DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RED SKIN

REMOVING MACHINE

PROJECT REPORT 2018-2019

Submitted by
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department:
College name:
Place:
 COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations, State Board of Technical Education,
Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name), Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED

PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our

project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the

management of our college and our beloved

chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate

duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department proof…………., for

her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks

to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind

guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt
thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).

 ‘

ESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RED SKIN

REMOVING MACHINE
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Description of equipments
2.1 Dc Motor
2.2 Battery
2.3 Roller
3 Design and drawing
3.1 General machine parts
4 Working principle
5 Merits and demerits
6 Applications
7 List of materials
8 Cost Estimation
9 Conclusion
Bibliography
 photography

LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Number Title

1 Overall Diagram
SYNOSPSIS
 SYNOPSIS:

The peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the

legume or "bean" family (Fabaceae). Jas Enterprise is recognized to offer an

impeccable range of Peanut skin removing machine to the clients. Peanut

skin removing machines are mostly known as "Peanut skin remover" or

"peanut peeler" but also some times known by the names Peanut Red Skin

Peeling Machine, Groundnut skin removing machine, bean skin removing

machine, almond skin removing machine, nut red skin removal machine.
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Large quantities of groundnuts are lost annually due to lack of storage

facilities and simple mode of processing the groundnuts. In order to improve

on various ways in which the husk or rind of a roasted groundnuts are

removed, there is need to develop a simple mechanisms to address this

problem and this brought about the design and fabrication of a (manually

and electrically operated) roasted groundnut decorticating (peeling)

machine, whose mode of operation is of course manually and electrically.

The designing and fabricating of the machine was done in order to

solve problems such as blowing air through roasted groundnuts in order to

remove the chaff, reducing the waste of groundnut through winnowing, to

reduce the stress and time involved in peeling the chaffs of roasted

groundnut through winnowing and to improve the cleanness of the roasted

groundnut. Generally speaking, there are dry groundnut peeling machine

types and wet groundnut peeling machine types

Dry peanut peeling machine is highly effective and an ideal

decorticating equipment which is used to take off the red skin of peanut in a

dry manor. Machine helves, air fan and cleaning skin equipment are the

three parts. It is composed of vertical type hoisting machine, storage box,

decorticating machine and sieving strap. The dry peeling machine adopts to
roll and rubbed for separating seed from the skin. It has steady performance,

long time life, high peeling rate, high output rate, very low imperfect seeds,

good quality of product, and processing a lot goods by combination several

units. It is suitable for processing various types and sizes blanched

groundnut seeds.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 DC MOTOR

A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike

magnetic poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running

through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the

coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnetic field can be

switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the coil the

direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180°. A simple DC

motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature

with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack

slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires

terminating on a commutator.

The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center

of the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator

connections. The winding in the armature continues to loop all the way

around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires),

and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of

current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate

the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a

particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic

fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating

magnetic field can be created.

These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the

magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor

(stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some

DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their

magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power

levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The

current in the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving

contact with the commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have

electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no

brushes to wear out or create sparks.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are

connected provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics.

The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied

to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature

circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often
controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by

"chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective

lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low

speed, it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives,

and trams. The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on

both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel

electric drilling rigs for many years.

The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run

machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution.

DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the

motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and

electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are

still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to

operate steel rolling mills and paper machines.

If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a

dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid

car and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a

street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process
is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric

locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but

dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large

battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

Principle of DC Motor

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a

current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a

torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the

direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also

reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a

mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor

established.

The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left

hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of

your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the

index finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger

indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in

which force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.

Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly

similar to a DC generator, but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we

unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to the input port and derive

mechanical energy from the output port. We can represent it by the block

diagram shown below.

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the

electrical port or the input port and we derive the mechanical output i.e.

torque T and speed ω from the mechanical port or output port.

The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are

related by the parameter K.

 So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just

the opposite phenomena of a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring

and generating operation from the same machine by simply reversing the

ports.
3.2 BATTERY:

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power.

The battery used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most

inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for

commercial purposes. A lead acid cell when ready for use contains two

plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) of specific gravity about

1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of

Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the negative

plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action

that takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water

being formed in the electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been

withdrawn from the cell, both plates are

Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the

electrolyte (H2so4) is lowerd.the cell is then said to be discharged. there are

several methods to ascertain whether the cell is discharged or not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the

reverse direction to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the

chemical process and again forms a lead peroxide (PbO 2) positive plate and
a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the same time, (H 2so4) is formed at the

expense of water,restoring the electrolyte (H2so4 ) to its original condition.

The chemical changes that

Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell.

BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable

Type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical

energy and make it available as electric current. There are two types of
batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable), both of which

convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Primary batteries can only be

used once because they use up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction.

Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions they

use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through

the battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary,

also called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times

before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful

for many purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental

concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts

chemical energy directly to electrical energy it consists of one or more

voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series

by a conductive electrolyte.

One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative

electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically

connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or liquid. A battery

can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source which has its own
resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of the

battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage

across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source.

As the battery runs down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage

drop across its internal resistance increases, so the voltage at its terminals

decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver power to the load decreases.

2.3 CONVEYOR BELT

A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor

system (often shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of

many types of conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of two or

more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of

carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both

of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt

forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered

pulley is called the idler pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt

conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes

along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to

transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such

as grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.

2.4BALL BEARING

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the

separation between the bearing races.

The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and

support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to

contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most

applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating

assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes

the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much

lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each

other.

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of

rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls
and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and

outer races.

LIFESPAN

The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its

operating speed. The industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely

proportional to the bearing load cubed. Nominal maximum load of a bearing,

is for a lifespan of 1 million rotations, which at 50 Hz (i.e., 3000 RPM) is a

lifespan of 5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of that type have at least that

lifespan, and 50% of bearings have a lifespan at least 5 times as long.

The industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of Lundberg

and Palmgren performed in 1947. The formula assumes the life to be limited

by metal fatigue and that the life distribution can be described by a Weibull

distribution. Many variations of the formula exist that include factors for

material properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be

viewed as a tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different

relationship between load and life than Lundberg and Palmgren determined .

FAILURE MODES
If a bearing is not rotating, maximum load is determined by force that causes

plastic deformation of elements or raceways. The indentations caused by the

elements can concentrate stresses and generate cracks at the components.

Maximum load for not or very slowly rotating bearings is called "static"

maximum load.

For a rotating bearing, the dynamic load capacity indicates the load to which

the bearing endures 1,000,000 cycles.

If a bearing is rotating, but experiences heavy load that lasts shorter than one

revolution, static max load must be used in computations, since the bearing

does not rotate during the maximum load.

 DESIGN AND DRAWING

DESIGN AND DRAWING

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RED

SKIN REMOVING MACHINE

WORKING PRINCIPLE
WORKING PRINCIPLE
These are specialized machines to peel the peanut after roasting. It is widely

used in the previous peeling process for peanut butter, peanut milk, peanut dew,

and pastry and spiced peanut etc. The red skin will be separated. The material

enters in the peeling chamber from hopper automatically, then the rubbing device

peels the peanut due to different speed of rollers, it cause large frictional force to

be white, scar, and keep whole-kernel. The exhaust system will suck away the

skin, leaving fully separated the complete, half and broken pieces of peanut-

kernels. This JAS-RPSR-200 contains two motor one 0.5 HP DC electric motor

with DC drive for operating machine and 0.25 HP for blower. Total required HP

0.75 HP and approx production capacity will be 200 kg per hour.

MERITS
 MARITS

 Longer service life

 Sturdiness

 Smooth & fine operations

 Resistance against corrosion

 Peal the skin uniformly

 Hygienic preparation

 Very easy operation

 Very less labor

DEMERITS
 DEMERITS

 Initial cost is high

 APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

 Used for environmental friendly

 LIST OF MATERIALS

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. PROPERTIES:
 The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be

weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack

from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc. The various

Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile, Compressive shear,

bending, tensional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance,

elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear

resistance and sliding properties. The various properties concerned from the

manufacturing point of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability
  Bribability

 Forge ability

 Merchantability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may

demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less

number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by

welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVILABILITY OF MATERIAL:
 Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not

be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery of materials

and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.
 COST ESTIMATION

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

 Drilling

 Welding,

 Power hacksaw,

2. OVERHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

 Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labor Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

\
 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

We make this project entirely different from other projects. Since

concepts involved in our project is entirely different that a single unit is used

to various purpose which is not developed by any of other team members.

We have successfully completed this project work at our Institute.

 By doing this project work we understood the working principle of

uses of motors, gears, and microcontroller and material properties

Once again we express our sincere thanks to our staff members.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Chonnaparamutt.k, H. Kawasaki, S. Ueki, S. Murakami, and

K.Koganemaru, “Development of a Timber jack-like Pruning Robot:

Climbing Experiment and Fuzzy Velocity Control”, pp 1195-1199

ICCAS-SICE 2009.
 Devang P. Soni, Ranjana. M, N.A.Gokul, Swaminathan .S,

“Autonomous Arecanut Tree Climbing and Pruning Robot”, pp- 278-

282 IEEE 2010.

 Kawasaki H, Murakami S, Kachi H, “Analysis and experiment of

novel climbing method” Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference

2008, pp. 160–163.

 Kawasaki H, Murakami S, Koganemaru K,“Development of a pruning

robot with the use of its own weight”. Proceedings of Clawer 2010,

pp. 455–463

 Rajesh KannanMegalingam, Tom CharlyKattakayam,

HarikrishnaMenonT, RaiduVenuMadhav, “CocoBot: A Kinect Based

Coconut Tree Climber”

 Ueki .S• H. Kawasaki • Y. Ishigure • K. Koganemaru Mori

“Development and experimental study of a novel pruning robot