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Profile 3 questions
Contributor responsibility of the government. There are laws
KNOW you have all been enjoying the
I
against the dumping of waste and zoning laws
discussions on exam-type questions that I have that indicate the geographical locations in which
been presenting over the last few weeks. For industries are allowed to be set up.
this week, the question is a Profile 3 question
based on the role of government. As usual, I
(C)(I) - (III) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS
encourage you to revise the area first and then Taxation is the process of paying a tax or taxes.
attempt the question before looking at my Governments require taxes for a number of
guidelines and answers. Here’s the question: purposes or we can say that taxation has a
number of roles.
(a) Define ‘government’. (2 marks)
(b) Outline three responsibilities of government
ANSWERS
in an economy. (6 marks)
(i) A tax is a compulsory payment made to
(c)(i) Define a ‘tax’. (2 marks)
governments. It provides a major part of the
(ii) State two purposes of taxation. (2 marks)
government’s income.
(iii) Distinguish between progressive and
regressive taxes. (4 marks) (ii) One purpose of taxation is to redistribute
(d) Discuss the impact of government provision of: income from the higher income groups and to cut
(i) Health care down on the importation of goods and services.
(ii) Education (4 marks) Also the provision of social services expenses
Total marks: 20 comes from taxation.
Now that you have answered the question you (iii) Progressive taxes are taxes that rise as the
can have a look at my guidelines for the answer income rises, not only in amount but also in
and the example of an answer. percentage. It reduces the income of the higher
incomes substantially. On the other hand,
regressive taxes take a smaller proportion or
(A) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS
percentage of larger income earners than smaller
Think of how a government comes about and
incomes. Taxes on goods and services are by
what it does. This can be used to define them.
their nature regressive.
Sole
trader
adjustments
ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor
BELOW IS a worked example.
SOLUTION:
QUESTION i.
The following balances were taken from the books of Allan Bellefonte at December 31, 2011 ALLAN BELLEFONTE
Trading account for the year ended December 31, 2011
ii.
ALLAN BELLEFONTE
Profit and loss account for the year ended December 31, 2011
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Stock at December 31, 2011, was valued at $38,880.
During the year Bellefonte took goods costing $2,600 from stock for his own use. No
entries have been made in the books.
A provision for doubtful debts account is to be opened and calculated at the rate of 5% of
trade debtors at December 31, 2011.
ALLAN BELLEFONTE
Depreciation at the rate of 20% per annum on cost is to be charged on the motor vehicles.
The rent account includes payments of rent $2,400 for 3 months ended January 31 2012. Balance sheet as at December 31, 2011
A garage bill for $1,200 for vehicle repairs was owing at December 31, 2011.
H
example, if studying about the layout of a typical Studying for a multiple-choice exam requires a
of two papers – Paper 01 and Paper 02. 18th-century British-Caribbean sugar plantation specific method of preparation which is distinctly
Paper 02 is a written examination and you and how it displays self-sufficiency, you could different from an essay exam. Multiple-choice As you study your class notes and your
will be required to answer three questions; one from create a web map/semantic map in which you detail assigned readings, make lists and tables.
exams ask a student to recognise a correct answer
each section of the syllabus. The questions that you Concentrate on understanding multistep processes,
the information you would provide in such an essay. among a set of options that include three wrong
will answer will be based on the themes for which and on ideas, events, or objects that form natural
This will result in you developing knowledge in ones (called distracters), rather than asking the sequences or groupings. Look for similarities and
you have prepared during classes. Paper 01 will your memory. Also, you will probably end up with student to produce a correct answer entirely from differences that might be used to distinguish correct
consist of 60 multiple-choice items. These will lots of notes from which to study. Visual learners his/her own mind. choices from distracters on an exam.
cover the 10 core topics as outlined on the syllabus. benefit from writing things down as it helps them to
remember better. This, in turn, helps them perform To prepare for a multiple-choice exam, consider Do not simply memorise a book or your
By this juncture you should have started studying better on tests. the following steps: teacher’s definition of a particular concept. Rather,
for your examination. This week’s lesson will focus Begin studying early. Multiple-choice exams rephrase in your own words as this will result in
on skills that you can incorporate that will make tend to focus on details and you cannot retain many you really understanding what the definition(s)
If you are an auditory learner, it is best to
your exam preparation easier. Below are some details effectively in short-term memory. If you learn mean.
study using audio notes. For example, you could
helpful tips: a little bit each day and allow plenty of time for
record any important historical terms, events and Practise on sample questions if you have
repeated reviews, you will build a much more
concepts on a sound recorder. You could then access to a study guide or past exam papers.
Know your best learning method. People learn reliable long-term memory.
in different ways. It is best to figure out which way schedule in your study time to listen to these
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Send
you learn best. Perhaps you learn best by seeing recordings. If you are a tactile learner, use flash Pay particular attention to fundamental terms questions and comments to
words and concepts in front of you. If so, then cards to study for history exams. and concepts that describe important events or kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:english literature
BERYL CLARKE The prose questions are to be found in section three. Here, there
Study
Contributor will be six questions. You must answer one. There will be two on
I, STUDENTS! Examinations are here and I hope you are all
H
Songs of Silence, two on the Wine of Astonishment and two on the
ready, having prepared well for anything that CXC ‘throws’ at short stories, one of which will be named.
you. Briefly, let me remind you of a few things. In A
Midsummer Night’s Dream the themes include love, love’s difficulty, Overall, you must do three questions on this paper, each worth 35
dreams and magic. The love potion is integral to the way the play marks. In addition to the 25 marks which will be awarded for content
develops and ends. The workmen who dramatise a farcical tragedy to and argument, a maximum of 10 marks is allowed for structure,
time!
celebrate the duke’s nuptials cannot be overlooked as well. They bring development and competence in the mechanics and language.
humour and underscore in their choice of drama the underlying
darkness of this play. Please pay close attention to the way the women Please make sure to brush up on your knowledge of literary devices,
including your ability to recognise the writer’s purpose in using them.
are treated by their male partners.
Remember to organise your essays according to the way the questions
are set, without skipping lines or putting down your information as if
In Old Story Time, we find colour and class prejudice, superstition,
you are making notes. You will be writing essays. This means that for
friendship and love. Please remember that in the drama section of the
each question that you answer on paper two you should begin with an
exam you will be able to choose one play on which to answer a Paper two has 12 essay questions. This is a change from last year’s
introduction, then three or four paragraphs in which you develop
question. as well as the January paper. The paper is divided into three sections.
separate points as required, then you should close with a conclusion.
Section one deals with drama. There are two books, A Midsummer
Do not wait until you get into the exam to categorise the poems and
The English literature exam consists of two papers. Paper one is Night’s Dream and Old Story Time in this section. Two questions will
short stories. Please do so now if you have not done so already. By
the one we call unseen because the questions will be set on a poem be set on each of them and you must answer one of the four. Thirty-
this I mean group or classify them according to their themes. You
and a prose extract and a drama extract that you are not likely to have five marks are allocated for this section and each of the other two would, for instance, put God’s Grandeur and A Stone’s Throw together,
seen before. There will be 15 short-answer questions and all are sections from which you will answer questions. concentrating on the ways in which they are alike and those that show
complusory! There will be 20 marks for each genre/mode – so a total that they are different. Stick to the works on the present syllabus. Now,
of 60 marks will be allocated to this paper, which will contribute 36 Section two has the poetry questions. Here, you will be given two go into the exam room and do your best! God bless!
per cent of the whole exam. You will have one and a half hours to comparative questions to answer one. Please remember that in
complete the entire paper. responding to a question on poetry, you need to use information from Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to
two poems. kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
MARJORIE HENRY smaller rock fragments and pebbles, by skips and jumps, is
Test
Contributor called
OR THE last few lessons, I have been sharing with you
F
A. Saltation
information to satisfy specific objective 11 under Section B. Traction
II - Natural Systems of the geography syllabus. To help C. Suspension
you as you revise the topic, I have constructed some multiple- D. Solution
yourself
choice items for this week’s lesson. I encourage you to attempt
all 20 items without referring to your textbooks or your notes. 15. The following are causes that result in the river
Read each item carefully and make sure that you understand depositing its load except
the stem. Reflect on the answer and as you read through the A. Reduction in stream gradient
options identify the one correct one; the key. Do not be drawn B. Decrease in volume
away from that correct answer by the distracters. Remember C. Increase in velocity
now that it is not a guessing game that you are playing. D. Overloading
B. Attrition
C. Cavitation
Select the most suitable answer for each of the following 16. The order in which the materials are deposited by the
D. Abrasion
items: river is
1. Rivers are able to do their work because A. Muds, silts, sands, gravels, pebbles and boulders
8. The rate at which running water will erode depends on the
A. They carry much material B. Pebbles, gravels, boulders, silts, muds, sands
following factors except
B. They have a great volume of water C. Gravels, sands, pebbles, boulders, muds and silts
A. Gradient and velocity
C. They flow swiftly D. Boulders, pebbles, gravels, sands, silts and muds
B. Weather condition
D. They possess energy
C. Stream size
D. Nature of the load 17. Much deposition of the river occurs
2. Which best describes the river’s load? A. On the inside bend of the river meander
A. Material in solution B. On a flood plain
B. Material in suspension 9. The load carried by a stream is derived from the following
C. At the mouth of the river
C. Eroded material it carries sources except
D. At the lower curse of the river
D. The traction load A. The action of weathering on slope
B. Erosion of the river bed
18.
3. On what does the erosive power of the river depend? C. The volume of the river
(i) They have a powerful swash
A. The amount of water present D. Solution of soluble rocks
(ii) They carry large amounts of sediments
B. The load being carried by the river (iii) They are spaced well apart
C. The speed of the river 10. The maximum load that a river can carry is called
D. The energy of the river A. Capacity
The description above refers specifically to
B. Capillarity
A. Waves
4. The erosive process of the river that results in the C. Competence
B. Constructive waves
formation of a narrow deep channel and valley is D. Cavitation
C. Surges
A. Vertical down cutting D. Destructive waves
B. Lateral erosion 11. The so-called invisible load refers to material that are
C. Headward erosion carried in
19.
D. Lateral undercutting A. Suspension
(i) They are closely spaced
B. Saltation
(ii) There is little forward motion (swash)
5. The chemical or solvent action of water on soluble or C. Solution
(iii) There is a power backwash
partly soluble rocks with which the river comes into contact D. Solifluction
is called
The description above refers specifically to
A. Solution 12. Calcareous rocks are very susceptible to
A. Waves
B. Corrasion A. Suspension
B. Constructive waves
C. Attrition B. Solifluction
C. Surges
D. Cavitation C. Saltation
D. Destructive waves
D. Solution
6. The other name for the process of corrasion is
20. The following features are formed by wave erosion
A. Corrosion 13. The sliding, pushing and rolling of fragments, big except
B. Attrition pebbles and boulders along the riverbed is called A. Spits
C. Cavitation A. Saltation B. Cliffs
D. Abrasion B. Traction C. Caves
C. Suspension D. Arch
7. Name the process of river erosion that results in material D. Solution
being broken down in size and made easier to transport. Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and
A. Corrosion 14. The downstream movement of bottom load comprising comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
Get in gear 3.(a) Must be (i) well spoken (ii) friendly (iii) able to work well under pressure (iv) sensitive to the needs
of people of all ages (v) pleasant (vi) computer literate.
HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor
(b) Application for employment, curricular vitae, payroll authorisation records, including direct deposit,
ELLO, STUDENTS. I hope you are in high gear for your upcoming examination as the time draws
H closer. This week, I will answer the questions that you did last week. I will not repeat the questions.
Good luck.
vacation records, contract of employment, training acknowledgements, performance evaluation,
termination notice, benefits information, internal complaints/grievances.
Personal records contain sensitive data on employees which may relate to health, family connections or
1.(a) Four reasons for good communication in a business.
medical reports, hence unauthorised persons should not get hold of these records.
(i) To provide information
(ii) To give or receive instructions
(c) (i) give immediate attention, (ii) make visitors feel welcome and comfortable
(iii) To encourage and praise
(iii) follow up if they are kept waiting (iv) offer seat and reading material.
(iv) To set procedures
(v) To discuss and evaluate
Create a good impression for your company - (i) be professional (ii) keep
reception area tidy (iii) answer telephone promptly (iv) be knowledgeable about the
(b) Three methods of communication - (i) Oral - (conversation and meetings)
business.
(ii) Electronic - (teleconference, video conferencing) (iii) Written - (letters, reports) (iv) Visual ( graphs,
signals)
4. (a) Characteristics of a good filing system (i) simple to operate (ii) provide security for
files (iii) provides for tracing files (iv) has a retention policy.
(c) Characteristics of good communication.
(b) Retention - Length of time each document or record will be retained as an active record.
Microfilming - Film on which material are photographed at reduced size.
Chronological order - Filing documents in date with the most recent on top.
5.
STANDING ORDER
An instruction a bank account holder (the payer) gives to his or her bank to pay a set amount at regular
intervals to another (the payee) account.
Be sure you have the correct format for letter writing. This example is a blocked style letter. See you next week.
Yours faithfully,
René Brackett (Miss) Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
More questions on
patterns of inheritance
MONACIA WILLIAMS LET US LOOK AT SOME POSSIBLE ANSWERS humans.
Contributor
If you are not careful, you might confuse artificial selection The removal of a gene from one living organism and the
ELLO AGAIN, students! How are you this week? I intend insertion of it into another.
H
and genetic engineering; but if you remember your theory, you
to complete the question we started last time. I certainly will remember the difference.
hope that you used the opportunity to write your own QUESTION
answers to the parts of the question that were not done. If you
did, you can now see how your answers compare with those ANSWER (ii) Give one advantage of genetic engineering.
with which I will provide you. In artificial selection, the reproductive process is involved. Any one of the following answers can be given:
Gametes are produced and are fertilised, naturally or artificially, Traits change more rapidly.
We will begin at part (b) where we had stopped. between the chosen organisms. Genetic engineering involves Individual traits can be targeted.
(b) Selective breeding programmes are deliberately used to manipulation, not at the gamete level but at the level of the Any organism can be used, unicellular and multicellular
control the characteristics of a population of organisms. This gene. It is the deliberate changing of the genotype of an
process is called artificial selection. organism by humans. This means that new organism can be QUESTION
formed from altering the genotype of a somatic cell that has (iii) Suggest one problem that could arise from genetically
Explain how this process is different from natural selection. been altered. modifying an organism.
What do you need to know to answer? You need to know the (c) (ii)
meaning of the terms ‘breeding programmes’ and ‘natural The word ‘list’ in the question indicates that answers must be ANSWER
selection’. The introductory statement has provided you with short and to the point. The new trait could cause the organism to react to its
information that can be used in writing an answer, since it environment differently by changing its niche.
defines for you the term ‘artificial selection’. Remember, too, LET US SEE WHAT COULD BE WRITTEN:
that artificial selection is also known as selective breeding. (iv) Suggest one reason it is possible to successfully transfer
The outcomes are not always certain. genes from one species to another, yet species under normal
The long-term effects of engineering are not yet known. conditions do not interbreed.
Having refreshed your memory, let us put together an
Genetically engineered traits could become transferred to
answer:
other related species. To answer this question you will need to remember your
Artificial selection uses human intervention to determine the
Changes might be made to crops to benefit rich countries
characteristic that is to be passed on or enhanced in future theory. If you were successful in providing answers to the
rather than poor ones.
generations. In natural selection, variation has to exist among questions above, this one should offer no problems.
Humans might be tempted to develop organisms for their
the organisms before the action of the environment can exert
own needs rather than the benefit of all.
pressure on the characteristic that is selected. The selected Remember that the transfer of genes between organisms is
characteristic that is passed on provides the organism with an genetic engineering, and that genetic engineering takes place at
You could also add any other moral or ethical issues;
improved chance of survival, because it makes it better able to the level of the gene, and at this level all organisms are similar.
remember that you were asked to give two, so do not waste
survive the environmental change that exerted the pressure. In
valuable time giving more. You will not get extra marks for
artificial selection, the characteristic that is selected to be passed
giving more than two. Make the answers brief and to the point. ANSWER
on does not usually have anything to do with the environment, it
usually does not give the organism any survival benefit and it is Organisms are similar at the level of the gene, hence transfer
I am now going to add a few other questions on genetic of material can take place without problems at this stage.
usually some characteristic that is beneficial to man, for example
engineering. See how well you can answer them.
crops that grow faster, have greater yield, cows that produce
more milk, cows that produce more and better quality beef per The genetic make-up of organisms is similar at the DNA
kilo of feed. In artificial selection, the process is fairly rapid, QUESTION level, hence transfer of material can take place here.
while in natural selection the process is slow. (i) What is genetic engineering?
This is basically memory recall, it is asking for a definition. If I hope that these questions have helped you to better
(c)(i) Genetic engineering is used to change the you have studied your definitions you should have no problem understand the concepts.
characteristics of organisms. How does genetic engineering providing an answer.
differ from artificial selection? See you next week!
(ii) List two concerns people might have about using genetic
TWO POSSIBLE DEFINITIONS ARE: Monacia Williams teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and
engineering to alter characteristics of organisms. The deliberate changing of an organism’s genotype by comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
OBJECTIVES
1. EXAMINE THE role of individual citizens, business organisations and government in the integration
process.
2. Explain the role of regional agencies in the integration process.
ROLES OF CITIZENS
Citizens in the Caribbean region must be made aware that every member state in CARICOM must know
that they are not only citizens of a country but they are also members of the region. The integration process
is proving to be a major concern for the region as there are still conflicts that are reoccurring in the region.
1. Citizens must be informed of their role in CARICOM. It is the citizen’s responsibility also to be
cognizant of the culture, activities and other significant events happening in the region.
2. They must willingly invest in local and regional business, becoming great entrepreneurs.
3. They should support by buying goods produced in the region.
4. Show solidarity not only in their individual country but in the CARICOM region.
Summary
Contributor significance of tattoos and other forms of body
ELLO, CLASS! Last week, we examined markings over the centuries. To assist you to
writing –
skills to write a summary of your own. The
extract comes from the May-June 2007 CXC have been around from the beginning of
English A Paper 02. Follow the instructions civilisation.
below: They were bought to the Caribbean from
Africa, China and India, but the Amerindians
Read the following extract carefully and then wore them even before.
write a summary of it in not more than 120 They were used by people in the
combining the
words and, as far as possible, in your OWN Caribbean for religious, ethnic and cultural
words. Your summary must be in continuous practices.
prose and in paragraph form. Only the first 120 Over the years, they came to be personal
words of your answer will be read and expressions identified with rebellion and
main ideas
assessed. defiance.
Attitudes have changed towards tattoos
Since the beginning of civilisation, they and today they have become acceptable as
have served as marks of identification, spiritual marks of uniqueness and difference.
protection and decoration. Now, at the cusp of
another millennium, tattoos and other varieties Now I want you to combine these ideas,
of body markings are resurfacing as a popular rephrase them in your words and produce a
form of individual self-expression. coherent summary. Before we wrap up our
discussions on summary writing, I want to
Tattoos are timeless and can be as unique as leave with you some reminders and guidelines
the bearers they adorn. They don’t fade away which must be followed:
like favourite T-shirts or get lost or broken like Observe the stated length of your
school rings. They stay with you forever, until response (normally 120 words).
death. They become a part of you from the day Read questions for theme and specific
you sit in the artiste’s chair, etching your tasks to be done.
emotions alongside the needle’s sting, Read the instruction given and do not
transforming an instant of your life into a assume that every year it is identical.
symbol for the world to see. Recognise the fact that summary writing
comprises reading and writing skills
Tattoos and other body markings arrived in (comprehension and composition skills).
the Caribbean with African slaves and Appreciate some of the basic features of
indentured workers from China and India. They summary writing:
were sometimes the only permanent keepsakes - using your own words as far as
of people snatched from their ancestral places. possible
The Caribbean’s original Amerindian - using standard English with
inhabitants also used tattoos to mark spiritual clarity and conciseness
milestones. The Taino of the North Caribbean - responding to the rubric of the
Delbert Gayle, captain of the Wolmer's Boys' School cricket team, shares a light
islands, for instance, used vegetable dyes to question with its implications for
moment with his principal, Dr Walton Small, and JIIC's Customer, Experience
affix images of their guardians on their skin. audience, purpose and
and Innovation Manager Elizabeth Chung, after his team won the JIIC KO trophy
These images also indicated an individual’s recently. situation/context
- using connectives to achieve
lineage, or his or her social position. Each
fluency of writing/reading
tattoo was both a personal history book and a
- observing correct mechanics of
mark of belonging.
the language
Over the centuries, however, tattoos and But today, tattoos have come full circle. their daily routines. Via the images on their I hope that the guidance you have received
other forms or bodily adornments have Celebrities, writers, lawyers, housewives, all forearms, shoulders, ankles, or torsos, they has helped you in your preparation on this
mutated, exchanging religious and cultural proudly display their marks of rebellion. An connect to each other, announcing to the world topic. As you inch closer to the English A
significance for individualist associations. entirely new perception of the art of tattooing that it is OK to be unique and different. exam, focus on the task ahead and reread all
Sometimes the mark of individuality has been has arisen, which is more than just a the lessons presented in this series.
confused with rebellion and nonconformity, preoccupation with style. The re-discovered Adapted from ‘Pictures made flesh’.
often alluding to a stain of bad character. form of expression has spawned an entire sub- Caribbean Beat, July-August 2003. Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High
Tattoo wearers seemed wild, dangerous, even culture of individuals among us. They carry TOTAL: 30 MARKS School. Send questions and comments to
just plain bad. this common bond of distinctions through kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
Statistics
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor
You will notice the following:
Any value between 0 and 29 can be assigned to a class without difficulty.
Of necessity, the bars will touch.
0.5 is added and subtracted from the class intervals to obtain the class boundaries
WE WILL continue the review of statistics with these. The frequency polygon is constructed by joining the midpoint of the top of the each bar.
1) Express the following scores in a Frequency Table and plot the Histogram. Using the above, please attempt the following:
22, 15, 0, 22, 11, 9, 0, 14, 20, 9, 16, 5, 11, 24,16, 5, 11, 24, 5, 5, 22 , 15, 9, 9, 11
The table below shows the height of orange seedlings on a farm.
SOLUTION
Since the values range from 0-24, it would be inappropriate to construct a histogram with 25 bars.
Using grouped data as follows: 0-3, 4-7, 8-11 etc, we construct the table by first doing the tally.
A. Express the above with respect to class boundaries.
B. Draw the histogram and frequency polygon to represent the data.
SOLUTION
A.
ALYSIS OF DATA
The aim is to arrive at informed decisions from the data. The following is one way in which this may be
done-:
(A) Measures of central tendency or average.
These are the values which best represent the data namely mean, median or mode.
EXAMPLE
The scores obtained by a class of ten students in a test were:
3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 11, 12.
(2) The table below shows the number of inches of rainfall which fell over a period of time.
CALCULATE
I. The modal mark
II. The median mark
III. The mean mark
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 inches on the x axis, and 1 cm to represent 1 day on the y
axis, construct the histogram to represent the data. SOLUTION
I. The modal mark or mode is the most frequently occurring mark. In this case, it is 4.
SOLUTION Answer: 4
II. The median mark is the middle value when scores are arranged in order of size. When there is an odd
number of scores; it is the single middle value. However, it is the average of the two middle scores when the
number of scores is even.
From the values given, the 5th mark is 4 and the 6th mark is 6.
The median mark is the average of the 5th (4) and 6th (6) values as there is an even number of values
(10). The median is = 4+6 = 5
2
Answer : 5