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Abstract—The present paper gives an overview on the is not a comparison of the performances of the machines under
influence of the saturation and cross-saturation on the machine study.
parameters and on the evaluation of SynRM drives performances.
A SynRM with optimized flux-barriers shapes and a Permanent Section II presents several approaches in the modeling of SM
Magnet (PM) assisted SynRM will be considered for analysis. A for describing and analyzing the two phenomena, while Section
comprehensive analysis of the variation of d- and q-axis fluxes, as III is focused on the specific analysis of the two phenomena in
well as several modeling approaches are presented in order to the above mentioned machines.
evaluate the influence of saturation and cross-saturation on the
behavior of the two machines. II. MACHINE MODELLING
Considering d-q frame, saturation describes a phenomenon
Keywords—SynRM; PM assisted SynRM; saturation; cross- that is linked to the material propriety, and is very well described
saturation; cross-coupling; d- and q-axis inductances; by the B-H curve in the figure bellow. The direct (d-axis) current
Nomenclature influences the saturation along the d-axis flux path and as a
result, the d-axis synchronous inductance Ld is changed. The
d, q – d and q-axis components of the stator linkage flux torque same principle applies for the quadrature (q-axis) inductance Lq
id, iq - d and q-axis components of armature current [3].
Ld, Lq - d and q-axis inductance
Ldq, Lqd – mutual inductances While the concept of saturation is very clear, the subject of
SM – synchronous machine
cross-saturation, based on the papers published, was defined in
two different ways. As a hypothesis, all the papers agree that
IPMSM – interior permanent magnet synchronous machine
cross-saturation is a phenomenon derived from saturation. The
SynRM – synchronous reluctance machine problem appears when trying to mathematically define the two
PMSynRM - permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance phenomena.
machine
IPMSM – interior permanent magnet synchronous machine
MEC – magnetic equivalent circuit
FEA – finite element analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
It is well known that both torque and power factor, as well
as the dynamic response of salient Synchronous Machines (SM)
drives are directly related to the d- and q-axis inductances.
Moreover, the nonlinear behavior of the machine, including iron
losses, saturation and cross-saturation, increases the complexity
of its control and requests special attention in developing off-
and on-line models for SM performances evaluation.
Inductances (Ld and Lq) are one of the most important Fig. 1. Magnetization loop - BH curve [4].
parameters that decide the characteristics of a designed SM [1]. On one hand, there are papers that state the fact that cross-
They are very much dependent on axes saturation and cross- saturation is a mutual inductance and it is caused by the
saturation; this leads to the fact that flux versus current saturation of portions of magnetic circuit associated to one axis
characteristics of SM are not linear and saturation and cross caused by the current of the other axis [5],[6].
saturation phenomenon heavily affects the motor anisotropy [2].
ܮௗ ൌ ݂ሺ݅ௗ ሻ (1)
The present paper analyzes the impact of saturation and
cross-saturation on two different types of SM: a Synchronous ܮ ൌ ݂൫݅ ൯ (2)
Reluctance Machine (SynRM) and a Permanent Magnet assisted
Synchronous Reluctance Machine (PMSynRM). However, this ܮௗ ൌ ܮௗ ൌ ݂൫݅ௗ ǡ ݅ ൯ (3)
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computed as derivative of flux linkage with respect to current id Fig. 3b presents q axis flux linkage which increases almost
and iq. The expected results will undoubtedly demonstrate the linearly with ୯ current. This is caused by the presence of flux
influence of the saturation and cross-saturation effects on flux barriers in the rotor which are penetrated by magnetic field. The
and inductances values and will also highlight the errors that are
presence of the air in the path of magnetic flux significantly
present if the cross-saturation is not taken into consideration.
increases the reluctance of q axis magnetic circuit. In this case,
III. RESULTS when ୢ component of phase current is present, the q axis flux
Both of the studied machines are the synchronous type. linkage decreases similarly as in case of d axis flux linkage.
Considering the design, the studied SynRM has 4 flux barriers
and 5 ribs, while the PM assisted SynRM has only 3 flux barriers
and 3 ribs and each flux barrier is filled in with ferrite permanent
magnets.
Fig. 2. The topologies of the studied machines and the representation of D and
Q axis. (a)
(b)
If the cross-saturation phenomenon is taken into account, the Fig. 3. d- and q-axis flux linkage as function of d- and q-axis currents.
d- and q-axis flux linkages can be written as:
Ψd = Ld id + Lqd iq Fig. 4a shows the impact of cross saturation on d axis flux
(10) linkage. If there was no cross saturation, the flux linkage in d
Ψq = Lq iq + Ldq id axis would depend on d axis current only and it would remain
with Ld, Lq, Lqd and Ldq dependent on both id and iq. In order to constant regardless the variations of q axis current. However,
calculate the inductances of the machines 2D FEA was increasing q axis current causes the flux linkage in d axis to
performed. drop. This phenomenon is stronger for low d axis current and
As it can be noticed in Fig. 3a, d axis flux linkage for SynRM lowers when the current in d axis increases. Similarly q axis
rises very quickly with ୢ current and eventually saturates. This flux drops when the current in d axis grows. Variations of q axis
is because the flux path in d axis of the rotor mostly consists of flux linkage are greater than those of d axis flux. This situation
iron flux paths. The magnetic field in d axis almost completely is presented in Fig. 4b.
avoids air flux barriers in the rotor. The presence of ୯
component generates a decrease of the flux linkage in d axis.
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If there was no cross saturation, the flux linkage in d axis these “flux barriers” are filled with permanent magnets. So, due
would depend on d axis current only and it would remain to the permanent magnet’s polarization and nonlinear magnetic
constant regardless the variations of q axis current. However, behavior, the symmetry with respect to the q-axis is lost and it
increasing q axis current causes the flux linkage in d axis to produces a negative flux linkage, just like in Fig. 5b. In this
drop. This phenomenon is stronger for low d axis current and case, when ୢ component of phase current is present, the q axis
lowers when the current in d axis increases. Similarly q axis flux linkage shows a slight decrease.
flux drops when the current in d axis grows. Variations of q axis
flux linkage are greater than those of d axis flux.
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0.05
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Quadrature Flux linkage [Wb]
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Fig. 4. d- and q-axis flux linkage as function of q- and d-axis currents (b)
respectively. Fig. 5. d- and q-axis flux linkage as function of d- and q-axis currents.
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Magn., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2014.
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[4] https://www.quora.com/What-do-you-meant-by-magnetic-saturation -
“Magnetization curve - BH Curve.”
0.2
[5] D. Mingardi, M. Morandin, S. Bolognani, and N. Bianchi, “On the Proprieties
Direct Flux linkage [Vs]
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