SOME TYPICAL QUESTIONS

1. In a neat block diagram show the segregated components of resistance for a displacement vessel. [4]

2. Categorize ship speed as slow, medium and high, on the basis of Froude number in the case of
displacement vessels. What is the upper limit of Froude number for a displacement vessel [4]

3. What is form factor, does it depend on Fn or Rn? Give Prohaska’s method of obtaining it
experimentally [4]

4. Calculate the maximum boundary layer thickness for a ship of 200m length under way at a speed of
15 knots. [4]

5. Define cavitation and cavitation number. Give the Keller criterion for check against cavitation [4]

6. Find by the ITTC 78 method of extrapolation, the resistance of the prototype from the following
data: Form factor 1.25
LOA = 47.5m, LBP = 44.33m, LWL = 44.6m, B = 10m, D = 4.3m, T = 1.95m, Displacement = 470t,
Wetted surface = 441. m2 . Cp = 0.53. Model scale 15.95; Ship speed = 12 knots. The model is towed
at the Froude number identity based corresponding speed of 1.546m/s, the model resistance has been
recorded as 17.825N. Find the corresponding prototype resistance. [8]

7. Using the Guldhammer and Harvald scheme, (graph provided along with question paper) estimate
the resistance for the following ship:
LOA: 44.15m, LBP: 42.2m; B: 10m, D: 3.8m; T: 2.8m; Δ: 950t; Vol of displacement: 927m 3 ; Wetted
surface: 553 m2 ; Speed 10 knots; Prismatic coefficient Ф = 0.7 [The graph gives residuary resistance
as a function Ф which is the prismatic coefficient]. [8]

8. Give the expressions for propeller efficiency according to (i) the extended momentum theory and (ii)
the Blade element theory. Draw appropriate definition sketches to define all the terms. [no derivation
required] [4]

9. What is quasi propulsive coefficient? Write the equation connecting it to the component efficiencies.
Give typical numerical values for thrust deduction fraction and wake fraction. [4]

10. The delivered engine power PD for the vessel in Question 6 above is 812 kW. Ship speed = 12 knots.
Wake fraction = 0.17, thrust deduction fraction = 0.12, A single screw propeller is to be fitted.
Propeller diameter is assumed to be 1.3m. Design a propeller for the above delivered power using
B4-40 diagram. What is the η0 , J, n (rps), P/D, thrust T for the designed propeller? [8]

11. In the order of decreasing magnitude what are the components of resistance for a displacement ship
running at Fn=0.14 and Fn=0.3? Similarly what are the components for a planing craft operating at Fn=1.0?
(b) What is form factor? Give the Prohaska’s method for estimating the form factor of a displacement vessel.
(c) What is the essential difference between the conventional Froude extrapolation method and the ITTC 78
prediction method?

12. (a) In a neat sketch show the growth of the boundary layer for flow past a flat plate under (i) laminar
conditions (ii) turbulent conditions.
(b) From momentum considerations of the flow past a flat plate, obtain the expression for drag namely,
1
f (h )[1 - f (h )]dh , where B is the breadth of the plate and h is the non-dimensional boundary
Fx= r BU d �
2

y
layer thickness ( ), and f (h ) defining the velocity distribution in the boundary layer.
d
(c) The integral above is denoted by a . (i) If under laminar conditions, f (h ) = 2h -h 2 , obtain the value of
the function a , (ii) if under turbulent conditions, f (h ) follows the 7th root law, obtain the value of a .

13. (a) Explain briefly the reasons for increase in frictional and wave resistance in shallow water conditions.
Bring out the considerations with reference to the dispersion relation based velocity-wavelength
relationship. Show the wave pattern due to sub-critical, critical and super-critical speeds.
(b) A 15m long vessel is plying in water depth of 5m. What will be its critical speed?

14. (a) Explain the physical meaning of thrust deduction fraction and wake fraction.
Derive the relation between quasi propulsive coefficient and the component efficiency terms. From the
obtained equation, deduce how a high wake fraction would affect the quasi propulsive efficiency.
(b) Without derivations, give the expressions for propeller efficiency based on Momentum theory,
Extended momentum theory and Blade element theory. Explain the associated terms.
(c) The adequacy of blade area ratio AE/AO for a
particular propeller chosen for a ship is ascertained by means of the Keller criterion. According to this, the
minimum blade area ratio is given by the formula,
(AE/AO)MIN = [(1.3 + 0.3 Z)T] / [(P0 – Pv)D2],
where Z = no. of blades, P0 =hydrostatic pressure in N/m2 at the centre of the propeller shaft, , Pv = 1750
N/m2 (ie., vapour pressure of water), T = thrust of the propeller in N, and D=1.2m, diameter of the propeller
in m. For a ship with the propeller shaft centre line 1.0m below water line, and thrust = 39000N, Z = 4,
check the required minimum blade area ratio.

15. Sketch the open water diagram with the characteristic curves. In this diagram indicate the region
pertaining to bollard pull condition and free running condition. Give the expression for cavitation number.
(b) Design a propeller for a patrol launch based on the following given data:
Ship speed = 16knots, RT=62500N, twin engine propeller configuration, Wake fraction = 0.15, Thrust
deduction fraction = 0.20, Propeller diameter = 1.2m. Use Z-4-70 Wageningen B screw series propeller.
ASSUME THAT THE SHIP IS TO BE FITTED WITH TWIN ENGINES AND TWIN SCREWS.
Give the blade area ratio, no. of blades, P/D, o , and delivered engine power PD

16. (a) A tug is fitted with an engine delivering Brake Power 440 kW at 2100rpm. The propeller diameter is
1.2m. The engine is connected to the propeller shaft through gear box with reduction ratio 3.35:1. Assuming
propeller is selected from the B.4.40 series, what should be the pitch of the propeller so as to absorb the
maximum engine power and what is the thrust delivered?