4 Underlying and surface representations 44 INTRODUCTION. In this chapter we discuss the need fora morpheme pronunciation of segments ‘allophonic’ information is assumed tions of morpheme: automatically sup variation from situation-depende the need for an underlying representation of a morphere can he basis of morphemes that havea numberof contextdependent ural suffix, with is alternants the underlying form expresses the ‘Third, the existence ofan underlying represent on the bass of the impossibility of expres reference tothe surface representation. W 4.2_ALLOPHONIC VARIATION ‘The'Segments referred to so far inthis book typically splay a good deal of variation, speech ofa single speaker. Some of this variation is apparently random, but traspeaker variation. Oneis of the speech situation. For frequently have an unreleased final plosive (symbol ol forthe plosiveand a superscript a in [rat | may well be released (so that you can hear a we istic studies the stylistic v values of a phonological variable (t), whose frequencies of x across diferent speech styles for diferent groups of speakers mal speech und after ingly seen as the second type of variation is due to variation in the phonological context Te tdependent variants arecaledallophones. The term phonemes sed to referto ent category that the various allophones are variants of. To distinguish the nguebody towards the uvulasoun ‘many languages, coronal consonant altermate Iatoatelar one appears before 1s, in Korean, underlying [sipsam] is pro- isewhere,as shown by ra be washed! (Jones suggested by thee guages wl ile in toxphems, That so ien segment a i the difference between [s] and [{] is allophonic in. (022. Far each of the tree folowing languages, say whether te afforence between [7] and (1s) aloponi, (phoneme o (syste Matte your answers. 4. nsome ipes of Souther Swedish] alvays appears atthe begining of a yabie and Matways at the end 2. Insome types of Dut, is the usual realzstion in words ike (proyrama] ‘programme’ Some speakers of hose varieties use this pronunciation in everyday He, but use [x sin pao ynomas, when announcing programmes on natonl 3, In Provengal the word for ‘evening’ is (sro), ad the word for ‘sa anes 1967.50 Undenying and su representation ns jostulated that adds the velarization tothe speci Lveunzxion ou Allophonie differences typically arise be ‘mentary distribution. The phonological complement of the phot tino rmotogo ‘wash hands’ ag ‘snake’ | membembean “otrenbie’ bia ‘ago’ distribution? adaptations in the production of the segment. Asa result veo lateral approximant [sin complementary istbuton with a rete ateral ap glvon as]. What determines ther dsbuton (Hmmelman 1801 — salhwa fd Eng x] arin compe “_wich each of hese allophones dca ‘toy “manure! “roste’ | “ale aybreake cause particular contexts imite pati phones are in comple- ars in Korea context in which nological ge: together they make up the phon tout! "al ‘clo ‘mongiaan ‘wehote Ielembatan “t.camy onthe shoulder witha stk (25 tn Korean and] occur in complomentaryestibuton. What determines tet "ban ‘aitance’ ‘ang? ‘reaches eet | iment distibuton. Stato the contexts in tex@ boat nella boxta bis, of segments can also arise ina dilferent way,such as wand another to the Tino loves of representation 5} depend on the si ‘neo segments vi 1 speaker contextual variants ofthe same underlying segment. A W ity of the ion ~ teats them as onologiss assume that there ae two levels of represen face one? Thee argument have been advanced entries ifitcan be stated in a set ofa phemes ofthe lexicon? The strength ofthis argument has been tion by Kenstowvicr (1994a: 69), who points out that ‘occurs. However, ysbut also, or even mainly search time o be more difficult to hence com. for of two levels of repre witha single level it would not be possible to express the pho ness of morpheme alternants. We ake the English plural suffix as an exaimpl igthat there is a morpheme [7] which indifferent phonological straints of Engl y is can have compar expressed by the ives, like nice, but by rmeans of the'periphrastic more Inthe case ofthe plural sufi, the availab makes it52 Underlying and suave representations possible to state that under surface representations formis (2 ng form ina way that differentiates mn from cases in which the different pho generalization which could account forthe While the case for a single unde English plural very clear there has be the general question wl ferent forms should be related toa single underlying form and wh must be listed as separate word forms. Chomsky and Halle (1968) derived 27 nic fthe following pas of English words would you sey contains a common tunderying form? SoH — sowage ‘cork corkage ow— Hew ‘conceive conception ta taker fraternal brother 3. The third reason for the post mn that sequences of. le forthe fact th (or *[bass)). The general plural of kiss is kiss{az] and that of nose is nos{27 verbal forms before vovie: ing. (The assumption hee is that Neutalvation 53 fon, not forthe surface reps 8 1 Hitwareassuned | wou be made a | 2. The past pain of sh verbs is formed by sutxng [tothe | stom, as itis devoiced afer viceless ‘would be made abouts make te caret pred Surface forms that contradict a phonolog of 2), are opaque, that is, no