Definition:

 Fake news is a neologism[1][17][19] often used to refer to fabricated news. This type of
news, found in traditional news, social media[1] or fake news websites, has no basis in
fact, but is presented as being factually accurate.[20]
 Fake news or junk news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of
deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media
or online social media.[

Seven types of fake news:[24]

1. satire or parody ("no intention to cause harm but has potential to fool")
2. false connection ("when headlines, visuals or captions don't support the content")
3. misleading content ("misleading use of information to frame an issue or an individual")
4. false context ("when genuine content is shared with false contextual information")
5. impostor content ("when genuine sources are impersonated" with false, made-up sources)
6. manipulated content ("when genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive",
as with a "doctored" photo)
7. fabricated content ("new content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm")

Some Examples :

 In 2014, the Russian Government used disinformation via networks such as RT to create
a counter-narrative after Russian-backed Ukrainian rebels shot down Malaysia Airlines
Flight 17.[95] In 2016, NATO claimed it had seen a significant rise in Russian propaganda
and fake news stories since the invasion of Crimea in 2014.[96] Fake news stories
originating from Russian government officials were also circulated internationally by
Reuters news agency and published in the most popular news websites in the United
States.[97]
 A 2018 study at Oxford University[98] found that Trump's supporters consumed the
"largest volume of 'junk news' on Facebook and Twitter":
 In the 21st century, the capacity to mislead was enhanced by the widespread use of social
media. For example, one 21st century website that enabled fake news' proliferation was the
Facebook newsfeed.[121][122] In late 2016 fake news gained notoriety following the uptick in news
content by this means,[7][123] and its prevalence on the micro-blogging site Twitter.[123] In the
United States, 62% of Americans use social media to receive news.[124] Many people use their
Facebook news feed to get news, despite Facebook not being considered a news site.

Pakistan

 Khawaja Muhammad Asif, the Minister of Defence of Pakistan, threatened to nuke Israel
on Twitter after a false story claiming that Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Ministry of
Defense, said "If Pakistan send ground troops into Syria on any pretext, we will destroy
this country with a nuclear attack."
 US:

Fake news became a global subject and was widely introduced to billions as a subject mainly due
to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[
 Pizza gate Event in US

Solutions:

 One of the most important thing governments around the world can do is to encourage
independent, professional journalism.
 The news industry should continue to focus on high-quality journalism that builds trust and
attracts greater audiences.
 Technology firms should invest in technology to find fake news and identify it for users through
algorithms and crowdsourcing. There are innovations in fake news and hoax detection that are
useful to media platforms.
 Strengthen online accountability through stronger real-name policies and enforcement against
fake accounts.
 Funding efforts to enhance news literacy should be a high priority for governments.
