C&S02a-0001 - B Civil & Structural Spec

Civil and Structural Specifications
Contents
SECTION 1000 EARTH WORKS............................................................................................................................1

1. SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................1
2. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................1
2.1 CODES AND STANDARDS ...................................................................................................................1
2.2 CONTROL OF THE WORK....................................................................................................................1
2.3 LAWS, ACTS AND REGULATIONS .......................................................................................................1
2.4 CONTROL OF MATERIAL .....................................................................................................................2
2.5 EQUIPMENT .........................................................................................................................................2
2.6 PREPARATION OF AREA .....................................................................................................................2
2.7 DRAINAGE ............................................................................................................................................2
2.8 DEWATERING.......................................................................................................................................2
2.9 LOCATIONS AND PROTECTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES ..........................................................3
2.10 DEMOLITION.........................................................................................................................................3
3. EXCAVATION AND FILLING ................................................................................................................4
3.1 EXCAVATION ........................................................................................................................................4
3.2 FILLING AND BACKFILLING .................................................................................................................4
3.3 COMPACTION.......................................................................................................................................6
3.4 TESTING AND INSPECTION.................................................................................................................7
3.5 CLEAN-UP.............................................................................................................................................7
SECTION 2000 CONCRETE WORKS ...............................................................................................................8

1. SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................8
2. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................8
2.1 LAWS, ACTS AND REGULATIONS .......................................................................................................8
2.2 CODES AND STANDARDS ...................................................................................................................8
3. MATERIALS ..........................................................................................................................................9
3.1 GENERAL..............................................................................................................................................9
3.2 CEMENT ...............................................................................................................................................9
3.3 WATER..................................................................................................................................................9
3.4 AGGREGATE ........................................................................................................................................9
3.5 ADMIXTURES .......................................................................................................................................9
4. FORMWORK AND FASLE WORK ...................................................................................................... 10
4.1 MATERIAL AND DESIGN REQUIREMENT.......................................................................................... 10
4.2 FINISHES ............................................................................................................................................ 10
4.3 PREPARATION ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.4 REMOVAL OF FORM WORK AND FALSE WORK .............................................................................. 11
4.5 RE-USE OF FORM WORK AND FALSE WORK .................................................................................. 11
5. REINFORCEMENT .............................................................................................................................. 11
5.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................................ 11
5.2 TOLERANCES..................................................................................................................................... 12
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5.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING ................................................................................................................ 12

5.4 SHOP DRAWINGS ..............................................................................................................................12
5.5 MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................................... 12
5.6 CLEANING AND INSPECTION ............................................................................................................ 13
5.7 PLACING REINFORCEMENT.............................................................................................................. 13
6. CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES........................................................................................................ 14
6.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................................ 14
6.2 TOLERANCES..................................................................................................................................... 14
6.3 QUALITY OF CONCRETE ................................................................................................................... 14
6.4 MIX DESIGN........................................................................................................................................ 15
6.5 PLACING CONCRETE ........................................................................................................................ 17
6.6 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS ................................................................................................................... 20
6.7 EXPANSION JOINTS........................................................................................................................... 20
6.8 WATERTIGHT JOINT .......................................................................................................................... 21
6.9 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE .......................................................................................................... 21
6.10 FINISHING CONCRETE ...................................................................................................................... 22
6.11 CURING AND PROTECTION .............................................................................................................. 22
6.12 REPAIR OF SURFACE DEFECTS....................................................................................................... 23
7. ACCEPTANCE OF STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 24
SECTION 4000 PILING WORKS ..................................................................................................................... 25

1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 25
2. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................... 25
2.1 CODES AND STANDARDS ................................................................................................................. 25
2.2 LAWS, ACTS AND REGULATIONS .................................................................................................... 25
3. SUBMITTALS ......................................................................................................................................26
3.1 DESIGN CALCULATION AND DRAWING............................................................................................ 26
3.2 PILE HANDLING AND EXTENSION .................................................................................................... 26
3.3 RECORD AND RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 26
4. MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................................ 26
4.1 CONCRETE MATERIALS .................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 REINFORCEMENT STEEL .................................................................................................................. 26
4.3 PRESTRESSING STEEL ..................................................................................................................... 26
4.4 MARKING OF PILES ........................................................................................................................... 26
4.5 STEEL SHEET PILES .......................................................................................................................... 27
4.6 STEEL PILES ...................................................................................................................................... 27
5. HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PILES .............................................................................................. 27
6. INSTALLATION................................................................................................................................... 27
6.1 EQUIPMENT OF PILE DRIVING .......................................................................................................... 27
6.2 DRIVING CAPS ...................................................................................................................................27
6.3 SETTING OUT ..................................................................................................................................... 28
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6.4 PILE DRIVING ..................................................................................................................................... 28

6.5 EXTENSION OF PRECAST PILE ........................................................................................................ 28
6.6 DEVIATION AND DAMAGE ................................................................................................................. 28
6.7 CUT-OFF ............................................................................................................................................. 28
7. PILE LOADING TEST.......................................................................................................................... 29
7.1 TEST PILES (PILOT PILES) ................................................................................................................ 29
7.2 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST ........................................................................................................................ 29
7.3 INTEGRITY TESTING.......................................................................................................................... 29
7.4 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ...................................................................................................................29
8. DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................. 30
9. RECORDS ...........................................................................................................................................30
10. SITE INVESTIGATION ........................................................................................................................ 31
11. AS-BUILT DOCUMENTS..................................................................................................................... 31
SECTION 5000 STEEL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 32

1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 32
2. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................... 32
3. FABRICATION .................................................................................................................................... 32
3.1 DRAWINGS ........................................................................................................................................ 32
3.2 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP.......................................................................................................... 33
3.3 MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3.4 STORAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 34
3.5 CONNECTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 34
3.6 SHOP ASSEMBLING ......................................................................................................................... 37
3.7 TOLERANCES ................................................................................................................................... 37
3.8 PROTECTION OF STEELWORK ...................................................................................................... 37
3.9 MARKING AND SHIPPING ................................................................................................................ 41
3.10 PROTECTION OF JOINTS ................................................................................................................ 42
4. ERECTION OF STRUCTURES............................................................................................................ 43
4.1 PLAN ................................................................................................................................................... 43
4.2 PLANT ................................................................................................................................................ 43
4.3 DELIVERY OF MATERIALS .............................................................................................................. 43
4.4 STORAGE OF STEEL AND FABRICATED STEELWORK ............................................................... 43
4.5 FALSEWORKS ................................................................................................................................... 44
4.6 METHODS AND EQUIPMENT........................................................................................................... 44
4.7 ERECTION ......................................................................................................................................... 44
4.8 MISFITS .............................................................................................................................................. 45
4.9 FIELD PAINTING................................................................................................................................ 45
4.10 FINAL CLEAN UP............................................................................................................................... 45
5. ANCHORING AND GROUTING........................................................................................................... 45
5.1 ANCHORING ...................................................................................................................................... 45
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5.2 BEARING PLATES ............................................................................................................................. 45

5.3 GRAIN................................................................................................................................................. 45
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SECTION 1000 EARTH WORKS
1. SCOPE
This specification consists of all sorts of earthworks and site preparations within the limits of the site boundary. It
provides the criteria for civil work and general site development. The removal, hauling and proper utilization or
disposal of all excavated materials and the shaping of excavations and preparation of exposed surfaces of
excavations on the entire area in accordance with the lines levels, grades, dimensions shown on engineering
drawing and/or as may be modified by ENGINEER.
CONTRACTOR shall furnish all labour, material, equipment, tools, transportation and supplies, required to
complete the work in complete the work in accordance with the plan, specification and term of the contract.
2. GENERAL
2.1 CODES AND STANDARDS
The following codes shall be interpreted as the minimum requirements applicable to the subject work.
ASTM D 423
ASTM D 424
ASTM D 1556
ASTM D 1557
ASTM D 2167
AASHTO T 27
AASHTO T 99
AASHTO T 147
AASHTO T 180
2.2 CONTROL OF THE WORK
The latest edition of Thai Laws, Acts and Regulations are to be strictly observed by CONTRACTOR. It is
Contractor’s responsibility to secure and observe all laws, acts and regulations in Thailand in order to
execute the Work.
2.3 LAWS, ACTS AND REGULATIONS
The CONTRACTOR shall set construction stakes, establishing lines, slopes and elevations as Engineer
deems necessary. These stakes and marks shall constitute the field control, and in accordance with which
the CONTRACTOR shall base and execute the work. The CONTRACTOR shall be held responsible for the
preservation of all stakes and field marks. Before proceeding with the works, the existing ground elevation
shall be surveyed by CONTRACTOR and approved by ENGINEER.
The corresponding survey results shall be used for checking the cross-section sheets which will be used
for computing earth work quantities. The intervals of checked cross section shall not be greater than 25 m.
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The checked cross section sheets including plans indicating existing terrain shall be jointly signed by
CONTRACTOR and ENGINEER.
2.4 CONTROL OF MATERIAL
The material used on the project shall be of quality in conformance to the requirements of the Specification.
The source of supply of each of the materials shall be approved by ENGINEER before delivery. Test shall
be made and reports rendered, but it is understood that such tests shall in no way be constructed as
quarantine of acceptance of any material which may be delivered later for incorporation in the work.
CONTRACTOR shall assume full responsibility for the production of uniform and acceptable materials.
2.5 EQUIPMENT
The equipment, accessories, tools and methods utilized shall be of such character, size, capacity and
number and shall be in such condition and state of repair as to produce work of satisfactory quality at a rate
of progress that will ensure the timely completion of the project.
2.6 PREPARATION OF AREA
Prior to the commencement of earthwork operations, areas to be excavated, or on which embankment is to

be placed, shall be timbered, cleared, grubbed and scalped properly earthwork shall not commence until
an area has been preparation shall proceed sufficiently in advance of earthwork so as to preclude
hindrance of either operation.
2.7 DRAINAGE
CONTRACTOR shall take such precautions as are necessary to ensure positive drainage at all time of all
area affected by the work. If it is necessary to interrupt existing drainage, CONTRACTOR shall provide
temporary drainage facilities and silt trap may be required that will prevent damage to public and private
interests, and to the work in progress, and shall restore the original drainage as soon as the work permits.
2.8 DEWATERING
All water encountered in the earthwork shall be disposed of by CONTRACTOR so as not to damage public
or private property or create a nuisance or health menace.
CONTRACTOR shall provide pumps, trenches, drains, pipes, sumps and all equipment of sufficient
quantity to keep the construction areas and access ways free from water until the construction is
completed. Excavations shall be as dry as possible prior to and during placing concrete.
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2.9 LOCATIONS AND PROTECTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
2.9.1 Existing structures are defined as all existing pipes, ducts, manholes, ditches, culverts or other works
forming a part of sewage , drainage, water, telephone, electrical , gas or other utility systems as well
as sidewalks, roadways, poles, fences, buildings and their foundations, equipment and associated
piping and other man made items that may be encountered .
2.9.2 CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for locating existing surface and underground structures. ; all
drawings or descriptions of existing structures or their locations that are given to CONTRACTOR are
intended only as an aid to its location of these structures.
2.9.3 CONTRACTOR shall protect all existing structures, both surface and underground, from damage
during construction, except where demolition of specified existing structures is included in the Work or
specific authorization for their removal is received in writing from OWNER.
2.9.4 All existing underground structures, which are to be protected from damage, shall be located by hand
digging or water jet.
2.9.5 CONTRACTOR shall repair or replace, at Contractor’s own expense, any existing structure, which is
damaged during construction. Such repair or replacement shall be to
2.9.6 OWNER Satisfaction and the condition is at least the equivalent of that which prior to construction.
2.10 DEMOLITION
2.10.1 Demolition works shall include but may not be limited to the demolition and removal of structures,
pavements, above and underground services and foundations.
2.10.2 All necessary temporary works such as safety barriers, fences, safety nets, coverings and screens
shall be provided to protect personnel and adjacent property from injury or damage caused by
demolition operations.
2.10.3 Wherever existing pipes are to be cut , abandoned and left permanently underground , the open end
of pipes shall be closed by tight fitting permanent plug or by a concrete wall not less than 150 mm
thick.
2.10.4 All materials arising from demolition except materials specified for re-use or as otherwise specified by
OWNER shall be removed from the site as the work progress, and shall be disposed of off-site or as
directed by OWNER. The site shall be maintained in safe and workmanlike condition at all times.
2.10.5 Materials required for re-use shall be stored in a safe location and protected from damage or
deterioration as agreed with OWNER.
2.10.6 Materials removed from site shall be disposed in accordance with governing local and national laws
and regulations.
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3. EXCAVATION AND FILLING
3.1 EXCAVATION
3.1.1 The surface of finished excavations shall be neat and workmanlike and shall have the required form,
super-elevation, level, grades and cross section. Before machine excavation hand trial dig is always
required to check the existing underground facilities.
3.1.2 CONTRACTOR shall provide the necessary materials, labour, and equipment as required to correct
such an error to the satisfaction of OWNER.
3.2 FILLING AND BACKFILLING
3.2.1 FILL AND BACKFILL MATERIAL

All fill and backfill material shall be free from roots, wood scrap material, and other vegetable mater,
asbestos material or refuse. Fill, backfill or embankment under spread footings, concrete slabs on
grade which are not pile supported, shall conform to the following:
Liquid limit shall not exceed 35, according to ASTM D 423.

Plasticity index shall not be greater than 6, according to ASTM D 424.
No more than 25 percent by weight shall be finer than No. 200 sieve.
3.2.2 POROUS BACKFILL MATERIAL

Porous backfill material shall be hard durable and clean. It shall be gravel or crushed rock or sand and
shall be free from organic material, clay balls and other deleterious substances. Laterite or
concretionary materials shall not be used.
Sand used for porous backfill material shall conform to the following grading requirements.
Sieve Designation Percentage by weight passing

Square mesh sieves (AASHTO T27)
TYPE A
3/8 inch 100
No. 4 95 – 100
No. 16 45 - 80
No. 50 10 – 30
No. 100 2 - 10
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Gravel and Crushed rock shall conform to one of the following grading requirements
Sieve Designation Percentage by weight pass

Square mesh sieves (AASHTO T27)
TYPE B TYPE C TYPE D TYPE E

2 inch 100 - - -
1 ½ inch 70 - 100 100 - -
1 inch 56 - 85 75 -100 100 -
¾ inch 50 - 80 60 - 90 70 - 100 100
3/8 inch 40 - 70 45 - 75 58 - 75 -
No. 4 30 - 60 30 - 60 35 - 65 45 - 80
No. 10 20 - 50 20 - 50 25 - 50 30 - 60
No. 40 10 - 30 10 - 30 15 - 30 20 - 35
No. 200 0-2 0–2 0–2 0–2
3.2.3 PREPARATION FOR FILL

Prior to placing fill upon any area, all clearing and grubbing operations shall have been completed. All
spaces excavated under this specification and not occupied by the permanent structure shall be
backfilled. Backfilled material shall be free from large lumps, organic and other extraneous material.
Backfilling material has to be non-cohesive.
Placing of porous backfill material against the rear faces of structures, bund wall, including drains, and
all drains requiring porous backfill material shall be carried out in layers in conjunction with the
adjacent fill as it is made and compacted. Any fill material removed for placing the porous backfill
material will be at the sole expense of CONTRACTOR.
3.2.4 AREA FILL

Area fill shall be placed in accordance with the following requirements.
Except as otherwise required, all fill shall be placed in layers approximately parallel to the final rough
grade. Lifts shall not exceed 20 to 25 cm of sand fill, prior to compaction, unless approved by
ENGINEER. Fill shall be constructed to the elevations shown on the site preparation drawings to an
accuracy of plus / minus 5 cm.
CONTRACTOR shall provide a temporary drainage to prevent pounding of rainwater. A plan of
ditches of other temporary drainage structures shall be submitted to ENGINEER for review before
constructing a drainage system. The drainage system should conform, where possible, to the final
surface drainage system for the area.
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3.3 COMPACTION
3.3.1 COMPACTION IN CUT AREAS

The subgrade of soils in cut shall have a density of 95 percent of the maximum density as determined
by AASHTO T-99 to a depth of 300 mm below the subgrade surface. If the density of the existing
material is less than 95 percent it shall be compacted to a depth of 300 mm to the maximum 95
percent density.
3.3.2 COMPACTION IN FILL AREAS

Fill and / or backfill under concrete floor slabs, spread footings not supported by piles, and under
paved areas shall be compacted to not less than 95 percent of the maximum density as determined by
AASHTO T-99: below 300 mm under paved areas to 90 percent; under areas to be covered with
vegetation or sidewalks to 85 percent; and other backfill adjacent to structural elements to 90 percent.
Sub base and Base course of road shall be compacted to minimum 95 percent of the maximum
density as determined by AASHTO T-180. The moisture content of the specified densities shall be
within 2 percent of the optimum.
3.3.3 COMPACTION OF EMBANKMENTS

When necessary, each layer, before being compacted, shall be processed as required to bring the
moisture content sufficiently close to optimum to make possible its compaction to the required density.
The material shall be so worked as to have uniform moisture content through the entire layer.
Each layer of material shall be compacted uniformly by use of adequate and appropriate compaction
equipment. The compaction shall be done in a longitudinal direction along the embankment and shall
generally being at the outer edges and progress toward the centre in such a manner that each section
receives equal comp active effort Hauling equipment shall be operated over the full width of each
layer in so far as practicable.
Embankment compaction shall be compacted uniformly to the maximum dry density,
As determined by AASHTO T-99, of 95 percent for road. Density tests shall be made on the
compacted embankment by AASHTO test method T-147 where practicable, and if the result of any
test shows that the density is less than the required density the CONTRACTOR shall carry out further
compaction as may be necessary to obtain at least that density. Other types of field density test may
be made for control purposes after density values corresponding to those obtained by AASHTO Test
method T – 147 have been obtained. Number of tests shall be made at each 500 square meter of lift
or as required by ENGINEER.
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3.4 TESTING AND INSPECTION
3.4.1 CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for quality control of work, and as specified hereinafter, shall be
made by CONTRACTOR under ENGINEER and at the expense of CONTRACTOR.
3.4.2 CONTRACTOR shall perform minimum of one moisture-density relationship determination for each
type of soil encountered in the work. A sample of each soil type shall be maintained in the containers
for subsequent reference. Each container shall be labelled with the sample number, maximum dry
density, and optimum moisture content. Maximum density and optimum moisture content for each soil
shall be determined by the procedures started in ASTM method D 1557, Method D.
3.4.3 Field density and moisture content tests for each layer of compacted fill shall be taken with sufficient
frequency to be representative of the fill as a whole. A minimum of one density test shall be made for
each 75 cubic meters of structural fill and one for each 400 square meters of compacted subgrade.
The density determinations shall be made in accordance with ASTM Method D 1556. In the event the
dry density of the compacted soil is less than the specified dry density, additional tests as required
shall be taken to delineate the area having insufficient compaction. This area shall then be worked
and/or re-compacted until the required specified density is obtained.
3.4.4 CONTRACTOR shall inform ENGINEER of the proposed source of fill materials within seven working
days prior to using the fill material. CONTRACTOR shall cooperate in securing samples of material for
testing. The material shall be confirmed as meeting the requirements specified herein prior to
placement of any such materials.
3.4.5 If the material and compaction tests are not consist of the specification. It shall be cause for rejection.
3.5 CLEAN-UP
At the conclusion of all fill and backfill operations, CONTRACTOR shall clear away from the job site as well
as from private and public roads ,ditches and surrounding areas, all rubbish and construction materials and
all contractor‘s tools, equipment and other property ,before the work is finally accepted.
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SECTION 2000 CONCRETE WORKS
1. SCOPE
This specification, used, where applicable, in conjunction with purchase documents, data sheet, and/or
drawings establishes the minimum requirements for reinforced concrete raft foundation of storage tank for
construction.
Reference to other material standards for compliance shall be interpreted as an integral part of this
specification.
2. GENERAL

Placing concrete for construction shall be in compliance with all applicable, local laws and regulations
including the following:
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The following codes shall be interpreted as the minimum requirements applicable to the subject work.
ACI - American Concrete Institute Standards
ASTM - American Society for testing and Materials
AWS - American Welding Society
ANSI - American National Standard Institute
AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
TIS - Thai Industrial Standard
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3. MATERIALS
3.1 GENERAL
All material shall conform to the appropriate Standards. CONTRACTOR shall ensure that certificates are
available for all materials including proprietary material.
3.2 CEMENT
The cement shall conform to the requirements of TIS 15 and /or ASTM C150 Portland cement, Type I “
Normal “ , Type III “ High early strength “ or Type V “ Sulphate - resisting “.
Type I shall be used unless otherwise specified.
Type III shall be subject to the Engineer’s approval in each particular case and no additional payment.
Type V shall be used where sulphate concentrations in the soil or water, in the opinion of ENGINEER, may
be found detrimental to the concrete.
All cement shall be obtained from manufacturers approved by ENGINEER who may require that
representative samples of the proposed cements shall be analysed and tested by testing laboratory before
approval is given. Before orders are placed, CONTRACTOR shall submit details of the proposed suppliers
together with such information on the proposed methods of transport, storage and certification as well
enable ENGINEER to be satisfied that the quantity and the specified quality of cements can be supplied
and maintained throughout the construction of the works.
CONTRACTOR shall not change or modify any arrangement for the source of supply, transport, storage
and certification without the approval of ENGINEER.
Cement of different brands shall not be used in the same part of the works
3.3 WATER
Water used for mixing and curing of concrete shall conform to AASHTO T26.
3.4 AGGREGATE
The fine aggregates shall consist of natural sand or crushed stone and the coarse aggregates of natural
gravel or crushed stone, all obtained from sources. Aggregates shall be hard, clean and free from any
substance likely to reduce the strength and durability of the concrete. The clay, silt and fine dust content,
the organic impurities and the aggregate crushing value shall be within the limits specified in ASTM C33.
The grading of fine and coarse aggregate shall be in accordance with ASTM C33.
3.5 ADMIXTURES
Admixtures shall conform to ASTM C494 and unless agreed by ENGINEER neither admixtures cements
containing additives shall be used. CONTRACTOR shall submit samples of any additive or admixture
proposed to use to ENGINEER prior to date of commencement of construction of the particular structure or
portion of structure on which intends to use such admixture or additive. Trial mixes or any other tests
incorporating the proposed admixture or additive shall be made by CONTRACTOR at his own expense and
the results shall be approved by ENGINEER before use in the works. Any approval if otherwise given
under the clause shall in no way relieve CONTRACTOR of his obligation to produce concrete with the
specified strength, workability and durability as required under this contract.
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4. FORMWORK AND FASLE WORK
4.1 MATERIAL AND DESIGN REQUIREMENT

Formwork shall be complied with ACI 347 with materials suitable for use intended and adequate to support
loads within tolerances as recommended.
Design and construct to support loads following ACI 347 within tolerances specified in ACI 301.
Formwork shall be constructed of sound well-seasoned timber and/or plywood. The use of steel forms or
forms made of other materials shall be permitted. Such forms shall be of regular uniform size with make-up
sections arranged in a manner approved by ENGINEER. They shall conform in all relevant respects with
the requirements specified for formwork.
All formwork shall be removed without damage to the concrete in appearance, strength or durability.
False work shall be constructed from well-seasoned timber, hot rolled steel sections, or other approved
materials suitable to support the loads to be carried.
CONTRACTOR shall submit the strength, deflection calculations and drawings of the formwork and false
work for approval by ENGINEER.
All false work shall be designed and constructed to provide the necessary rigidity and to support the loads
coming upon it without significant settlement or deformation.
4.2 FINISHES
- Concealed surface: Common lumber may be used for surfaces that will not be exposed in the finished
structure. The surface shall be dense and sound and free excessive irregularities or blemishes.
- Exposed surface: The form work shall be lined with the material approved by ENGINEER providing a
smooth finish of uniform texture and appearance. Unless otherwise shown in the Contract, all
formwork joints in the exposed surfaces of concrete finish shall form a regular pattern with horizontal
and vertical lines continuous throughout each structure and all construction joints shall coincide with
these horizontal and vertical lines.
- Chamfer exposed concrete corners of edges not less than 20 mm. in each dimension.
4.3 PREPARATION
- Provide form coatings producing desired finish.
- Releasing agent: Formwork shall be treated with approved non staining oil or saturated with water at
the discretion of ENGINEER before placing concrete. Form oil will only be used after the approval of
ENGINEER has been given. ENGINEER may require trials to be carried out before approval is given
for the use of particular oil, to ascertain that the form oil proposed by CONTRACTOR will not discolour
or injure the finished concrete face in any way.
- Cleaning: Immediately before concreting, all shaving, loose binding wires and other extraneous matter
shall be removed from within the formwork. No concrete shall be placed until ENGINEER has
inspected and approved the formworks and false works.
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4.4 REMOVAL OF FORM WORK AND FALSE WORK

Time of Removal: Forms and false work shall not be removed without the approval of ENGINEER. The
Engineer’s approval shall not relieve CONTRACTOR of responsibility for the safety of work. Blocks and
locking shall be removed at the same time as the forms and in no case shall any portion of the form be left
in the concrete.
- Girder beams or frames 14 days
- Floor slabs and bottom of crossheads 14 days
- Columns 2 days
- Wall, Pier, side of beams and other vertical surface 1 day
Determine concrete strength attained before removal of forms, false work, and centering from tests of job-
cured cylinders, cured under conditions not more favourable than most unfavourable conditions for portions
of concrete which specimens represent.
- Test following ASTM C31 except as modified herein.
- Provide 3 additional cylinders for each pour or for each 100 square meter of form contact area,
whichever is less, for testing and submit certified test report of cylinders to Engineer.
Demonstrate conclusively that specified strength of concrete has been attained.

- After removal of forms, false work, and centering and before attainment of design strength by
concrete, do not alter loading conditions to exceed permissible stresses and deformations at
attained strength of concrete.
- Minimum strength level required for each cylinder of 28 days compressive strength.
- Immediately after forms are stripped, repair defects following ACI 301.
4.5 RE-USE OF FORM WORK AND FALSE WORK

Where it is intended to re-use form work and false work, it shall be cleaned and repaired as necessary to
the satisfaction of ENGINEER.
5. REINFORCEMENT
5.1 GENERAL
The material and workmanship to be employed for the reinforcing steel works of concrete shall conform to
the building code requirements for reinforced concrete ACI 318 and the specifications.
This section specifies the furnishing and placing of reinforcement bars of the grade, type and size shown in
accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the requirements shown on the drawings.
CONTRACTOR shall prepare bending schedules stating shape, diameters, lengths and quantity of steel
reinforcement. The bending schedules shall be submitted in duplicate to Engineer for approval and no
reinforcement shall be bent until such approval has been received.
Test certificates shall be provided for each consignment of steel which shall include the results of the cast
analysis of the bar supplied, the carbon equivalent value, the tensile bend and re-bend test. The tensile test
results shall include the cross-sectional area.
After delivery to the site, Engineer may require CONTRACTOR to carry out confirmatory tests on further
samples at an approved nominated laboratory. Any steel which, as a result of such confirmatory test, does
not conform to the specification will be rejected and shall be removed from site without delay.
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5.2 TOLERANCES
Reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in the position shown in the contract drawings to the
following:
Concrete cover: -3 mm. and + 6mm.
Longitudinal location of +/- 25 mm
Except at the bends and ends of bars: Specified cover at ends of members should not
Reduced by more than 3 mm
5.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING

Reinforcement for structures shall be handled and stored in a manner that will prevent bending out of the
desired shape and the unnecessary accumulation of dirt, oil and paint.
When placed in the work, reinforcement shall be free from dirt, oil, grease, paint, mill-scale and loose or
thick rust.
5.4 SHOP DRAWINGS

Unless otherwise specified elsewhere in the specification CONTRACTOR shall submit shop drawings of
any part of the works to ENGINEER for the approval at least 30 days prior to the commencement of the
work to be detailed by said shop drawings.
5.5 MATERIAL
5.5.1 Reinforcing Steel

- Material, fabrication and placing of reinforcement shall conform to ACI 301, ACI 315 and ACI 318
- Reinforcing steel shall be deformed in conform to ASTM A 615 or TIS 24-2548 ,Grade SD40
with minimum yield strength of 4000 kg/cm2 .
- Reinforcing steel shall be deformed in conform to ASTM A 615 or TIS 20-2543 ,Grade SR24
with minimum yield strength of 2400 kg/cm2 .
- Reinforcing steel shall be free from loose rust, scale, mud, oil, or other coatings that will prevent
or reduce the bond.
- Twisted or redrawn bars shall not be used.
Binding wire shall be best black annealed mild steel wire, approximately 1.6 mm, Dia.
5.5.2 Tagging Reinforcing Steel

- Length straight bars shall be metal tagged to show number of bar, size, and length.
5.5.3 Splices
- Bar splices shall be made by the method and to the dimensions shown on the design drawings
and/or shop drawings approved by the Engineer.
- Splices shall conform to “ Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete”
- ACI 318
5.5.4 Unless otherwise indicated on the drawings, the details of reinforcing steel shall conform to ACI
Building Code (ACI 318)
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5.6 CLEANING AND INSPECTION

Immediately before concreting, the reinforcement shall be examined for accuracy of placing and
cleanliness and corrected if necessary.
No concreting shall take place before inspection and approval of the reinforcement by ENGINEER.
5.6.1 Cover to reinforcement
The minimum concrete cover on the outer reinforcement shall be as follows:

Cast-in-place Concrete Minimum (mm)
Below ground : cast against and permanently exposed 75
to earth for major foundations
: exposed to earth or water for less 50
important structures
above ground : exposed to weather or water 50
: not exposed to weather or water 40
: For slab, Wall, Joist 25
marine (over water) : beams 75
: slab bottom surface/sides 75
: slab top 50
Precast Concrete (manufactured under plant conditions) Minimum (mm)

Exposed to earth, weather or water:
- wall panel 40
- other members 50
Not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground:
- slabs, walls, joint 30
- beams, girders, columns 50
In contact with or above sea water:
- underside and sides of slabs 75
- top side of slab 50
- beams 75
5.6.2 Welding of reinforcement shall conform to ACI 318 and/or AWS D 12.1 and Field welding of crossing
bars shall not be permitted.
5.6.3 All inserts, anchor bolts, sleeves and all other embedded items shall be accurately located, using
templates where appropriate, and held securely prior to replacement of concrete.
5.7 PLACING REINFORCEMENT

Unless otherwise indicated, place reinforcement following ACI 301 and with concrete cover following in ACI
318
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6. CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES
6.1 GENERAL
This section specified the construction of all or portions of concrete structures, of the required class or
classes, with or without reinforcement, and with or without admixture,
Constructed in accordance with these specifications and the lines, levels, grades and dimensions shown
on the drawings, and as required by ENGINEER.
Concrete shall consist of a mixture of Portland cement, water and coarse and fine aggregate with or
without admixture.
The materials and workmanship used in the manufacture of concrete shall comply with ACI Standard,
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ACI 318, and the requirement of the Specifications.
In the event of conflict between ACI 318 and the Specifications, the later shall prevail.
6.2 TOLERANCES
Each strength test result shall be the average of at least two cylinders from the same sample tested at 28
days or the specified earlier age. For the strength level of the concrete to be considered satisfactory,
average strength test results shall be equal to or exceed the minimum compressive strength and the
strength of any individual cylinder shall be less than 85% of the minimum compressive strength.
6.3 QUALITY OF CONCRETE

Classes of Concrete- The class of concrete to be used in each part of a structure or other concrete article
shall be as indicated on the drawings and as generally described below:
Concrete Class P shall be used for prestressed concrete and all piles of square cross-sections.
Concrete Class A shall be used for safety barrier on the bridge or bridge railings and curb stones, and for
prefabricated elements, except piles of square cross-sections.
Concrete Class B shall be used for all reinforced concrete cast in-situ, except bridge railings and for any
concrete deposited in water.
Concrete Class C shall be used between stones in rip-rap, in ditch and streambed protection, for footwalls
and for other non-reinforced structures, blinding layers, sub-foundations etc.
Concrete Class D shall be used for lean concrete.
For reinforced concrete of any class the minimum quantity of cement shall be 350 kg per m3 concrete.
The compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by tests on 15 x 30 cm cylinders, and the
minimum 28 days strength shall be as follows:
- Concrete Class P 450 kg/cm2
- Concrete Class A 320 kg/cm2
- Concrete Class B 240 kg/cm2
- Concrete Class C 210 kg/cm2
- Concrete Class D 135 kg/cm2
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6.4 MIX DESIGN
6.4.1 Class of Concrete
CONTRACTOR shall design the concrete mixes and submit his proposal for approval of ENGINEER.
The concrete shall conform to the requirements for the particular class as set out or as directed by
ENGINEER.
The cement content in any mix shall not exceed 540kg nor be less than 350 kg/m3 of concrete. The
quantity of water used shall not exceed that required to produce a dense concrete with sufficient
workability to be placed and compacted where required, and in no case shall the water/cement ratio
be greater than 0.5 for all exposed concrete unless otherwise specifically approved by ENGINEER.
6.4.2 Trial Mixes
When CONTRACTOR designs the mix, he shall, at least 35 days before the commencement of
concreting, have trial mixes under the presence of ENGINEER in the laboratory at site. The concrete
for each mix shall be tested in accordance with applicable ASTM Standards and must satisfy the
strength requirements of Table.
CONTRACTOR shall prepare trial mixes having workability, strength and surface finish as criteria to
satisfy ENGINEER regarding these qualities. The trial mixes shall be made and compacted in the
presence of ENGINEER, using the same type of plant and equipment as shall be used for the works.
From each trial mix, test cylinders shall be made and tested in accordance with AASHTO T23 and
T22.
From the same mix as that from which the test cylinders are made, the workability of the concrete
shall be determined by the slump test in accordance with AASHTO test
Method T119 or other method approved by ENGINEER. The remainder of the mix shall be cast in a
wooden mould and compacted.
After 24 hours the sides of the mould shall be struck and the surface examined in order to satisfy
ENGINEER that an acceptable surface can be obtained with this mix.
A trial mix for a particular class shall be acceptable when the strengths of each cylinder from three
sets of three cylinders made from different batches cured and tested after 28 days in a laboratory
approved by ENGINEER are not below the particular strength specified. In addition the consistency
shall be to the satisfaction of ENGINEER.
On the basis of the results of the trial mixes, ENGINEER shall approve the weights in kilograms of fine
and coarse aggregates (in a saturated surface-dry condition) per 50kg bag of cement, and the volume
of water in litres per bag of cement, which will be required for a specified class of concrete in order to
attain the specified strength and the necessary workability, and these proportions shall not be
changed during the progress of the works, except if allowed by ENGINEER.
In addition, ENGINEER shall before each casting approve the batch weight of aggregates after
moisture determinations have been made and the saturated surface-dry weights have been corrected
for free moisture.
Volume batching may be used only for concrete Class C, and the volume of fine and coarse
aggregates shall then be designated per 50kg bag of cement. Devices for measuring shall be
approved by ENGINEER.
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6.4.3 Variations
When the mix has been approved by ENGINEER no variations shall be made in the mix proportions,
the original source of the cement and aggregate or in the type, size and grading zone of the latter,
without the consent of ENGINEER who may require further tests to be made.
6.4.4 Sampling and Testing
Sampling and testing shall be in accordance with the following standards:

(1) Compressive Strength of ASTM C39
Cylindrical concrete specimens
(2) Making and Curing Concrete ASTM C31

Test specimens in the field
(3) Obtaining and Testing ASTM C42

Drilled cores and sawed beams of concrete
(4) Quality of Water to be used AAHTO T26

in concrete
(5) Sieve Analysis of Fine and ASTM C136

Coarse aggregates
(6) Specific Gravity and ASTM C128

Absorption of fine aggregate
(7) Specific Gravity and ASTM C127

Absorption of fine aggregate
(8) Slump of Portland Cement ASTM C143

Concrete
(9) Unit weight, Yield and ASTM C138

Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
(10) Making and Curing Concrete ASTM C192

Test specimens in the Laboratory
(11) Flesh Concrete ASTM C172
(12) Air Content of Fleshly Mixed ASTM C231

Concrete by Pressure Method
6.4.5 Concrete shall be sampled in two series as follows:

(1) Series “A”
One batch shall be sampled at random from every 100m3 of concrete placed, and not less than one
set of sample shall be taken for each class of concrete placed each day.
For strength tests four independent test cylinders taken from each batch to be sampled, shall be
made; one cylinder shall be tested at 7 days and the other three at 28 days, or as directed by
ENGINEER.
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(2) Series “B”
If CONTRACTOR removes formwork in advance of the minimum period required by this specification
to subject concrete to early loading, ENGINEER shall require strength tests at an age to be approved
by him. For this purpose, batches shall be sampled at the direction of ENGINEER. Three independent
samples shall be taken from each of which one test cylinder shall be made and cured under the same
conditions as the concrete to which they relate.
The time of sampling will be decided by ENGINEER sampling, making and testing of cylinders shall be
done in accordance with AASHTO T23 and T22
Unless otherwise requested by ENGINEER, cylinder tests shall generally be made at the rate of:
- 1 set of cylinders per 40m3 for the first 500m3.

- 1 set of cylinders per 80m3 for the remainder of the work.
6.4.6 Transport of Concrete

Concrete shall be transported from the mixer to the formwork as soon as practicable by method which
will prevent segregation or loss of any ingredients and maintain the necessary workability. The
intervals between deliveries of batches in no case shall not exceed 30 minutes. The time shall be
counted from the moment when concrete is discharge from the mixer to its deposition.
Contractor shall submit to ENGINEER for approval details of the proposed method for transporting the
concrete. Such method shall be compatible with the proposed mix designs.
6.5 PLACING CONCRETE
6.5.1 Time Interval of Placing

Concrete which does not reach its final position in the form within the time stipulated shall not be used.
6.5.2 Premature Stiffening

Approved means shall also be provided to avoid premature stiffening of concrete placed in contact
with hot, dry surfaces. Surfaces including reinforcement against which concrete is to be placed shall
be shielded against the direct rays of the sun and shall be sprayed with water to prevent excessive
absorption by the surfaces of water from the fresh concrete.
Concrete shall be placed in such a manner as to avoid segregation and the displacement of
reinforcing bars and shall be spread in horizontal layers where practicable.
Concrete shall be placed where necessary inside forms by hand shovels and in no instance shall
vibrators be so manipulated to transport concrete inside formwork. Care shall be taken to prevent
mortar from spattering on forms and reinforcing steel and from drying ahead of the final covering with
concrete. When spattering has occurred, the forms and steel shall be cleaned with wire brushes or
scrapers before concrete is placed around steel, or in forms which have been spattered.
6.5.3 Depth of Deposition

Except where otherwise agreed by ENGINEER, concrete shall be deposited in horizontal layers to a
compacted depth not exceeding 0.40 meter.
Troughs, pipes or short chutes used as aids in placing concrete shall be positioned in such a manner
that segregation of the concrete will not occur. All chutes, troughs and pipes shall be kept clean and
free from coating of hardened concrete or mortar.
Concrete shall not be dropped freely over a vertical distance of more than 1.5m.
Concrete shall be placed continuously throughout each section of the structure or between indicated
joints if shown on the drawings or as directed by ENGINEER. If, in emergency, it is necessary to stop
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placing concrete before a section is completed, bulkheads shall be placed as ENGINEER may direct
and the resulting joint shall be deemed a construction joint.
All concrete shall during placing and final finishing of surfaces be protected against direct sunshine.
Concrete when deposited shall have a temperature of not more than 30C. It shall be compacted in its
final position within 30 minutes of discharge form the mixer unless carried in purpose made agitators,
operation continuously, when the time shall be within 1 ½ hours of the introduction of cement to the
mix and within 30 minutes of discharge from the agitator.
6.5.4 Records
CONTRACTOR shall maintain records in a form to be agreed by ENGINEER, of all tests on
aggregates, cement, water, fresh concrete and harden concrete.
The records shall be kept at Site and shall identify the tests with the section of work to which they
relate and shall be promptly submitted to ENGINEER at his request.
CONTRACTOR shall keep records giving the class code, the cement content used, the number of
batches and the position of concrete deposition in respect of each class of concrete used in the Work
or the Temporary works, and shall submit such records to ENGINEER on the day following that during
which concrete is placed. Details of all test cylinders with their reference numbers which are taken
from the batch of each class of concrete shall also be included in the records.
6.5.5 Depositing concrete under water

Concrete shall not be deposited in water except with the approval of the Engineer and with his
immediate supervision and in this case the method of placing shall be as defined herein
Concrete deposited in water shall be Class A with 10 percent by weight extra cement added to the
amount approved by ENGINEER for normal Class A concrete.
The prevent segregation, it shall be carefully placed in a compact mass, in its final position, by means
of a tremie tube or pipe, or a bottom-dump bucket and shall not be disturbed after being deposited,
Special care must be exercised to maintain still water at the point of deposit. Concrete shall not be
placed in running water. The method of depositing concrete shall be so regulated as to produce
approximately horizontal surfaces.
Concrete seals shall be placed in one continuous operation. When a trimie tube or pipe is used, it shall
consist of a tube or pipe not less than 25cm in diameter. All joints in the tube shall be watertight. The
means of supporting the tremie tube shall be such as to permit free movement of the discharge end
over the entire top of the concrete and to permit its being lowered rapidly when necessary to chock off
or retard the flow. The tremie tube shall be filled by a method that will prevent washing of the concrete.
The discharge end shall be completely submerged in concrete at all times and the tremie tube shall be
kept full.
When concrete is placed with a bottom-dump bucket, the bucket shall have a capacity of not less than
0.5m3 and the top of the bucket shall be open. The bottom door shall open freely downward and
outward when tripped. The bucket shall be completely filled and slowly lowered to avoid backwash.
It shall not be dumped until it rests on the surface upon which the concrete is to be deposited and
when empty be withdrawn slowly until well above the concrete. The slump of the concrete used shall
be maintained between 10 and 20 cm.
Dewatering shall proceed only when the concrete seal is considered strong enough to withstand any
pressures to be exerted upon it. This time will be decided by ENGINEER.
All laitance or other unsatisfactory material shall be removed from the exposed surface by scraping,
jetting, chipping or other means which will not injure the seal unduly.
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Notes:
1. Notify Engineer at least 24 hours before placing concrete.
- Place vapour barrier (if any) under slabs poured on earth, following Drawings.
- Wet down formwork and reinforcement before placing concrete to prevent leaching of
water from concrete, but do not allow free water to stand in forms.
- Place concrete within 90 minutes after addition of cement, aggregates, water, and
admixtures.
- Discard off-site concrete not placed within these time limits.
- Do not exceed the concrete free drop of 5 feet without use of adjustable length pipes.
- Locate joints where shown on Drawings and approved submittals.
- Seal control joints in exterior slabs.
- If any, when bonding new concrete to existing, prepare for subsequent placement following
ACI 301 with approved bonding compound applied and permitted to cure following
manufacturer's recommendations, or as directed by Engineer.
2. Weather Conditions.
When Hot Weather Conditions Exist:
- Place concrete following recommendations of ACI 305 and as specified herein.
- Cool ingredients before mixing to maintain concrete temperature at time of placement
below 25 degrees C. when temperature is rising and below 30 degrees C. when
temperature is falling.
- Cover reinforcing steel with water-soaked burlap so steel temperature will not exceed
ambient air temperature immediately before embedment in concrete.
- Do not place concrete when hot weather conditions will cause difficulty from loss of
slump, flash set, or cold joints.
- Do not use set control admixtures in mix designs unless approved by Engineer in
advance and no structural concrete shall be placed in the works until the relevant mix
design has been approved by ENGINEER.
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6.6 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
6.6.1 Approval of ENGINEER

Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to construction joints, the position and arrangements
of which shall be as indicated on the Drawings or as previously approved by ENGINEER. Joints shall
be formed in walls or slabs to prevent, as far as possible, cracking due to shrinkage. The joints shall
be located to take into account stresses in the concrete and shall be shuttered square to the work.
CONTRACTOR shall prepare and submit by layout drawings and concreting programs for the
Engineer’s approval in adequate time prior to preparation for concreting to enable any changes
ENGINEER may consider necessary to be made.
6.6.2 Horizontal Joints

Unless otherwise agreed or directed by ENGINEER, exposed faces of the concrete at the joint shall
be thoroughly brushed with wire brushes, or by other approved means so as to remove laitance and
expose the coarse aggregates. Care shall be taken to ensure that no disturbance or loosening of the
aggregate, or cracks or other defects in the concrete are caused.
6.6.3 Vertical Joints

Vertical and inclined construction joints shall be formed by the insertion of rigid stopping-off forms so
constructed that no loss of materials occurs through the joints. Temporary stopping-off forms shall be
stripped as soon as practicable and in all cases within 24 hours of completion of placing. Sacrificial
stopping-off forms may be permitted, subject to the approval of the Engineer, but the Engineer may
still order that they be removed on occasions where he has reason to suspect that, for example, honey
combing has occurred because of grout loss.
6.6.4 Cleaning
Immediately before placing fresh concrete against faces of previously placed and hardened concrete,
the surface of construction joints shall be thoroughly cleaned and wetted.
6.7 EXPANSION JOINTS

Expansion, contraction and other movement joints shall be provided in the locations and according to the
details and dimensions shown on the Drawings or as directed by ENGINEER to his satisfaction.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or specified in the Specifications, contraction joints, where
required in the opinion of ENGINEER, shall be formed as deliberate planes of discontinuity in the concrete
structure. The face of the concrete which is first placed shall be painted with two coats approved rubber
bitumen paint before placing the adjoining concrete.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or specified in the Specifications, expansion joints shall be
formed in the same way as contraction joints but, in addition, and approved compressible sheet or filler
shall be supplied and placed in the joint to provide freedom for two adjacent concrete slabs or beams to
expand. The exposed edges of the joints shall be sealed with an approved synthetic rubber or similar
resilient sealing compound.
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6.8 WATERTIGHT JOINT

Unless otherwise specified or shown on the Drawings, joints in water retaining structures shall be formed
with a continuous waterproof material as specified below. Where it is necessary to provide a permanent
barrier to the passage of water, water stops as specified herein shall be employed. Dumbbell Types shall
be used for construction joints while Centre bulbs Types are specified to be used for expansion joints to
accommodate movements.
CONTRACTOR shall submit samples, current test reports, and proof that the manufacturer maintained
laboratory batch control of the waterproof material.
All water stop shall be installed in accordance with the current accepted industry practice which will result
in a watertight installation. In order to prevent the water stop from folding during concrete pouring and to
assist in keeping the water stops firmly in position, all water stop shall be provided with clips along both
edge ribs at a spacing of not more than 50 cm.
The water-stop shall be held firmly to the reinforcing steel to the satisfaction of ENGINEER with wire of at
least 1.6 mm diameter. Manufacturer’s recommendation concerning materials and methods of cold or hot
splicing must be followed closely. The Contractor must submit the method of splicing to ENGINEER for
approval.
Manufacturer’s certification shall be an integral part of this specification to assure that all of the water stops
furnished has been manufactured to meet the requirements of this specification. Test reports covering the
actual material furnished shall indicate that the physical properties conform to the published chart.
Test reports and manufacturer’s certificate shall be submitted by CONTRACTOR to ENGINEER for every
batch of water stop furnished.
Water stops shall be high grade polyvinyl chloride or rubber polymers and shall meet the US Army Corps of
Engineers Specification CRD C-572. Water stops for expansion joints shall be centre bulb Type, 228.6mm
width, 9.5mm thick, and 25.4mm bulb outside diameter with 38mm centre bulb. Dumbbell Type water stops
with 228.6mm width, 9.5mm thick and 25.4mm bulb outside diameter shall be used for construction joints.
6.9 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
6.9.1 General
Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by vibration or other approved methods. CONTRACTOR
shall submit details of his proposed methods and rate of placing and compaction the concrete to
ENGINEER for approval. Such details shall include the proposed number and size of vibrators to be
used and the number of standby vibrators that will be kept available, and shall be submitted in
sufficient time prior to concreting to enable ENGINEER to consider and agree the compaction
methods without delay to the commencement of concreting.
6.9.2 Use of Vibrators

Vibration shall not be applied by way of the reinforcement.
Where internal vibrators are used, they shall be operated at not less than 8000 cycles per minute.
Internal vibrators shall penetrate the full depth of the layer of concrete being placed and shall be
withdrawn slowly to avoid the formation of voids.
When concrete is placed in more than one layer, compaction of layer shall extend into the underlying
layer to ensure there is no segregation between successive layers but care shall be taken to avoid any
disturbance of partially set layers which have been previously placed. Over-vibration shall be avoided.
Concrete shall not be subject to vibration between 4 to 24 hours after compaction.
21
6.9.3 Damage to Freshly Set Concrete

If during concreting a previously placed layer or edge of concrete has set before a subsequent layer
has been placed, concreting shall be stopped and the placed concrete cut back to a sound face at the
Contractor’s cost.
6.10 FINISHING CONCRETE

All concrete surfaces exposed in the completed work shall comply with the requirements below except
where the drawings indicate otherwise.
6.10.1 Tolerances
The permissible tolerances in unformed surfaces for the various classes of finish specified above shall
not generally exceed the following limits.
Class U.A. Screed finishing +15mm, -10mm
Class U.B. Wood trowel finish +6mm, -3mm
Class U.C. Steel trowel finish +3mm, -3mm
6.11 CURING AND PROTECTION

Method of Curing and Protection shall follow ACI 301 and as required elsewhere in Contract Documents.
6.11.1 Approval
CONTRACTOR shall submit details of his proposals for curing and protection each section of the work
for the Engineer’s prior approval before placing any concrete or any precast units are cast. For area
likely to be affected by sea water or salt water spray, proposals describing how the concrete is to be
effectively protected there from up to the time when it has sufficiently hardened shall also be submitted
for approval.
6.11.2 Curing Compound

If ENGINEER approved the use of a curing compound it shall be applied in the manner and at the rate
recommended by the manufacturer. Where spraying equipment is used, it shall be maintained in a
thoroughly clean condition and shall not be used for any material other than the approved curing
compound. The curing compound shall be applied to the surface of the concrete as soon as it has
been finished. No water which exists on the finished surface but any free water shall be allowed to dry
out before the compound is applied. Care shall be taken not to damage the surface during the
application. If the period for drying out exceeds one hour or if for any other reason the curing
compound cannot be applied, the alternative methods of curing described below shall be used.
CONTRACTOR shall have an alternative approved method of curing concrete available for use at any
time.
6.11.3 Wetted Absorbent Covering

Where a wetted absorbent covering is used, CONTRACTOR shall ensure that the covering is kept
continually damp and that in no circumstances shall alternate wetting and drying occur. ENGINEER
may prohibit the use of wetted absorbent coverings where the surface being protected is likely to be
cooled excessively by drying winds and in such case: CONTRACTOR shall submit alternative
proposals to ENGINEER for approval.
22
6.11.4 Curing after Removal of Formwork

Where formwork is removed from concrete before sufficient time has elapsed for proper curing, curing
protection shall be immediately applied to the surface.
CONTRACTOR shall take steps to prevent any damage to newly cast surfaces. Suitable barriers and
warning notices shall be erected to prevent access over concrete which has been recently placed, and
no plant, equipment and the like shall be placed thereon until the surface in hard enough to bear such
loads without damage. Edges, corners and other areas shall be adequately protected against
accidental damage.
All concrete surfacing shall be kept wet for at least 7 days after placing. Salt of brackish water must
not be used for the curing. Bridge deck and sidewalk slabs shall be covered with wet burlap
immediately after final finishing of the surface. This material shall remain in place for the full curing
period or may be removed and replaced with sad when the concrete has hardened sufficiently to
prevent marring.
In both cases the materials shall be kept thoroughly wet for the entire curing period. All other surfaces
if not protected by forms, shall be kept thoroughly wet, either by sprinkling or by the use of wet burlap
until the end of the curing period. If wood forms are allowed to remain in place during the curing
period, they shall be kept moist at all times to prevent openings at joints.
The Contractor’s proposals for the use of liquid membrane curing compound shall be subject to the
approval of ENGINEER.
6.12 REPAIR OF SURFACE DEFECTS
6.12.1 Patching
As soon as the forms are removed, all wire or metal devices used for securing the formwork
which project from or appear on the surface of the finished concrete shall be removed cut back at
least 25mm from the finished surface of the concrete. All holes and pockets so formed shall be
filled with cement mortar mixed in the same proportions as the fine aggregate to cement of the
concrete mix used for that particular section of the structure, after the surface to be patched has
been thoroughly cleaned and wetted to receive the patch.
6.12.2 Pause for rejection

Excessive honeycombing shall be sufficient enough to cause rejection of portions of the structure
containing this honeycombing. CONTRACTOR, on receipt of written orders from ENGINEER,
shall remove and rebuild such portions of the structure at his own expense.
6.12.3 Loading
No superstructure load shall be placed upon finished bents, piers or abutments until ENGINEER
so directs but in no case shall any load of any kind be placed until CONTRACTOR has completed
curing. The CONTRACTOR shall not place any temporary loads on deck slabs. Bridge deck shall
be opened to traffic only when so directed by ENGINEER and generally not sooner than 28 days
after the placing of the concrete has been completed.
6.12.4 Control of Heat in Massive Structures

In massive structures of major dimension i.e. pier columns, the heat deriving from hardening of
the concrete shall be controlled by CONTRACTOR.
Temperature gradient introducing risk of cracking shall not occur and the temperature shall not
exceed 70 0C.
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7. ACCEPTANCE OF STRUCTURE
- For concrete meeting acceptance criteria of ACI 301 will be acceptable.
- If the concrete is cored and cores fail to meet specified 28-day strength, Engineer may reject.
- For other structures, concrete will be acceptable if it meets acceptance criteria of ACI 301
- Engineer shall have sole judge of whether concrete meets requirements.
- Remove, dispose of, and replace concrete not meeting specified requirements at no cost to the
Commission.
- Make repairs using approved repair procedure in Engineer's presence.
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SECTION 4000 PILING WORKS
1. SCOPE
The works include the supply of all labour, material, equipment, etc. necessary to install, drive and test the
piles as shown in the drawings or as specified.
This Specification consists of the requirement for furnishing and installation of precast pre-stressed
concrete piles and steel piles. CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for installing pile of sufficient size and
length to safety carry the required loading. Reference to other industrial standards for compliance shall be
interpreted as an integral part of this Specification.
CONTRACTOR shall submit to OWNER for approval of the acceptance of his tender full details of the
proposed pile driving plan, temporary work and method of pile driving, fabricating, casting, handling,
jointing and coating and shall make such amendments or alterations as ENGINEER may direct.
2. GENERAL
The following codes shall be interpreted as the minimum requirement applicable to the subject work.
ACI - American Concrete Institute
AISC - American Institute of Steel Construction
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
PCL - Design Handbook, Precast Prestressed Concrete
PCL –MNL-116 - Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of
Precast Prestressed Concrete Products
TIS - Thai Industrial Standard

The latest edition of Thai Laws, Acts and Regulations are to be strictly observed by CONTRACTOR. It is
Contractor’s responsibility to secure and observe all laws, acts and regulations in Thailand in order to
execute the work.
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3. SUBMITTALS
3.1 DESIGN CALCULATION AND DRAWING

CONTRACTOR shall submit details of the pile with the reinforcement together with complete design
calculations and drawings for the approval of ENGINEER before commencing work.
Submit detail description of pile driving equipment, procedure, program and calculation for determining the
minimum blow counts by the proposed pile driving formula.
3.2 PILE HANDLING AND EXTENSION

CONTRACTOR shall submit pile handling method, storing method, driving method and details for pile
extensions to ENGINEER for approval.
3.3 RECORD AND RESULTS

CONTRACTOR shall submit driving records, test pile records and results to ENGINEER.
CONTRACTOR shall maintain a complete and accurate record of all driven piles in the tubular form
approved by engineer and shall submit such report daily. ENGINEER shall have the right to access the
reports for inspection without obligation from CONTRACTOR. Upon complete of piling operation,
CONTRACTOR shall submit a foundation record plan indicating the principal datum levels of the top and
bottom of each pile and net length of each pile marked thereon.
4. MATERIALS
4.1 CONCRETE MATERIALS
Concrete materials shall meet applicable requirements of concrete works specification.
Concrete for piles shall be hard rock with adequate compressive strength not less than 350 kg/cm2 at 28
days (cylindrical) unless otherwise note on the drawings.
Compressive cylinder strength at transfer of prestressing force shall be not less than 250 kg/cm2. Piles
may be removed from the casting bed to nearby storage any time after transfer of stress.
4.2 REINFORCEMENT STEEL

Reinforcing steel shall comply with the requirements in the concrete works specification.
4.3 PRESTRESSING STEEL

Prestressing steel shall be high tensile wire type or 7 – wire stressed – relieved strand conforming to ASTM
A 416 with the minimum breaking strength of 17,500 kg/cm2
4.4 MARKING OF PILES

After a pile has been cast, the date of casting, reference number, length and, where appropriate, the
prestressing force shall be clearly in scribed on the top surface of the pile and also clearly and indelibly
marked on the head of the pile. In addition, each pile shall be marked at intervals of 250 mm. along the top
3 m. of its length before being driven.
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4.5 STEEL SHEET PILES

Steel sheet piles shall conform to the requirements of TIS 1390 /JIS A 5528:1988 or equivalent.
The piles, when in place in the completed structure, shall be practically watertight at the joints.
4.6 STEEL PILES

Steel shall conform to the Specification for structural steel, ASTM A36 or equivalent
5. HANDLING AND STORAGE OF PILES

The method and sequence of lifting, handling, transporting and storing piles shall be such that the piles are
not damaged. Only the designed lifting and support points shall be used. During transport and storage piles
shall be stored on adequate supports located the lifting points of the piles.
Precast concrete piles damage in handling shall be replaced and the cost of replacement shall be entirely
borne by CONTRACTOR. Handling shall be carefully done to prevent breaking or chipping the edge.
Cracks on pile may occur during handling and transportation. Piles having cracks appeared in one of the
following conditions shall be rejected.
Crack occurs all around the pile.
More than 3 cracks occur within 1 meter.
Width of the crack is more than 0.15 mm.
The piles having rejected by Owner shall not be reused and shall maintain on site till the end of piling.
Any face of piles shall not deviate by more than 6 mm. from a straight edge 3 m. long laid on the face, and
the centroid of any cross section of the pile shall not deviate by more than 1/1000 of the length of the pile
from the straight line connecting the centroids of the end faces of the pile.
6. INSTALLATION
6.1 EQUIPMENT OF PILE DRIVING

CONTRACTOR, prior to the installation of any pile, shall submit for approval by ENGINEER full details of
the piling driving equipment and the method of carrying out the work intends to use. All piles shall be
provided with caps for driving. For special types of piling, driving heads mandrels, or other device in
accordance with requirements shall be provided so that piles may be driven without injury.
Piles shall be driven with steam, air, diesel hammers which shall be calibrated by load test
The plant and equipment furnished for steam and air hammer shall have sufficient to maintain under
working condition.
6.2 DRIVING CAPS

The heads of all concrete piles shall be protected by caps of approved design having a suitable cushion
nest to pile head and fitting into a crashing which in turn supports a timber shock block.
When the area of the head of any pile is greater than that of the face of the hammer, suitable cap shall be
provided to distribute the blow of the hammer throughout the cross section of the pile and thus prevent, as
far as possible the tendency to split or shatter the pile.
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6.3 SETTING OUT

All stakes shall be set out accurately by CONTRACTOR from reference point firmly installed referring to
each pile location and elevation.
Secondary or individual pile layouts are to be completed and verified prior to driving of the piles concerned.
All main layout points, lines, stations are to be maintained safe and undisturbed.
6.4 PILE DRIVING

Driving of piles shall be done with fixed leads which will hold the pile firmly in position and alignment with
the hammer. Suitable anvils or cushions, depending on the type of pile, shall be used to prevent undue
damage of the pile butts. Precast Concrete piles shall have sufficient excess length to allow the
arrangement of pile to elevation of pile head.
Pile shall be driven to refusal to carry the working load based on the Hiley’s formula with safety 2.50 and
the wave equation.
In the following case, a prompt report shall be made to ENGINEER to determine the countermeasures.
When practical refusal is achieved at a shallower trip elevation than specified.
When the specified refusal is not achieved at the specified tip elevation.
When obstructions are encountered during pile driving.
6.5 EXTENSION OF PRECAST PILE

Precast piles shall be extended by suitable splicing as shown in the drawings approved by ENGINEER.
The splice shall be capable of resisting all driving and service load stresses, including tensile and bending
stresses with an adequate factor of safety.
6.6 DEVIATION AND DAMAGE

Permissible tolerances after pile installation:
Pile tops are within 5.0 cm of location as specified on drawings.
Pile tops are within 3.0 cm after cut-off of the elevation as specified in drawings.
Deviation from the vertical shall not exceed 1% (1:100) on any section of the length.
Any pile damaged by reason of improper driving, or driving out of it proper location, or driven below the
elevation fixed by the drawing shall be corrected by Owner.
ENGINEER may order the extraction and retrieving of any pile which has deviated more than the above
amount from its correct location, or which has in the opinion of ENGINEER been driven at an angle greater
than 1% from the correct vertical axial alignment. Alternatively, should circumstances require the
substructure over the piles shall be constructed to a modified design, which takes account of the variation
in the pile position or alignment.
CONTRACTOR shall measure the final positions of the driven piles in manner approved by ENGINEER to
confirm that the piles have been driven to the allowable tolerances.
6.7 CUT-OFF
Concrete piles shall be cut off at such elevation that they will extend into the cap or footing as indicated on
the drawings after the piles have been driven.
Procedure for cut-off: Pile shall be cut by fibre cutting machine in 2 cm. deep at required elevation around
about. Concretes shall be broken off by use of demolition pick hammer. Embedded rebars shall be laid
bare by the length specified in the drawings and must not be damaged.
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7. PILE LOADING TEST
The Superintendent shall select piles for load testing from among the permanent works piles after the piles
have been completed. Tests shall be carried out as follows:
7.1 TEST PILES (PILOT PILES)
Generally the lengths of the piles shown on the drawings are based on information which it has been
possible to obtain from a site investigation prior to the driving of test piles. Before pile lengths are finally
settled, CONTRACTOR shall construct to the length shown on the drawings such test piles as may be
found necessary and these piles shall be driven in the position specified by ENGINEER who shall be
notified prior to driving. CONTRACTOR shall furnish ENGINEER daily with a detailed record of the driving
of test piles throughout the full depth of the driving. After attaining the approved set, driving shall be
continuing until ENGINEER directs that it shall cease. Driving of test piles beyond the point at which the
approved set is obtained will be called for to demonstrate that driving resistance continues to increase.
CONTRACTOR at his own expense can increase the length to provide for fresh heading and for such
lengths as may be necessary to suit his method of operation.
Record for the test piling, Penetration depth and amount of rebound at the final drive for every pile shall be
measured and recorded by CONTRACTOR.
7.2 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST
Testing shall be carried out by qualified and experienced personnel, approved by the Superintendent, using
pile driving analyser or similar approved equipment and the data analysed by means of the CAPWAP pile
wave analysis program to determine the skin friction and end bearing capacity and load deformation
characteristics of the pile. The analysis shall be carried out by a qualified and experienced engineer who
shall submit a written report in duplicate to the Superintendent detailing the test procedure and results of
analysis.
The Contractor shall submit complete details of the test load procedures to the Superintendent for
approval. On completion of the tests, the Contractor shall submit a report to the Superintendent containing
full records of Load/Deflection for the test. The Superintendent reserves the right to request that additional
tests be carried out, regardless of test results.
7.3 INTEGRITY TESTING
All test piles shall be selected from the production piles by Superintendent and tested by Specialist to
determine the structural integrity of the each pile shaft.
7.4 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Should the load testing show that piles do not provide the specified capacity, the Superintendent may
instruct the Contractor to install additional piles or re-drive the piles at the Contractor's expense.
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8. DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES
The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to prevent damage to existing mains, services and
structures. If during the execution of the works, damage is caused or is likely to be caused to adjacent
mains, services or structures, the Contractor shall submit to the Superintendent his proposal for repair or
avoidance of such damage of approval. The Contractor shall be responsible for the execution of all such
repairs and precautionary measures to the satisfaction of the Superintendent at his own expense.
The Contractor shall ensure that damage does not occur to completed piles and shall submit to the
Superintendent his proposed sequence and timing for installation of piles having regard to the avoidance of
damage to adjacent piles.
9. RECORDS
The Contractor shall keep records as indicated below for the installation of each pile and shall submit two
signed copies of these records to the Superintendent within 24 hours of installation of each pile.
Description and type of driving equipment, weight and maximum energy of hammer, stroke of
hammer cushion and frequency of blows.
Date of pile manufacture.
Date and time of driving, finish and any stoppage of driving.
Pile data: Type, length, working load, size, pile fabrication number and pile location number as
shown on the drawing
The number of blows per 300mm penetration together with the actual hammer stroke over the
complete length of the pile
Blow count for the last 300mm and the last 25 mm penetrations and the height of the hammer
drop.
Weather conditions.
Levels with respect to Datum:
- Final elevation of the pile top
- Final elevation of pile top
- Ground elevation at the time of pile driving and on completion of driving
Sequence of installation of the pile
Replacement of the cushion material in the driving cap
Any special event that occurred during installation or any unusual driving conditions
Pre-driven record
Name of observer
As-built drawing prepared by a registered surveyor indicating the two directional displacement
of the pile from its original position together with top elevation relative to Datum
Temporary compression of ground and pile from time of a marked increase in driving resistance
until pile reaches its final Set.
All information regarding obstructions, delays and other interruptions to the sequence of work.
Any unexpected conditions encountered shall be briefly noted on the records.

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10. SITE INVESTIGATION

The Contractor is responsible for drawing his own conclusions about the site from any applicable site
investigation reports.
The Contractor shall report immediately to the Superintendent any circumstance that tends to indicate that
the ground conditions encountered during piling differ from those expected by the Contractor from his
interpretation of site investigation information.
11. AS-BUILT DOCUMENTS

On the completion of the Piling works, the CONTRACTOR shall submit the completed document package
to the ENGINEER within 2 weeks before the handover area to MAIN CONTRACTOR.
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SECTION 5000 STEEL STRUCTURE
1. SCOPE
This section specifics the furnishing, fabrication and erection of structural steel in building construction, including
the construction and removal of temporary supports.
2. GENERAL
All steel work shall be made in strict conformity with the drawing and the requirements of the appropriate
AASHTO and AISC specifications and all work shall be carried out with great care and accuracy.
3. FABRICATION
3.1 DRAWINGS
The contractors shall prepare his own shop details and other necessary drawings which are to be
submitted to the Engineer for approval. Should these details, in the opinion of the Engineer, be
insufficient or unsatisfactory, revised details shall be prepared in due time and submitted for approval. No
work shall be executed until such approval has been obtained.
Approval by the Engineer of working drawings shall indicate that the general requirements of the design
have been satisfied. Approval shall not be taken to imply that the dimensions or the correct matching and
design of connections of joints have been checked and this will remain the responsibility of the
Contractor. Drawing submitted for approval shall be of good standard and any drawing which clearly
requires considerable amendment will be returned for alteration without a detailed review of all the
corrections which may be required.
The contractor shall supply to the Engineer two complete sets of working drawings.
After drawings have been submitted to the Engineer for approval one copy will be returned to the
Contactor, each drawing having been given one of the following classifications.
APPROVED
In this case the drawing is quite satisfactory and fabrication may proceed.
APPROVED SUBJECT TO AMENDMENT
In this case the drawing is substantially satisfactory except for small changes required. The drawing shall
be amended by the Contractor and submitted again for approval. However, fabrication need not be held
up pending final approval.
REJECTED
In this case a drawing is considered by the Engineer to require major alteration and must be resubmitted.
Fabrication shall not commence until the resubmitted drawings have been returned marked “Approved” or
“Approved Subject for Amendment”
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3.2 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP

Workmanship and finish shall be equal to the best general practice in modern steel construction, in
accordance to the latest edition of AISC specifications or these specifications.
The contractor shall ensure that the Engineer shall have access at all times to all places where work is
being carried out and shall provide all the necessary facilities for inspection of material and workmanship
during fabrication.
3.3 MATERIALS
Steel shall be furnished according to the following specifications. Unless otherwise specified, structural
carbon steel shall be furnished. All steel must have good properties.
3.3.1 Steel Sections

Structural steel sections shall conform to JIS G 3101, SS41 requirements (FY = 2,500 ksc.).
3.3.2 Steel plates

Hot rolled steel plates shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A36.
3.3.3 Electrodes
Electrodes shall be standard commercial products for Mild Steel covered arc welding
electrodes.
Electrodes wired and fluxes for submerged-arc welding shall comply with BS 4165.
Weld metal deposited by an automatic or semi-automatic process, except submerged arc, shall
comply with the requirements of BS 153.
3.3.4 Nuts and Bolts

Nuts and Bolts shall conform to the requirements of TIS 171 Bolts, screws, nuts and studs.
Threads shall conform to ISO Metric Standards.
3.3.5 Samples
If ordered by the Engineer, the Contractor shall supply a works certificate for each consignment
of steel. All steel shall be marked distinctly with numbers chiselled into the plates and profiles to
verify the relationship with the works certificates.
3.3.6 High Stream Grip Bolts

High strength grip bolts shall comply with BS 4395: Part 1 and shall be used in accordance with
BS 4604. The bolts shall be tightened by a part-tum method. The part-torque tightening for
bedding down shall be in accordance with BS 4604 except that it shall be carried out by a
calibrated tightening device such as a torque-controlled manual wrench or power operated
wrench.
After bedding down the joints, each nut and protruding threads of the bolts shall be permanently
marked to record their relative positions. The nuts shall then be tightened to the approval of the
Engineer by the part-turn of the nut method in accordance with BS 4604.
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3.4 STORAGE
Structural materials, either plain or fabricated, shall be stored above the ground on platforms, skids or
other supports. It shall be kept free form dirt, grease, and other foreign matters, and shall be protected as
far as practicable from corrosion.
Storage of fabricated steel at the job site shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Materials should be
stored at the job site in a manner which does not overload the existing or newly-constructed structures. It
must be protected against excessive deflection, corrosion or deterioration.
Steel work shall be stored in an orderly manner. Particular attention shall be given to storing by colour
code and with the member marks clearly visible.
Galvanized nuts and bolts shall be shipped and stored in the same container.
3.5 CONNECTIONS
3.5.1 General
All connections shall be as shown on the drawings. Shop, assembly, erection and installation
drawings that show the connections shall be prepared by the Contractor as specified. The
Contractor shall not redesign or alter any connection without prior approval of the Engineer.
Black bolts may be used in locations where high-strength bolts are not shown or specified. Draw
bolt heads and nuts tight against the work with a suitable wrench. Bolt threads shall be penned
to prevent the nuts from backing off.
Bolts at the slotted holes shall be furnished with double nuts. After the completion of the
erection, the inner nut shall be finger tightened first then untightened one full turn and locked in
place by the outer nut.
Gusset plates shall be as shown on the drawings. In no case thickness of a gusset plate shall
not be less than 8 mm.
3.5.2 Bolt Holes
3.5.2.1 General
Holes shall be drilled or punched at right angles to the surface of the metal, not more than 2 mm
larger than the connector diameter. Holes shall not be enlarged by burning. Punching of holes in
materials having a thickness in excess of the connector diameter or in materials thicker than 22
mm shall not be permitted. Holes shall be clean-cut without torn or ragged edges. Outside burrs
resulting from drilling operations shall be removed.
Steel members requiring adjustment shall be provided with slotted holes as shown on contract
drawings.
3.5.2.2 Holes for High-Strength Bolts

All holes for bolts shall be either punched or drilled. Material farming parts of a member
composed of not more five thicknesses of metal may be punched 2 mm larger than the nominal
diameter of the bolts whenever the thickness of the material Is not greater than 20 mm for
structural steel,16 mm for high-strength steel or 13 mm for quenched and tempered alloy steel.
When there are more than five thicknesses or when any of the main material is thicker than 20
mm for structural steel, 16 mm for high-strength steel or 13 mm for quenched and tempered
alloy steel, all holes shall be drilled full size.
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Punched Holes The diameter of the die shall not exceed the diameter of the punch by more
than 2 mm. If any hole must be enlarged to admit the bolt, such hole must be reamed. Holes
must be clean cut without torn or ragged edges. Poor matching of holes will be cause for
rejection.
Drilled Holes Drilled holes shall be cylindrical, perpendicular to the member. Burrs on the
outside surfaces shall be removed. Poor matching of holes will be cause for rejection. Drilling
will be done with twist drills. If required by the Engineer, assembled parts shall be taken apart
for removal of burrs caused by drilling. Connecting parts requiring drilled holes shall be
assembled and securely held while being drilled and shall be match marked before
disassembling.
Accuracy of Punched Holes All holes punched full size, shall so accurately punched that after
assembling (before any reaming is done) a cylindrical pin 3 mm smaller in diameter than the
nominal size of the punched hole may be entered perpendicular to the face of the member,
without drifting, in at least 75 percent of the contiguous holes in the same plane. If the
requirement is not fulfilled, the badly punched holes will be rejected. If any hole will not pass a
pin 5 mm smaller in diameter than the nominal size of the punched hole, this will be cause for
rejection.
Accuracy of Drilled Holes When holes are drilled, 85 percent of the holes in any contiguous
group shall, after drilling, show no offset greater than 1 mm between adjacent thicknesses of
metal.
All steel templates shall have hardened steel bushings in holes accurately dimensioned from
the centrelines of the connections as inscribed on the template. The centrelines shall be used in
locating accurately the template from the milled or scribed ends of the members.
3.5.3 Connections Using High-Strength Bolts

The slopes of surfaces of bolted parts in contact with the bolt head and nut shall not exceed
1:20 with respect to the plane normal to the bolt axis. Bolted parts shall fit solidly together when
assembled and shall not be separated by gaskets or any other Interposed compressible
material.
When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the bolt head, nuts, or washers,
shall be free of scale, except tight mill scale, and shall also be free of burrs, dirt, and other
foreign material that would prevent solid seating of the parts. Paint is not permitted around the
periphery of the bait holes.
All fasteners shall have hardened washer under the element (nut or bolt) turned in tightening.
Where an outer space of the bolted parts has a slope more than 1:20 with respect to a plane
normal to the bolt axis, a smooth bevelled washer shall be used to compensate for the lack of
parallelism.
3.5.4 Connections Using High-Strength Bolts

Bolts shall be unfinished, conforming to the requirements for Grade a Bolts of Specification for
Low-Carbon Steel Externally and Internally Threaded Standard Fasteners, ASTM A 307. Bolted
connections shall be used only as indicated by the plans or special provisions. Baits shall have
single self-lacking nuts or double nuts unless otherwise shown on the plans or in the special
provisions. Bevelled washers shall be used where bearing faces have a slope of more than 1:20
with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.
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3.5.5 Welding
All welding shall be electric welding and shall comply with the requirements of the relevant
AASHTO Standard Specification. Automatic or semi-automatic submerged arc process may be
permitted for shop welding in flat position provided the quality of trail welds will not be inferior to
those obtained by covered electrodes and provided that the wire electrodes and the granular
flux are adapted to the type of structural steel according to the manufacturer's instruction
manuals or leaflets.
All shop joints in plates and sections must be full penetration butt welds with edge preparation
according to the standard and the weld procedure for the given plate thickness. The place of
such joints must be shown on the workshop drawings and approved by the Engineer.
The temperature of steels welded shall not be less than 10°C when welding is commenced.
Electrodes and fluxes shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s Instructions.
Unless otherwise described in the Contract, all butt welds shall be complete penetration welds
made between prepared fusion faces.
In the fabrication of built-up assemblies, all butt welds in each component part shall be
completed, whenever possible, before the final assembly.
The position of the welds required for temporary attachments shall be agreed by the Engineer
before the work commences.
Stud shear connectors shall be welded in accordance with the manufacturer's Instruction. No
welding shall be carried out on wet surfaces or at temperatures below 10°C.
In butt Joints the root edges of root faces shall not be out of alignment by more than 0.125 times
the thickness of the thinner material for material up to 12 mm thick or by more than 2 mm for
thicker material.
3.5.5.1 Welding Plant

The welding plant shall be capable of maintaining, at the weld, the voltage and current specified
by the manufacturer of the electrodes. The Contractor shall supply the Instruments for verifying
voltages and current as and when required by the Engineer.
3.5.5.2 Qualification and Testing of Welders

Welders shall show evidence to the satisfaction of the Engineer of having satisfactorily
completed appropriate tests.
3.5.5.3 Supervision of Welding

Welding shall be carried out only under the direction of an experienced and competent
supervisor. Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer a record shall be kept to enable major butt
welds to be identified with the welders responsible for the work, but finished work shall not be
marked by hard stamping for this purpose.
3.5.5.4 Weld Repairs

Any welding condemned by the Engineer shall be cut out and re-welded to his entire
satisfaction.
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3.6 SHOP ASSEMBLING

The field connections of main members of trusses, arches, continuous beam spans, bents, towers, plate
girders, rigid frames and other structures shall be assembled in the shop with milled ends of compression
members in full bearing.
A camber diagram shall be furnished to the Engineer by the Fabricator, showing the camber at each
panel point in the cases of trusses or arc ribs, and at the location of field splices and fractions of span
length.
3.7 TOLERANCES
3.7.1 Straightness
Compression members shall not deviate from straightness by more than 1/1000 of the axial
length between points which are to be laterally supported.
Completed members shall be free from twists, bends and open joints. Sharp kinks or bends
shall be the cause for rejection of material.
3.7.2 Length
Members to be framed to other steel parts of the structures may have a variation from the
detailed length not greater than 2 mm for members 10 m or less in length, and not greater than
3 mm for members over 10 m in length.
3.8 PROTECTION OF STEELWORK

Unless otherwise shown on the plans or specified, all iron and steel surfaces shall be cleaned and
painted or galvanized In accordance with the specification as specified herein.
3.8.1 Scope
This section specifies the cleaning, shop priming, field painting and galvanizing of steelwork.
3.8.2 Materials
Except otherwise specified on the drawings, all materials shall conform to the following
properties:
3.8.2.1 Modified Epoxy System

Dry film No. of
Thickness (micron) Coat
Shop Coat {prime coat) 100 1

Jotamastic 87 or equal
Finished Coat 100 1
Penguard Highbulid or equal
3.8.2.2 New/Modified Normal Painting System

Dry film No. of
Thickness (micron) Coat
Shop Coat (prime coat) 80 2

Red Lead Primer - -
Finish Coat 60 2
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3.8.2.3 Fireproof coating System
Refer to Thai Regulation No 60 (2549) minimum requirement for main steel framing structure
height less than 8.00 metre shall have fire resistance rating not less than 3 hours and testing as
per ISO 834 or ASTM E119 with Certificate fire resistance rating document from reliable
institute.
All paint shall be ready mixed from the factory and shall be packed in unbroken, sealed and labelled
containers of the paint manufacturer. Labels shall clearly state trade mark, type and designated name
formula. Where necessary, the Contractor shall mix the paint by himself with the approval of the Owner or
Its representative.
3.8.3 Surface Preparation
3.8.3.1 General
Surfaces of metal to be painted shall be thoroughly cleaned, removing rust, loose mill scale; dirt,
oil or grease and other foreign substances. Unless cleaning is to be done by sandblasting, all
weld areas, before cleaning is begun, shall be neutralized with a proper chemical, after which it
shall be thoroughly rinsed with water.
Chemical cleaning may be employed where approved by the Engineer.
Two methods of cleaning are provided herein. The particular method to be used shall be
approved by the Engineer.
3.8.3.2 Hand Cleaning

The removal of rust, scale and dirt shall be done by the use of metal brushes, scrapers, chisels,
hammers or other effective means. Oil and grease shall be removed by the use of gasoline or
benzene. Bristle or wood fibre brushes shall be used for removing loose dirt.
3.8.3.3 Sandblasting
All steel shall be cleaned by sandblasting. The sandblasting shall remove all loose mill scale
and other substances down to the bare metal. Special attention shall be given to cleaning of
corners and re-entrant angles. Before painting, sand adhering to the steel in corners and
elsewhere, shall be removed. The cleaning shall be approved by the Engineer prior to any
painting, which shall be done as soon as possible before rust forms.
3.8.4 Requirements
All steel shall be painted one shop or prime coat and with not less than two field coats. The
colour shall be as specified or determined by the Engineer. The coats shall be sufficiently
different in colour to permit detection of incomplete application.
Paint shall not be applied when the air is misty, or when, in the opinion of the Engineer,
conditions are otherwise unsatisfactory for the work. Paint shall not be applied on damp
surfaces.
Material painted under cover in damp weather shall remain under cover until dry or until weather
conditions permit its exposure in the open. Painting shall not be done when the metal Is hot
enough to cause the paint to blister and produce a porous paint film.
The Contractor shall ensure that the proposed coverage rates will enable the specified
coverage dry film thickness of each coat to be attained.
Wet film thickness gauges shall be used to check the rate of paint application.
38
Each coat of paint of a specified paint system shall be generally free from surface defects and
"holidays" particularly cratering, pin holing, rivalling, sagging, bittiness, dry spray and cissing.
The first primer coats shall be checked with a low voltage wet sponge holiday detector to have
not more than 10 pinholes per square meter. The finish system shall have an even and uniform
appearance.
Where applicable, the degree of gloss of a finishing coat shall be agreed with the Engineer
before it is applied. A reference panel 150 mm x 100 mm shall be provided by the Contractor for
this purpose.
Each coat of paint of a specified system shall have satisfactory adhesion as demonstrated by
one of the currently accepted adhesion tests approved by the Engineer.
3.8.5 Paint Mixing

Paint shall be factory-mixed except as provided in this section. All paint shall also be field mixed
before applying In order to keep the pigments in uniform suspension.
Paint as delivered in containers when thoroughly mixed is ready for use. If it is necessary to thin
the paint in order that it shall spread more freely, this shall be done only by heating in hot water
or 'on steam radiators and liquid shall not be added or removed unless permitted by the
Engineer.
3.8.6 Application
General: Painting shall be done in a neat and workmanlike manner. Paint may be applied with
hand brushes or by spraying except that aluminium paint preferably shall be applied by
spraying. By either method, the coating of paint applied shall be smoothly and uniformly spread
so that no excess paint will collect at any point. If work done by spraying is not satisfactory to
the Engineer, hand brushing will be required.
Brushing: When brushes are used, the paint shall be so manipulated under the brush so as to
produce. a smooth, uniform and even coating In close contact with the metal or with previously
applied paint, and shall be worked Into all corners and crevices.
Spraying:
Power spraying equipment shall apply the paint in a fine, even spray without the addition of any
thinner.
Paint, when applied with spray equipment, shall be immediately followed by brushing when
necessary to secure uniform coverage and to eliminate wrinkling, blistering and air holes.
3.8.7 Steelwork Protection

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer duplicate copies of Paint System sheets relating to
each of the paints she proposes to. These shall be accompanied by the manufacturer's Paint
Data Sheet.
Paint System sheets shall show the manufacturer's name, the brand name, reference number,
colour and description of the paint; the surface preparation to which it is to be applied; the
minimum wet and dry film thickness; the coverage per litre and the number of coats to be
applied; all to the Engineer's requirements. Following the Engineer's written instruction, the
requirements of the Paint System Sheets shall be adopted for the works.
The Contractor shall ensure that the paint manufacturer's Data Sheet cover the conditions at
works and at site, Including temperature and humidity, under which the paints are to be applied.
Paints shall be applied only to surfaces which have been prepared and cleaned in accordance
with this specification.
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Paint shall not be applied under the following conditions:
a. When the ambient temperature falls below 4 'C or the relative humidity rises above
90 per cant.
b. During rain, fog or mist.
c. Where the amount of moisture on the surface or that likely to be caused by
subsequent condensation may have a harmful effect.
Painting Galvanized Surfaces: Painting of galvanized surfaces shall be as approved by the

Engineer.
3.8.7.1 Shop Painting:

Unless otherwise specified, steelwork shall be given one coat of approved paint after it has
been accepted by the Engineer and before it is shipped from the plant.
Surfaces not in contact, but inaccessible after assembly or erection, shall be painted three
coats. The shop contact surfaces shall not be painted. Field contact surfaces not painted with
the shop coat shall be given a coat of approved lacquer or other protective coating of it is
expected that there will be a prolonged period of exposure before erection.
Surfaces which will be In contact with concrete shall not be painted.
Structural steel which Is to be welded shall not be painted before welding Is complete. if it is to
be welded only in the fabricating shop and subsequently erected by bolting, It shall receive one
coat of paint after shop welding Is finished. Steel which is to be field welded shall be given one
coat of boiled linseed oil or other approved protective coating after shop welding and shop
fabrication is completed.
Surfaces of Iron and steel castings, either milled or finished shall be given one coat of paint.
With the exception of abutting Joints and base plates, machine-finished surfaces shall be
coated as soon as practicable after being approved before removal from the shop.
Erection marks for the field Identification of members and weight marks shall be painted upon
surface areas previously painted with the shop coat. Material shall not be loaded for shipment
until it is thoroughly dry and, In any case, not less than 24 hours after the paint has been
applied.
All shop painting shall be carried out in a fully enclosed workshop unless otherwise agreed by
the Engineer.
3.8.7.2 Field Painting

When the erection work is complete including all riveting and straightening of bent metal, all
adhering rust, scale, dirt, grease or other foreign material shall be removed as specified.
As soon as the Engineer has examined and approved all field rivets driven, the heads of such
rivets and field bolts, all welds and any surfaces from which the shop or first coat of paint has
become worn off or has otherwise become defective, shall be cleaned and thoroughly covered
with one coat of shop-coat paint.
Surfaces to be .riveted in contact shall not be painted. Surfaces which will be inaccessible after
erection shall be painted with such field coats as are required. When the paint applied for
retouching the shop coat has thoroughly dried and the field cleaning has been satisfactorily
completed, such field coats as are required shalt be applied. In no case shall a succeeding coat
be applied until the previous coat has dried throughout the full thickness of the paint film. All
40
small cracks and cavities which were not sealed in a watertight manner by the first field coat
shall be filled with a pasty mixture of red lead and linseed oil before the second coat Is applied.
The following provision shall apply to application of both field coats: To secure a maximum
coating on edges or plates or shapes, rivet heads and other parts subjected to special wear and
attack, the edges shall first be stripped with a longitudinal motion and the rivet heads with a
motion rotary of the brush, followed immediately by the general painting of the whole surface,
Including the edges and rivet heads.
The application of the second field coat shall be deferred until adjoining concrete work has been
placed and finished. If concreting operations have damaged the paint, the surface shall be
recleaned and repainted.
3.8.7.3 Galvanizing
Galvanizing shall be by the hot dip process. The steelwork shall first be blast cleaned and then
pickled in accordance to B.S. 729.
The coating shall be to a thickness of not less than 140 microns.
Should in the opinion of the Engineer, any of the surfaces to be coated show signs of moisture,
dirt, rust, scale or other such contamination, such portions as directed by the Engineer shall be
recleaned as necessary before any zinc coating is applied.
All galvanized components other than chain links and fixings for chain links, or other articles
subject to chafing? shall be allowed to weather for not less than 6 months and then be cleaned
and degreased prior to the application of a coat of calcium plumbate primer type A to BS 3698
or approved zinc chromate primer followed by a coal tar epoxy paint system to BS 5493 to a film
thickness of 350 microns in not less than 2 layers.
Where galvanizing is required only on part of an assembled section, it shall be applied before
the rest of the section receives its priming coat.
If any units are required to be galvanized and need to be fabricated then, if fabrication will in any
way damage the galvanizing, the units-must is hot dip galvanized after fabrication has been
completed. The use of "cold galvanizing" to make good damage will not be permitted.
3.8.8 Removal of Paint

If the painting is unsatisfactory to the Engineer, the paint shall be removed and the metal
thoroughly cleaned and repainted.
3.8.9 Guarantee
The Contractor shall furnish to the Owner, his written guarantee for the quality of paint finish for
a period of five (5) years from date of acceptance of the work. Any part of painting which
proves defective shall be repaired and/or replaced without further cost to the Owner.
3.9 MARKING AND SHIPPING

Each member shall be painted or marked with an erection mark for identification and an erection diagram
shall be furnished with erection marks thereon.
The Contractor shall furnish to the Engineer as many copies of material orders, shipping statements, and
erection diagrams as the Engineer may direct. The weighs of individual members shall be shown on the
statements. Members weighing more than 3 tons shall have the weighs marked thereon. Structural
members shall be loaded on trucks or cars in such a manner that they may be transported and unloaded
at their destination without being excessively stressed, deformed or otherwise damaged.
41
Bolts of one length and diameter and loose nuts or washers of each size shall be packed separately.
Pins, small parts and packages of bolts, washers, and nuts shall be shipped in boxes, crates, kegs, or
barrels, but the gross weight of any package shall not exceed 140 kilograms. A list and description of the
contained material shall be plainly marked on the outside of each shipping container.
Structural steel shall not be handled until the paint has thoroughly dried. Care shall be exercised to avoid
paint abrasions and other damage.
Steel work shall be transported in the largest practicable lengths and in such a way as not to overstress
the fabricated sections.
All pieces bent or otherwise damaged shall be rejected.
3.10 PROTECTION OF JOINTS

Within 14 days of the joints having been made and approved by the Engineer, the parent and joint
material, exposed parts of bolts, nuts and washers, weld and weld affected areas shall be prepared and
painted.
Ali bolted joints shall be sealed against the ingress of water. Before painting commences, and subject to
the approval of the Engineer, gaps at joints shalt be plugged with the approved filler. The perimeter of all
joints shall be sealed with subsequent coats of paint.
3.10.1 High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolted Joints

In the case of metal sprayed steelwork the metal spray and etch primer on the parent metal
shall be taken between 10 mm and 20 mm inside the perimeter of the joint area. The outer
surfaces and edges of the joint material may also be given a coat of the same primer In order to
reduce surface preparation required after the Joint has been made.
In the case of painted steelwork where the Interfaces of HSFG bolted Joints are bare steel, the
blast primer shall be taken between 10 mm and 20 mm Inside the perimeter of the Joint area.
The outer edges and surfaces of the joint material may also be given a coat of blast primer In
order to reduce subsequent surface preparation.
3.10.2 Other Bolted Joints

Shop joints Metal spray plus etch primer, or blast primer alone shall be applied to parent and
Joint material,
Site joints Unless otherwise described In the Contract all surfaces, excepting those of fasteners,
shall receive In the shop the painting system which Is applied to the parent surfaces.
3.10.3 Welded Joints

Unless otherwise described in the Contract, welds and surfaces which have been affected by
welding shall receive the protective system which is applied to the parent surfaces.
Metal spray shall be kept at least 15 mm clear of areas to be welded and these areas shall be
masked off during spraying.
Where paints other than blast primers are to be applied to the parent surfaces before the
making of the joint, they shall be stepped back at 30 mm Intervals commencing at 80 mm from
welded joints and at 10 mm from the perimeter at all other joints.
42
4. ERECTION OF STRUCTURES
4.1 PLAN
If the fabrication and erection of the structure are done under separate contracts, the Owner will furnish
detailed plans for the structure to be erected, including shop details, camber diagrams, erection
diagrams, list of field bolts, and copy of shipping statements showing a list of parts and their weights.
All structural work shall be erected In accordance with the approved erection drawings. The Contractor
shall be responsible for setting out the works.
4.2 PLANT
The Contractor shall provide the false work and all tools, equipment and appliances necessary for the
expeditious handling of .the work.
The suitability and capacity of all plant and equipment used for erection shall be to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. These shall be regularly serviced and maintained.
4.3 DELIVERY OF MATERIALS

If the contract is for erection only, the Contractor shall receive the materials entering into the finished
structure free of charge at the place designated and loaded or unloaded as specified. The Contractor
shall unload promptly upon delivery any material delivered to the place designated, which he Is required
to unload. Otherwise he shall be responsible for demurrage charges.
4.4 STORAGE OF STEEL AND FABRICATED STEELWORK

Material to be stored shall be placed on skids above the ground. it shall be kept clean and properly
drained. Girders and beams shall be placed upright and shored. Long members, such as columns and
chords, shall be supported on skids placed near enough together to prevent Injury from deflection. Where
cover is provided it shall be ventilated sufficiently to keep condensation to a minimum, if the contract is for
erection only, the Contractor shall check the material turned over to him against the shipping list and
report promptly in writing any shortage or injury discovered. He shall be responsible for the loss of any
material while in his care, or for any damage caused to it after being received by him.
The Contractor shall take precautions to minimize exposure to chemical pollution of steel awaiting
fabrication.
Unless otherwise described in the Contract, exposure times for blast cleaned or coated surfaces other
than at Joints shall not be longer than those in Table 5040.4.1. The term "outside" refers to any area
outside a fully enclosed workshop.
The exposure times tabulated In Table 5040.4,1 refer to any part of the surface being cleaned to receive
paint In accordance with the specification.
For surface condition ''e" In Table 5040.4.1 where blast primed steelwork is exposed outside, the
minimum dry film thickness over the peaks of the blast cleaned shall not be less than 13 microns.
43
Table 5040.4.1
New Steelwork in Enclosed

Surface Old Steelwork Outside
Workshop
a. Blast cleaned 4 hours 2 hours
b. Metal sprayed 4 hours 2 hours
c. Mechanically cleaned 48 hours 24 hours
d. Chemically cleaned As agreed by the Engineer As agreed by the Engineer
Maximum exposure of 4 weeks, Maximum exposure of 4 weeks,
e. Blast primer on “a” with up to 2 weeks of this time with up to 2 weeks of this time
outside outside
f. Etch primer on “b” 24 hours 24 hours
g. Primer on “c” or “d” 48 hours 24 hours
h. Ist undercoat on “d”, “e”,
48 hours 24 hours
“f” and or “g”
i. Subsequent undercoats As agreed by the Engineer As agreed by the Engineer
4.5 FALSEWORKS
The false work shall be properly designed and substantially constructed and maintained for the loads that
will come upon it. The Contractor, if required, shall prepare and submit to the Engineer for approval, plans
for false work or for changes In an existing structure necessary for maintaining traffic. Approval of the
Contractor's plans shall not be considered as relieving the Contractor of any responsibility.
4.6 METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

Before starting the work of erection, the Contractor shall inform the Engineer fully as to the method of
erection he proposes to follow, and the amount and character of equipment he proposes to use, which
shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. The approval of the Engineer shall not be considered as
relieving the Contractor of the responsibility for the safety of his method or equipment or from carrying out
the work in full accordance with the plans and specifications. No work shall be done until such approval
by the Engineer has been obtained.
4.7 ERECTION
Occupational safety practices shall be strictly adhered to and shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Individual pieces shall by plumbed, levelled and aligned In accordance with the requirements of AASHTO
Standard Specifications.
Drift pins may be used only to bring together the several parts. They shall not be used in such manner as
to distort or damage the metal.
Temporary bracing and guy lines shall be provided to ensure proper alignment and to adequately protect
all persons, property and to withstand all loadings to which the structure may be subjected to during
erection. Such bracing shall remain in place as long as it is required for the safety and stability of the
structure.
The Contractor shall control the erection of steel structures In such a way that the error does not exceed
1:500 provided that the displacement of the centre line of columns Is no more than 25 mm. The error
shall be measured from the designed position or level given by the dimensions and coordinates on the
drawings.
44
4.8 MISFITS
The correction of minor misfits involving harmless amounts of reaming, cutting and chipping will be
considered a legitimate part of the erection. However, any error in the shop fabrication or deformation
resulting from handling and transportation, which prevents the proper assembling and fitting up of parts
by the moderate use of drift pins or by a moderate amount of reaming and slight chipping or cutting, shall
be reported Immediately to the Engineer and his approval of the method obtained. The corrections shall
be made In his presence. If the contract provides for the complete fabrication and erection, the Contractor
shall be responsible for all misfits, errors and injuries and shall make the necessary corrections and
replacements. If the contract is for erection only, the Engineer with the cooperation of the Contractor shall
keep a correct record of labour and materials used and the Contractor shall render within 30 days an
itemized bill for the approval of the Engineer.
Areas of paint which have been damaged shall be cleaned to bare metal or to metal coating where this
has been applied, and the edges of the undamaged paint bevelled with sandpaper.
Where a metal coating has been damaged the affected area shall be rubbed down to remove excessive
roughness, cleaned and made good by the application of coats of an approved zinc-rich primer to a
minimum dry film thickness of 100 microns.
The full specified painting system, excepting blast or etch primers which may be omitted at the
recommendation of the paint manufacturer, shall then be applied in such a manner that the new paint
overlaps the existing paint by at least 50 mm all-round the affected part.
4.9 FIELD PAINTING

After erection, exposed and unpainted surfaces of field connections, and areas adjacent to field
connections and damaged areas shall be painted according to the same standards required for the shop
painting.
4.10 FINAL CLEAN UP

Upon completion of the work, leave premises neat and clean, to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
5. ANCHORING AND GROUTING

5.1 ANCHORING
Anchor bolts shall be carefully installed by use of templates to permit true positioning of the bearing
plates and assemblies. When In plans anchor bolts are shown to be installed in sleeves or corrugated
canisters, the sleeves or canisters shall be completely filled with the grout.
5.2 BEARING PLATES

All bearing plates, beating assemblies and masonry plates shall be set level and to the elevations shown
on the plans. These shall be shimmed with approved means and grouted to assure full bearing on the
supporting substrate regardless of the tolerances otherwise permitted.
5.3 GRAIN
Non-shrink non-metallic grout Is specified to be used for all grouting works. Such type or brand of grout
shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. The grout shall be mixed and placed as per
manufacturer's Instruction. The contractor shall submit to the Engineer product's brochure and
manufacturer's Instructions for evaluation. Air pockets in the grout packing shall be avoided.
45

C&S02a-0001 - B Civil & Structural Spec

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Civil and Structural Specifications

SECTION 1000 EARTH WORKS............................................................................................................................1

SECTION 2000 CONCRETE WORKS ...............................................................................................................8

5.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING ................................................................................................................ 12

SECTION 4000 PILING WORKS ..................................................................................................................... 25

6.4 PILE DRIVING ..................................................................................................................................... 28

SECTION 5000 STEEL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 32

5.2 BEARING PLATES ............................................................................................................................. 45

SECTION 1000 EARTH WORKS

2.1 CODES AND STANDARDS

2.2 CONTROL OF THE WORK

2.3 LAWS, ACTS AND REGULATIONS

2.4 CONTROL OF MATERIAL

2.6 PREPARATION OF AREA

Prior to the commencement of earthwork operations, areas to be excavated, or on which embankment is to

2.9 LOCATIONS AND PROTECTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES

3. EXCAVATION AND FILLING

3.2 FILLING AND BACKFILLING

3.2.1 FILL AND BACKFILL MATERIAL

Liquid limit shall not exceed 35, according to ASTM D 423.

3.2.2 POROUS BACKFILL MATERIAL

Sieve Designation Percentage by weight passing

Sieve Designation Percentage by weight pass

TYPE B TYPE C TYPE D TYPE E

3.2.3 PREPARATION FOR FILL

3.2.4 AREA FILL

3.3.1 COMPACTION IN CUT AREAS

3.3.2 COMPACTION IN FILL AREAS

3.3.3 COMPACTION OF EMBANKMENTS

3.4 TESTING AND INSPECTION

SECTION 2000 CONCRETE WORKS

2.1 LAWS, ACTS AND REGULATIONS

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

2.2 CODES AND STANDARDS

ACI - American Concrete Institute Standards

ASTM - American Society for testing and Materials

AWS - American Welding Society

ANSI - American National Standard Institute

AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

TIS - Thai Industrial Standard

4. FORMWORK AND FASLE WORK

4.1 MATERIAL AND DESIGN REQUIREMENT

4.4 REMOVAL OF FORM WORK AND FALSE WORK

Demonstrate conclusively that specified strength of concrete has been attained.

4.5 RE-USE OF FORM WORK AND FALSE WORK

5.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING

5.4 SHOP DRAWINGS

5.5.1 Reinforcing Steel

5.5.2 Tagging Reinforcing Steel

5.6 CLEANING AND INSPECTION

5.6.1 Cover to reinforcement

The minimum concrete cover on the outer reinforcement shall be as follows:

Precast Concrete (manufactured under plant conditions) Minimum (mm)

5.7 PLACING REINFORCEMENT

6. CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES

6.3 QUALITY OF CONCRETE

6.4 MIX DESIGN

6.4.1 Class of Concrete

6.4.2 Trial Mixes

6.4.4 Sampling and Testing

Sampling and testing shall be in accordance with the following standards:

(2) Making and Curing Concrete ASTM C31

(3) Obtaining and Testing ASTM C42