
H1 = A/m

H1= = 0.0193 A/m

5
C P α2 = 0

I
α1 α1 = tan -1

A
= 75.96°

K
20

LE
H2= BA = 0.1544 A/m

H3= = 0.5
P
EJ

D
IT
V

A α1 = 0
α2 = tan -1
RA

= 75.96°

20
α2 P
D 5

H4= = 0.1544 A/m

H = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 = 0.8281 A/m

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Ampere’s Circuital Law

The Ampere’s Circuital law states that,
“The line integral of magnetic field intensity H around a closed path is exactly equal to the direct current
enclosed by that path.”
The mathematical representation of Ampere’s Circuital law is,
= I - - - - - - - - - (1)
Proof of Ampere’s Circuital Law

I
Consider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I placed along z-axis as shown in the figure.

A
Consider a closed circular path of radius r which encloses the straight conductor carrying direct current I.
The point P is at perpendicular distance r from the conductor Consider dL at a point P which is in

K
direction, tangential to circular path at point P.

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=rd - - - - - - - - - (2)
BA z

r
P y

x I
EJ

Fig. 13
While H obtained at point P, from Biot-Savart law due to infinitely long conductor is,
IT

H=
V

L= .rd = - - - - - - - - - (3)
RA

Integrating H.dL over the entire closed path

= d

= = Current carried by conductor - - - - - - - - - (4)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

CURL
In electrostatics, the Gauss’s law is applied to the differential volume element to develop the concept of
divergence. Similarly in magnetostatics, the Ampere’s circuital law is to be applied to the differential
surface element to develop the concept of a curl.
Consider the differential surface element having Δx and Δy plane, as shown in figure. The magnetic
field intensity at the point P which is centre of the small rectangle is,

H = Hxo ax + Hyo ay +Hzo az - - - - - - - - - (1)

I
A
K
z d
c

LE
P
y a Δx
x Δy b
BA
Fig. 14

To apply Ampere’s circuit law to this closed path, let us evaluate the closed line integral of H about this
path in the direction abcda.
EJ

Along path a-b, = Hy and =

IT

= Hy - - - - - - - - - (2)

The intensity Hy along a-b direction can be expressed interms of Hy0 existing at P and the rate of change of
V

Hy in the x direction with x. The distance in x direction of a-b from point P is ( . Hence along
RA

a-b can be expressed as,

) a-b = [ Hy0 + ] - - - - - - - - - (3)

For path b-c , is in direction hence - Hx and =

= Hx - - - - - - - - - (4)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Now Hx along b-c direction can be expressed interms of Hx0 existing at P and the rate of change of Hx in
the y direction with y. The distance in y direction of b-c from point P is ( . Hence along b-c
can be expressed as,

) b-c = - [ Hx0 + ] - - - - - - - - - (5)

For path c-d , is in direction hence - Hy and =

I
A
= - Hy - - - - - - - - - (6)

K
But Hy can be expressed interms of Hy0 and rate of change of Hy in the negative x direction. The distance of
cd from point P is ( in negative x direction.

LE
) c-d = - [ Hy0 -
BA ] - - - - - - - - - (7)

Similarly for path d-a

) d-a = [ Hx0 - ] - - - - - - - - - (8)

EJ

Total can be obtained by adding the equations (3), (5), (7) and (8)

= ] - - - - - - - - - (9)
IT

According to ampere’s circuital law, this integral must be current enclosed by the differential element.
V

Current density = Current density normal to closed path x Area of the closed path
Ienc = Jz - - - - - - - - - (10)
RA

= Jz - - - - - - - - - (11)

This gives accurate result as the closed path shrinks to a point i.e area tends to zero.

= Jz - - - - - - - - - (12)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Considering incremental closed path in yz plane, we get the current density normal to it i.e in x direction.

= Jx - - - - - - - - - (13)

Similarly considering incremental closed path in xz plane, we get the current density normal to it i.e in y
direction.

I
= Jy - - - - - - - - - (14)

A
The total J now can be obtained by adding (12), (13) and (14)

K
J = Jx ax + Jy ay + Jz az

LE
J=[ ] ax + [ ] ay +[ ] az

J = curl H =
BA X H - - - - - - - - - (15)

Curl in various co-ordinate systems

1. Cartesian coordinate system

X H =
EJ
IT

2. Cylindrical coordinate system

V

X H =
RA

3. Spherical coordinate system

X H =

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Problems

1. A due to a current source is given by, = [ ycos(αx)] + (y+ex) . Calculate the current
density over the yz plane.
From the Ampere’s circuital law

X H =

I
A
=[ ( +[ - ] + [- ]

K
= - -
On xy plane , x = 0

LE
- - A/m2

2. Given the general vector, = (Sin2ϕ) in cylindrical coordinates. Find the curl of at
(2,π/4,0).
BA
X A=
EJ

= =
IT

At (2, π/4 , 0)
V

X A = 0.5

3. Given that the general vector = 2.5 +5 in spherical coordinates. Find the curl of H at
RA

(2,π/6,0).

X H =

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

=
ɵ

= - +

At (2 , π/6 , 0)

X H = 4.33 - 2.5 + 1.25

I
Stoke’s theorem

A
The stoke’s theorem states that

K
“The line integral of a vector H around a closed path L is equal to the integral of curl of H over the
open surface S enclosed by the closed path L”.

LE
=

Problem
BA
1. Evaluate both sides of the Stoke's theorem for the field H=6xyax-3y2ay A/m and rectangular
path around the region 2≤ x ≤5 ,-1≤ y ≤1, z=0.
According to stoke’s theorem,
=
EJ

z
IT

y =-1 y=1
V

y
RA

a d x=2

x c x=5

Fig. 15

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

= . dx = 63 y

Now y = -1 for path ab, = 63 y = -63

= . dy = -2

= . dx = - 63 y

I
A
Now y = 1 for path cd , = - 63 y = - 63

= . dy =2

K
LE
= = - 126
BA
Now evaluate RHS

= = = - 6x
EJ
IT

= . dx dy = -126
V

Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

RA

The relationship between magnetic flux (H) and flux density (B) is given by

B = μ H - - - - - - - - - (1)

For free space , μ = μ0 = 4π x 10-7 H/m

B = μ0 H - - - - - - - - - (2)

The magnetic flux density has units wb/ m2 and hence it can be defined as the flux in webers passing
through unit area in a plane at right angles to the direction flux. It is given by

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Φ= webers - - - - - - - - - (3)

Now consider a closed surface which is defining a certain volume. The magnetic flux lines are always exist
in the form of closed loop. Thus for a closed surface the number of magnetic flux lines entering must be
equal to the number of magnetic flux lines leaving. Hence, the integral B. dS evaluated over a closed
surface is always zero.

= 0 - - - - - - - - - (4)

I
A
K
Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials

In case of magnetic fields there are two types of potentials which can be defined:

LE
1. The scalar magnetic potential denoted as Vm.
2. The Vector magnetic potential denoted as .
BA
To define scalar and vector magnetic potentials, let us use two vector identities which are listed as the
properties of curl,
V= scalar - - - - - - - - - (1)
EJ

= Vector - - - - - - - - - (2)
IT

Scalar Magnetic Potential

If is the scalar magnetic potential then it must satisfy the equation
V

- - - - - - - - - (3)

But the scalar magnetic potential is related to the magnetic field intensity H as,
RA

H=- - - - - - - - - - (4)

Using in eqn (3)

=0 i.e = 0 - - - - - - - - - (5)

But =J i.e J = 0

Thus scalar magnetic potential can be defined for source free region where J i.e current density is zero.

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

H=- only for J = 0

Magnetic scalar potential can be expressed interms of H as,

- - - - - - - - - (6)

Laplace’s equation for scalar magnetic potential

It is known that as monopole of magnetic field is non existing,

I
= 0 - - - - - - - - - (7)

A
Using divergence theorem,

K
= = 0 - - - - - - - - - (8)

= 0 - - - - - - - - - (9)

LE
)=0

=0
BA
=0
2
=0 for J = 0 - - - - - - - - - (10)
EJ

Vector Magnetic Potential

IT

The vector magnetic potential is denoted as and measured in Wb/m . It has to satisfy the eqn (2) that
divergence of a curl of a vector is always zero.
V

- - - - - - - - - (11)
RA

=0 - - - - - - - - - (12)

- - - - - - - - - (13)

Now =J

=J

= J - - - - - - - - - (14)

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 EE 17EC36 - MODULE - 3 RAVITEJ BALEKAI ASST. PROFESSOR

Problems

1. In cylindrical coordinates = 50 Wb/m is a vector magnetic potential, in a certain

region of free space. Find H, B, J and using J find the total current I crossing the surface
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π and z=0.
= 50 Wb/m

I
A
K
X A= = = - 100 r Wb/m2

LE
H= = A/ m
BA
= = = A/m2
EJ

I= = . r dr d = -500 x 106 A
IT

2. Given that = 2.5 ( sin ) Wb/m2 , find the total magnetic flux crossing the strip z=0,
V

y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 m.
The flux is given by,
RA

Φ=

Φ= )

= . dx dy = 1.5915 Wb.

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