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What is a sentence?
Sentence is a groups of words which give complete sense. A sentence which asserts or
states something is called an assertive sentence
Ex – Children love Music
A Sentence can ask a Question?
1. Where did you go?
2. Is your sister a teacher?
3. Where are they going?
Tenses
A verb is a word which suggests what a subject is, what it does or what happens to it.
Hence there is a possibilityof relating the functions of the verb to the past, present or future.
Present continuous
Is/an/are + (verb) ing
Important uses are
To show an action going on at the moment
1. The child is sleeping
To show an action in the immediate future.
1. I am going home next Monday
Present perfect
Singular has. Plural have.
Have/Has + Past participle
Ex- The plane has landed.
1. To express an action that has just finished
2. To express a past action the results of which are still felt or observed.
a. I have worked in this office for 2 years
Simple past.
Did + verb = eat + did = Ate
Write + did = wrote
Important uses
To denote an action that occrued in the past.
Ex – My friend died last year
Habitual action in the past
Ex – when I was in Delhi I went to temple every week-end
Past continuous
Was/were + (verb) ing
Important uses
To show the continuity of a past action
Ex (1) he was working all the morning.
To denote an action that was continuing when another action took place.
Ex- It was raining so the match stopped.
To show repeated action.
He was always demanding more salary
Past Perfect
Had + past participle.
It is used to indicate the earlier of two actions. The later action is indicated by the simple part.
Ex. The train had left by the time I reached the station.
Future Continuous
Shall/will + be + verb (ing)
I shall be visiting my friends during the vacation.
Future perfect
Shall /will + have + past + participle. This tense shows that a certain action will be completed
by a certain future time.
She will have finished cooking by now
Conditional sentences
This group has a simple present verb in the conditional clause and a verb. Indicating
future tense or the impetrative in main clause.
Conditional clause Main clause
Simple present shall/will/can/may + verb bare or impetrative
1. If you study you will pass
2. If you come early bring fruits
This group has a verb in simple past in the conditional clause and should,would,
could, might + verb base in the main.
If you invited her she would come
The conditional clause will have the past perfect tense and main clause will have should,
would, could + have + us
Ex- 1) If you had asked me I would have helped you.
Modal Auxiliary
Should is used to express duty,opinion, obligation, suggestion.
We should help the poor.
Would: would is the past of will & shall in reported speech according to meaning.
Would express haluted action in past
1. When I was with my grandma she would tell stories
2. The doctor said he would start a new medicine (determination)
Can: express present ability, possibility. It is used to ask permission, to make polite request,
possibility
I can lift this box
Could:is used for past ability. Polite request as for giving permission, making a suggestion.
1. Could I take some rest in your room
Voice
The form of verb which shows whether the subject acts, or is being acted upon is called its
Voice. If the subject acts it is called the Active Voice and if it is acted upon it is called the
Passive Voice.
Rama killed Ravana (Active)
Ravana was killed by Rama (Passive)
Active Passive
Simple Present Object is/am/are + past participle
Present Continuous Object is/am/are + being + V3
Present Perfect Object has/have + been + V3
Simple Past Object + was/were + V3
Past Continuous Object + was/were + being + V3
Past Perfect Object + had + been + V3
Compound form with as auxiliary Auxiliary + Be + P.P
Eg. Someone stole my watch
My watch was stolen
Among is used when we refer to more than two things, persons etc
1. Divide the sweets among the 3 of you
ADJECTIVES
Look at the following sentences.
1. Rama’s house is new
2. Hari’s house is newer than Rama’s
3. Gopi’s house is the newest of all
In sentence 1, the Adjective new tells us only that Rama’s house has the quality of
newness. In sentence 2, the Adjective newer tells us that Hari’s house has more newness than
Rama’s house. In sentence 3, the Adjective newest tells us that, of the three houses, Gopi’s
house has the maximum newness. We learn now that the Adjective in these sentences has
three forms: new, newer, newest, which are called its different Degrees of Comparison.
The form new is in the Positive Degree. It is the simplest form of the Adjective.
Newer is in the Comparative Degree, a higher degree of quality than the Positive Degree,
and is used when two units are compared. Newest is the highest degree of quality, and is used
when three or more units are compared. It is called the Superlative Degree and is always
preceded by the.
The elephant is the strongest animal on land
Dick is the tallest boy in the class
2. Most Adjectives of two syllables, and all Adjectives of more than three syllables, form the
Comparative by using the Adverb more, and the Superlative by using the Adverb most,
with the Positive.
Irregular comparatives
Look at the words in the table below. Some comparatives and Superlatives are not formed
from the Positive. They are compared irregularly.