UNIT 13 ROLLING CONTACT BEARING

Structure
13.1 Introduction
Objectives
13.2 Materials for Rolling Contact Bearings
13.3 Types of Rolling Contact Bearings
1 3.3.1 Radial Ball Bearing
13.3.2 Angular Contact Ball Bearlngs
13.3.3 Roller Bearings
13.4 Friction in Rolling Bearings
13.5 Basic Static Capacity
13.6 Static Equivalent Load
13.7 Friction Torque Due to Load
13.8 Frictional Torque Due to Viscous Churning of Lubricant
13.9 Heating of Roller Bearing
13.10 Rolling Bearing Geometry
13.1 1 Stress and Deformation in Rolling Element
13.12 Bearing Deflection
13.13 Permanent Deformation in Bearings
13.14 Fatigue of Rolling Bearing
13.15 Selection of Bearing
13.16 Load on Bearing
13.17 Combined Bearing Load
13.18 Bearing Life
13.19 Equivalent Load
13.20 Bearing Dimension Code
13.2 1 Summary
13.22 Key Words
13.23 Answers to SAQs

13.1 INTRODUCTION
The idea of a rolling contact bearing is perhaps the oldest and belongs to the age when
men moved heavy objects over the rollers. A rolling contact bearing, as it is now
understood, is an assembly of balls or rollers which would physically maintain the shaft
in radially spaced apart relationship with respect to a usually stationary supporting
structure called a housing in which bearing itself is supported. Usually a rolling contact
bearing may be obtained as a unit which includes two steel rings each of which has a
hardened raceway on which hardened steel balls or rollers roll. One such ball bearing of
deep groove type is shown in Figure 13.1. The balls or rollers generally called rolling
elements, are usually held in angularly spaced relationship by a cage or separator.
Presently in industry, many different kinds of bearings are used. These are classified as
gas film bearings, magnetic bearings, hydrodynamic and hydrostatic bearings. Each of
these bearings excels in some specialised field of application. For example, hydrostatic
bearings are excellent for applications where size is no restriction, ample supply of
pressurised fluid is available and extreme rigidity under heavy loading is required.
Self-acting gas bearings are applied where loads are light, speeds are high and gaseous
atmosphere exists, rolling contact bearings, however, are not quite so limited in the scope
of their application. Thus, these bearings are available from very small size (such as used
Design of Bearings, in internal guidance gyroscope or dental drills running at 300,000 rpm) to very large size
Clutches, Brakes (such as 1500 mm outside diameter roller bearing for metal rolling mill).
and CAD
The rolling contact bearings have following advantages over other types :

(a) These bearings have very low friction as compared to sliding contact
bearings and, therefore, result in less power loss. s

(b) Starting friction is very low and hence can be started on bad.
(c) The deflection of such bearings is less sensitive to load fluctwationthan that
of a conventional hydrodynamic bearing.
(d) These bearings can virtually run without lubrication. Howwm, to cool them
some lubricant, in a much smaller quantity than for sliding contact bearing,
is supplied. This obviously eliminates the expensive lubtricatipg system.

(e) The requirement of shorter axial space is many times an advantage over
sliding contact bearing.

(f) Such bearings are less sensitive to change in-load, speed and aperating
temperatures.

(g) Most radial bearing can support combination of radial and thrust loads.
It may, nevertheless, be pointed out that all rolling contact bearings will eventually fail
due to fatigue of rolling surfaces, no matter how perfcctly they are mounted, kept cool,
protected from dirt and moisture and otherwise properly operated.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be. able to
w
classify bearings,
know materials of rolling contact bearings,
calculate power loss in bearing, and
select bearing for specific purpose from manufacturer's catalogue. .
A

13.2 MATERIALS FOR ROLLING CONTAm

BEARINGS
, p-
The three elements, vis. inner race, outer race and rolling elements are made in steel. The
desired properties of steel for bearings is the capability of beitig hardened to required
level which is 61 to 65 RC. The high resistance to wear and good fatigue strength we
also the requirement. In many cases, the choice of the material may depend upon process
of manufacture. The temperature rise in roller bearings is not much and the bearings are
expected to operate at tednperature not higher than 125°C. If however, the temperature is
required to be higher than this limit then special treatment to steel is imparted to
guarantee the dimensional stability. The care has to be taken in design that the dynamic
load capacity (a bearing characteristic to be defined in Section 13.1) is properly
modified. A temperature modifying factor is recommended by SKF. The dynamic load
capacity is not affected upto 1 50°C but at temperatures 200°C, 250°C and 3W°C,
respectively the dynamic load capacities are taken as 90%' 75% and 60% of basic value.
As it will be explained in Section 13.8 the fatigue failure of bearing is initiated below the
surface and the cause may be either maximum shearing stress or orthogonal shearing
stress which have higher values below th= surface. Perhaps this was the reason that case
hardening steels were earlier preferred for bearing elements. Now it has been established
that through hardening steels if treated properly can give as good resptts as case hardened
steels.
Cr-Ni and Mn-Cr alloy steels with C content of approximately 0.15% are the case Rolling Contact Bearing
hardening steels most commonly used for rolling bearings. Ni-Cr steel (AISI 33 lo),
Ni-Mo (AISI 4620) and Ni-Cr-Mo steel (AISI 8620) are some case hardening steels
commonly used.
Cr-Mn steel (AISI 521 00 containing; C, 0.95- 1.10, Mn, 0.2-0.5; Cr, 1.3-1.6 as alloying
elements) is very commonly used through hardening steel. Both groups of steels can
develop hardness in the range of 61-65 RC.
Cr-Mo steels are recommended in such cases where corrosion is likely occur. These
steels do not develop as high hardness as the other two groups and hence bearings will
have lower load capacity. Such bearings are further required to have surfaces very finely
finished.
The purpose of cage is to keep two neighbouring elements at a proper distance and hold a
good amount of grease (in grease lubricated bearings) to keep rollers well lubricated. In
certain bearings in which the races can be separated for assembling and dismantling the
cage serves the purpose of holding the rollers in position. The cages are made in pressed
steel or brass structure centering on rolling elements. The cages that are centred on either
of the races are machined and permit conditions of high velocity and acceleration if
properly lubricated. The cages are subjected to stresses due to friction and inertia forces
and are prone to attack by lubricants and their additives. They are easily attacked by
organic solvents, coolants (hydrogenated hydorcarbons and ammonia), etc. For this
reason, the material of cages needs consideration for selection. Recent developments
have brought polyamide with glass reinforcement in focus for use as cage material. This
material can be heat srabilised and easily moulded in required form to obtain a favourable
combination of strength and elasticity. Additionally this material is very light and
develops very low friction in contact with well lubricated steel surfaces resulting low loss
of power. However, polyamide cages are restricted by temperature.

13.3 TYPES OF ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS

There are several types of bearings, which are used to carry radial and thrust loads. Many
of them take the combination of both radial and axial loads. Table 13.1 describes various
bearing types. Some of them are described in little greater detail below. For more
information the students may refer to bearing manufacturer's catalogue (such as SKF
bearing catalogue).
Table 13.1 : Different Types of Bearings
Design of Bearings, 13.3.1 Radial Ball Bearing
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD Single row deep groove ball bearings are most common in use (Figure 13.1). Most
commercial bearings have inner and outer raceways curved to radii between 5 1.5 and
53% of ball diameter. To assemble these bearings the balls are inserted between the inner
and outer rings as illustrated in Figure 13.2. After all the balls have been placed between
the rings, the inner one is brought into the position of concentricity with the outer ring,
and the separator is then placed on the balls to keep them at constant distance away from
each other. The radial deep groove ball bearing has a fairly high load capacity in radial
direction and can support a fair proportion of its radial capacity in axial direction too.
Sometimes this bearing is used to carry axial load alone. Mostly the outer ring surfaces
are flat (part of cylinder) and hence the bearing may support moments also, but only to a
small extent. Sometime the outer surface is made spllerical in which case bearing has a
tendency to self align and not to Carry any moment. The balls may be shielded or sealed
to keep the bearings lubricated and exclude dirt.

Figurk 13.1 : A Deep Groove Ball Bearing

Figure 13.2 : Assembling Deep Groove Ball Bearing

The radial load capacity of a ball bearing may be increased by increasing the number of
balls. This is achieved by making ball filling slot in each of the inner and outer races as
shown in Figure 13.3. This, however, restricts this bearing to be used against axial load,
because of presence of slots.
Double row deep groove ball bearings have similar characteristics as single row bearings
but since two rows of balls roll in two pairs of races the diameter of a double groove ball
bearing is less than that of a single row ball bearing of comparable load capacity.
However, the proper load sharing between the balls would depend a great deal upon the
accuracy of manufacture. The instrument of miniature ball bearings have same
characteristics as the deep groove ones, except that they are very small in size (9.5 to
28.5 mm in outside diameter and 4.75 to 12.7 mm in bore diameter) and are very
carefully manufactured.
 Rolling Contact Bearing

Figure 13.3 : Filling Slot Type of Deep Crqove Ball Bearing

13.3.2 Angular Contact Ball Bearings
These may be single row or double row bearings. They are meant to carry radial and
axial load together or only axial load depending upon the magnitude of the angle of
contact. The bearings having large contact angle support heavy thrust. The groove
curvature radii are generally 52 to 53% of ball diameter. The contact angle is usually 40".
The single row ball bearings of this type are generally used in pairs with ball rotation
axes opposing each other (in back-to-back or face-to-face configuration) or parallel to
each other (tandem configuration). Figure 13.4 illustrates the mounting of these bearings.
Double row angular contact ball bearing essentially is similar to a dulex pair, with a
difference that there is a single inner and single outer ring with a pair of races in each.
The balls may be set to rotate either with arrangement as in back-to-back mounted or
with the arrangement as in face-to-face mounted duplex pairs of angular contact ball
bearings. In thp former configuration it is rigid type while in the latter it is non-rigid type.
This type of bearings can take bending moment effectively.
For assembly of shaft and housing which cannot be made perfectly coaxial the self
aligning ball bearings are best used. In such bearings the assembly of inner ring and balls
can tilt in the outer ring which has spherical inner race. The loss of load carrying capacity
which is inlierent in this construction due to non-conforn~ityof outer of outer race way
with the balls, is conipensated by having large number of balls in the bearings.

(a) Back-to-Back (b) Face-to-Face (c) Tandem

Figure 13.4 : Angular Contact Ball Bearings used in Pairs, a is Angle of Contact
If the contact angle of angular contact bearings exceeds 45", it is classified as thrust
bearing. One can easily imagine that the maximum value this angle can assume is 90°, in
which case races will be side ways and balls and cage in the centre. Such a bearing
cannot take any radial load.
13.3.3 Roller Bearings
Roller bearings have an ideal line contact against the point contact of balls with races.
This is the main reason why load carrying capacity of these bearings is higher. Roller
bearings, consequently, have large load supporting capacity, they are stiffer and have
longer fatigue life than comparable ball bearings. However, in general the roller bearings
are costlier.
The cylinder roller bearings have rollers as the rolling element placed between the inner
and outer rings and separated by softer cage. In a radial roller bearing only one of the
rings has guiding flanges and hcnce the bearing cannot take any axial load
(Figure 13.5(a)). However, roller bearings having one guiding flange in the opposing
rings are also made to make them carry axial loads (Figure 13.5(b)). The edges of the
 Design of Bearings, rollers are often crowned to reduce stresses there. Two or more rows of rollers may be
Clutches, Brakes provided for higher radial load capacity. Bearings for limited radial space are made with
and CAD
rollers whose lengths are much larger than diameters. Such bearings, called as needle
bearing have limited load capacity and are often used to support oscillating shafts. The
needless, in many cases, are not even separated by cage and are directly placed on the
shaft journal eliminating inner ring.

(a) Without Thrust Flange (b) With Thrust Flange

Figum 3.5 :Cylindrical Roller Bearings
In tapered roller bearings the rollers are frusta of cones. These bearings are capable of
carrying both radial and axial loads but are largely used where axial load component
predominates (Figure 13.6). Since the inner and outer race contact angles are different in
this case, there is a force component which drives the tapered rollers against the guide
flange which ultimately results into heating due to friction. Therefore, these bearings are
not suitable for high speeds. The angle of contact of bearings is chosen according to load;
it being large for lager loads. The radial load carrying capacity of the tapered roller
bearings may be increased by combining two or four of them, making two row or four
row tapered roller bearings. The inner ring of a tapered bearing is known as cone, while
outer is termed cup.

(a) (b)
Figure 13.6 :(a) Slngle Row Tapered Roller Bearing and (b) Double Row Tapered Roller Bearlng
Spherical roller bearings have rolling elements having curved generatix in the direction
transverse to rotation which conforms closely to inner and outer raceways having
spherical surfaces (Figure 13.7). The spherical nature of raceways makes these bearings
self-aligning. These bearings, though of high load carrying capacity, have inherently
larger friction than cylindrical roller bearings because high sliding between the rollers
and raceways may occur. They are specially good against heavy loads and are used for
rolling mills, paper mills, power transmission and marine applications.

44 Figure 13.7 :Spherical Roller Bearing

1 - -
 Thrust roller bearings with cylindrical, tapered cylindrical and spherical rolling elements Rolling Contact Bearing
are also made mainly to bear axial thrust.

13.4 FRICTION IN ROLLING BEARINGS

It is a well known fact that friction due to rolling of non-lubricated surfaces over each
other is considerably less than the dry friction encountered by sliding the identical
surfaces over each other. Although the motions of the contacting elements in the rolling
contact bearings are quite complicated as compared with that of pure rolling, yet the
friction in rolling bearing is far less than that in most sliding contact bearings of
comparable size and load carrying capacity. Table 13.2 describes the values of
coefficients of friction for various types of rolling bearings, referred to bore diameters.
These values, however, are to be used for run-in bearings with good lubrication.
Table 13.2 : Coefficients of Friction of Rolling Contact Bearings
Type of Bearing Coefficient of Friction
Single row deep groove ball bearing 0.0015
Self-aligning ball bearing 0.0010
Angular contact ball bearing
Single row 0.0020
Double row 0.0024
Thrust ball bearings 0.00 13
Cylindrical roller bearings 0.001 1
Tapered and spherical roller bearings 0.001 8
Needle ball bearings
Thrust ball bearing 0.00 13
Cylindrical and needle roller bearing 0.0050

The sources of friction in rolling bearings are several. The important of these are listed

II
below :
(a) Elastic hysteresis in rolling.

(b) Sliding due to deformation of contacting elements and/or bearing geometry.

! (c) Spinning of rolling elements.

(d) Gyroscopic pivoted motion of a rolling element.

(e) Viscous friction due to lubricant action.

1t (0 Sliding between cage and rolling elements and between cage and rings.
(g) Seal friction.
Values of coefficients of friction described in Table 13.2 include all these factors except
the seal friction. In more advanced calculation total frictional torque, Mfis calculated.
The friction torque is composed of two components. One component is due to load and
other is due to viscous churning of oil. Before proceeding to calculate the components of
friction torque relevant terms need to be defined.

SAQ 1
(a) Describe materials used for rolling contact bearings.

(b) Name different types of rolling contact bearings and describe radial ball
bearing.

(c) What are sources of friction in rolling cotit& bearings?

Design of Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes 13.5 BASIC STATIC CAPACITY
and CAD
Under load all three element$ (the two races and rolling element) will deform. If the load
is increased beyond certain limit the deformation in one of the three elements may turn
plastic. However, such load that may cause permanent deformation of any of the
elements is never placed on the bearing. A load that will cause a permanent deformation
of 0.01% of diameter of rolling element at maximum stressed contact r v i o n of any
element is called basic static capacity. This subject will again be taken up when stress of
deformation will be calculated. The bearing manufacturer's catalogue describes basic
static capacity as a bearing characteristic.
The magnitude of basic static capacity, C,, for a ball bearing is calculated from
following :

wherefo is a constant whose value can be read from Table 13.3.

i is number of rows of balls.
tiis number of balls in a row.
r is the radius of the ball.
a is the angle of contact.
Factorfo is described in Table 13.3.
Table 13.3 : Factorfo for Basic Static Capacity

Bearing Type fo (N,m)

Self aligning ball bearing 13.30 x lo6
Radial and angular contact ball bearing 49.04 x lo6

13.6 STATIC EQUIVALENT LOAD

The bearing is required i o carry both radial and axial force components and a load which
takes care of both the components is known as static equivalent load. If F, and Fa denote
respectively radial and axial force components, then the radial static equivalent load, F,,
is calculated from

Here X and Yare factors which have been standardised by Antifriction Bearing
Manufacturers Association (AFBMA). These factors are described in Table 13.4.
Table 13.4 :Factors X and Y for Rolling Contact Bearings

* If F, is greater than 0.44 F, the values are not accurate.

 Rolling Contact Bearing
13.7 FRICTION TORQUE DUE TO LOAD
The load on the bearing will induce proportionate frictional force which maybe related to
mean diameter. However, both the radial and axial force component will be responsible
for frictional force. The effective force to cause friction is denoted by F, and can be
calculated from

For ball bearings the higher value from above equations is to be used while for roller
bearing only Eq. (13.3) is applicable for F, is invariable zero. Iff; is effective coefficient
friction referred to mean diameter of the bearing then the friction moment due to load
will be

The effective coefficient of friction is given by the equation,

F, and C,have already been defined as equivalent static force and basic static capacity.
The constants Z and y are described in Table 13.5 for ball bearings. Table 13.6 describes
the coefficient of friction,f; for other bearings.
Table 13.5 :Values of Z and y for Ball Bearings
Ball Bearing Type Angle of Contact 2 Y
Deep groove 0 0.00 1 8 0.55
Angular contact 30" 0.0020 0.3
Angular contact 40" 0.0026 0.33
Thrust 90" 0.0024 0.33 ,
Self aligning 10" 0.0006 0.40

Table 13.6 :Effective Coefficient of Frictionj;, for Roller Bearings

Roller Bearing Type F1
Cylindrical 0.0005-0.0006
Spherical 0.0008-0.00 10
Taper 0.0008-0.0010 1
Higher values off; are used with grease while lower value with oil.

13.8 FIUCTIONAL TORQUE DUE TO VISCOUS

CHURNING OF LUBRICANT
It has already been stated that rolling contact bearings do not require any lubrication.
However, these bearings are hardly run dry. The lubricant is mainly used to keep the
bearings cool. Following three types of lubricant applications are in common use.
Mist Lubrication
In this type the fine particles of lubricant obtained by atomising due to splash
occurring somewhere else continuously come in contact with the bearing.
Naturally in such a case the power loss due to viscosity of lubricant will be less.
Design of Bearings, Oil Bath, Grease Lubricatioq
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD For bearings operating at dmx N < 3 x 10-5 mm x rpm a small amount of grease
pressed into bearing is a good measure against heating. This grease is also good for
absorbing small shocks due to load or speed fluctuations. Alternatively lubricant
may be provided in a bath with care that not more than half of the lowest rolling
element must pas through the oil. The greater depth of rolling element into the oil
may result in waste of power due to viscous splashing. Whether the grease or oil is
used, it should be taken care that they remain chemically inert to the bearing and
the bearings are sealed fiom the other side. Besides safeguarding against leakage
the seals do not allow dust to enter the bearings.
Flooded or Jet Lubrication
For d,,, x N > 3 x lo5 mm x rpm it is always advisable to run bearings flooded with
oil which needs continuous re-circulation. Sometimes a jet of oil under pressure
may be directed against the bearing. Though such a method will be very effective
in keeping the bearing cool, the power lost in oil churning will be much more than
that in other two methods.
For calculating friction torque due to oil churning following formulae are used.
Denoting this friction torque by M,vis,
2
-
MlVi,= f2 ( v N ) ~d i N-m . . . (13.7)
However, if v N I 2 x 1 o - (with
~ v in m2/s)

In above equationsfi is a constant that depends upon type of bearing and methcL
of lubrication. v is the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant which has been defined

as ratio of absolute viscosity to the density ofoil

(9) . The equations are
applicable to oils with specific gravity of 0.9 which is close to moct ns; isbricants.
The equations are only approximately true for greases.
The total friction torque in a bearing will be the sum of load torque and viscous
torque, i.e.
Mg = ML + M1 V,S . . . (13.9)
Table 13.7 describes the values of factorsfi for broad groupings of bearings.
However, for SKF bearings the manufacturer recommends values for different
series in the SKF General Catalogue.
Table 13.7 :Values of fi for Various Types of Bearings and Lubrication
Type of Bearlng Mist Oil Bath, Grease Flooded or Jet
Lubrication Lubrication Lubrication
(lo3) (lo3) (103)
Deep groove (single row), self-
aligning (double row), thrust ball 0.1-1.0 1.5-2.0 3.0-4.0
bearings
Filling slot (single row), angular 1.O 2.0 4.0
contact (single row) ball bearings
Angular contact (double row), ball 2.0 2.0 8.0
bearings
Tapered roller (single row), 1.5-2.0 3.0-4.0 6.0-8.0
spherical roller thrust bearings
Cylindrical roller (single row) 1.0-1.5 2.0-3.0 4.0-6.0
bearings
Spherical roller (double row),
tapered roller (double row) 2.0-3.0 4.0-6.0 8.0-12.0
bearings
Example 13.1 Rolling Contact Bearing

An SKF 6208 Z bearing has 9 balls each of 12 mm diameter. The single row
beatjng has following dimensions. Outer diameter, Do= 80 mm, inner diameter,
Di=I40 mm. If the bearing is required to carry a radial load, F, = 4.5 kN and an
axial load of F, = 1.8 kN, calculate static radial equivalent load and static load
capacity of the bearing.
Solution
From Table 13.4 for a radial ball bearing of single row
X = 0.6, Y = 0.5
The radial static equivalent load is calculated from Eq. (13.2)

Using Fr = 4500 N and F, = 1800 N in above equation

F, = 0.6 x 4500 + 0.5 x 1800 = 2700 + 900
. . . (i)
The basic static capacity of bearing is calculated from Eq. (13.1)
C, = fo in r 2 cos a

from Table 13.3 for radial bearing.

Using i = I , n = 9 , r = 6 x 1 0 - ~m and a = O
In above equation.

= 15889 N . . . (ii)
Example 13.2
If the coefficient of friction referred to bore diameter of the bearing in
Example 13.1 is 0.0015, calculate the power lost in friction if the shaft supported
in the bearing rotates at 2000 rpm.
Solution
Friction torque,

:. Power loss H = Mu o = 0.135 x 209.5

Example 13.3
A roller bearing having a mean diameter of 65 mm carries a radial load of 4500 N
and rotates and 10,000 rpm. Calculate the frictional power loss if bearing is
lubricated by an oil bath having a kinematic viscosity of 20 x m2/s. 49
Design of Bearings, Solution
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD The power loss H = Md w, W ,where Mfis the frictional torque given by
Eq. (13.9).
The two components of M f will be calculated by using Eq. (13.5) and one of
Eqs. (1 3.7) and (13.8).
For roller bearing axial load component is zero.
Hence, from Eq. (13.3)
F, = F, = 4500 N . . . (i)
The factorf; for cylindrical roller bearing from Table 13.6, choosing higher value
is 0.0006. . . . (ii)
Using F, from Eq. (i),f; from Eq. (ii) and dm= 65 mm in Eq. (13.5).
The friction torque due to load
1
M,=?j; Fed* : .'

i.e. M,/ = 0.0003 x 4500 x 65 x

= 0.08775 N-m (iii)
For the lubricant

v = 20 x m2/s

.. vN=20x10~

Since, V N> z x
the viscous torque will be calculated from Eq. (13.7)

From Table 13.7,

(For single row cylindrical roller bearing with oil bath lubrication-higher value has
been chosen). 3

Substituting& = 3.0, v =.20 x m2/s, N =+04rpm, dm= 65 mm in Eq. (13.7)

= 0.2822 N-m . . . (iv)

Using MS.(iii) and (iv) the total frictional torque
 SAQ 2 Rolling Contact Bearing

(a) Define basic static capacity and static equivalent load for a rolling contact
bearing.
(b) How do you calculate power loss in a roller bearing?

Example 13.4
A deep groove ball bearing has following geometrical properties.
Outer diameter Do = 85 mm, Inner diameter, Di = 45 mm, Diameter of ball,
2r = 12 mm, Number of Balls, n = 10, Number of rows i = 1.
The bearing corresponds to SKF 6209 Z whose static load capacity described by
manufacturer is 17860 N.
The bearing supports a radial load of 4500 N and an axial load of 1500 N while the
shaft runs at 5000 rpm. The bearing is lubricated by an oil bath with kinematic
viscosity of 20 x m2/s. Calculate the static capacity of the bearing and
compare with the catalogue value. Also calculate the power lost in friction.
Solution
Use Eq. (13.1) to calculate static capacity, C,

Cs = fo i n r 2 cos a
a, the angle of contact in deep groove ball bearing is zero, i = 1, n = 10, r = 6 mm,
fo = 49.04 x 1o6 from Table 13.3.
.. Cs = 49.04 x lo6 x 1 x 10 x 36 x = 17654.4 N . . . (i)

The catalogue figure for C, = 17860 N is 1.2% higher than that calculated from
Eq. (13.1).
The static equivalent load on bearing, F, is calculated from Eq. (13.2)
Fs = X F , + YF,
it For radial ball bearing, from Table 13.4
L. X = 0.6, Y = 0.5
.. F, = 0.6 x 4500 + 0.5 x 1500 = 2700 + 750
or F, = 3450 N . . . (ii)
The factorf; or coefficient of friction is calculated by using Eq. (13.6)

1 From Table 13.5 for a deep groove ball bearing

. . . (iii)
Friction torque due to load will be calculated from Eq. (13.5)
Design of Bearings, F, from Eq. (13.3),
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD F, = 0.9 x 1500 - 0.1 x 4500 = 900 N
F, from Eq. (13.4)
F, = 4500 N
Higher value of F,, i.e. 4500 N will be used for calculation of MIL.

= 0.108 N-m . . . (iv)

The kinematic viscosity of oil, v = 20 x m2/sand rpm of the shaft, N = 5000.

which is greater than 2 x

Hence, friction torqua due to viscous flow of oil will be calculated using Eq. (13.7)

',
Usef2 = 2.0 x lo3 from Table 13.7, v N = 10- d,, = 0.065 m

= 0.118 N-m . . . (v)

Hence, total friction torque

:. Frictional power loss

H=M,/.(I.)

= 118.5 W . . . (vi)
Eqs. (i) and (vi) are Answers.
Example 13.5
A single row cylindrical roller bearing has bore diameter of 100 rnm and outside
diameter of 180 mm. Its basic static load capacity is 154 kN.The bearing cames a
load of 50 kN while shaft rotates at 500 rpm. Calculate the power loss due to
friction and viscous churning of oil if the bearing is lubricated by jet lubrication,
with oil whose kinematic viscosity is 15 x m2/s.
Solution
For roller bearing axial load component is zero.
Hence, F, = F, = 50000 N from Eq. (13.4)
Also the friction torque due to load is given by Eq. (13.5), i.e.
 fi is read from Table 13.6, for cylindrical bearing Rolling Contact Bearing

1; = 0.0006

= 2.1 N-m . . . (i)

From Table 13.7 for single row cylindrical bearing under the conditions ofjet
lubrication
f2 = 6.0 x 1o3 (higher value)

Also vN = 15 x x 5000= 75x

I which is greater than 2 x 1O-3.
Hence, the frictional torque due to viscous flow, Eq. (1 1.7)

.. H = Power lost'in friction = M N o

= 5 x 523.67 = 2.62 kW.

13.9 HEATING OF ROLLER BEARING

The frictional power loss in rolling contact bearings is similar to that discussed in case of
sliding contact bearings. The temperature level in this case depends upon :
(a) bearing load,
(b) ' bearing;,speed,
(c) bearing friction torque,
(d) type of lubricant and its viscosity,
(e) bearing housing, and
(f) environment of operation.
Most rolling element bearing in practice operate at temperature levels that are cool and
therefore do not require any special consideration regarding thermal adequacy. Under
circumstances such as light load and low speed and placement of bearing assembly under
stream of air the bearing temperature will not rise. External cooling in many cases of
bearing applications may sufficiently keep the bearing cool, although there are examples
in which it is not possible to keep the temperature within limits unless detailed analysis
of rise of temperature due to each of the reasons stated above is performed and specific
measyres taken.
The heat from the rolling bearings is removed through all the three modes of heat
transfer, vis. conduction, convention and radiation.
Design of Bearings, In cooling of bearing generally, two types of problem arise. In one case the bearing itself
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD
is the source of heat, the external cooling by means of air flow over the housing may be
sufficient to keep the bearing temperature low. For greater rate of heat removal the
surface of bearing housing may be enlarged by providing fins. In other case, the heating
of bearing is due to heat source somewhere in the machine. The bearing is cooled by the
lubricant in such a situation. The lubricant then has to be cooled in an external heat
exchanger or in the sump.

13.10 ROLLING BEARING GE'OMETRY

Before the load carrying capacity and stresses in various bearing elements could be
considered, it is essential to understand various geometrical configurations in rolling
bearing. Here the various terms will be described for a ball bearing only. Similar terms
could, of course, be described for other beaings.
Figure 13.8 illustrates a ball bearing in its simplest form. The mean diameter dm,is
average of the inner diameter and outer diameter of the bearing. However, more
precisely, mean diameter is the average of inner and outer ring raceway contact
diameters, i.e.

Figure 13.8 :Diametral Clearance in a Ball Bearlng

When a bearing is assembled, the rolling elements and raceways could have some
clearance between them, as is shown in Figure 13.8. This would be conducive to
deformation that would occur in all bearing elements because of the loading of the
bearing. The diametral or radial clearance is defined as,

where D is the diameter of rolling element or ball. These clearances vary with bore
diameter and bearing tolerances, and have been standardised.
The ratio of diameter of rolling element to that of the raceway in a direction transverse to
the direction of rolling is defined as osculation, i.e.

The ratio would be denoted as e, so that

D
 As it has been shown in Figure 13.8, the radii of inner and outer races are respectively ri Rolling Contact Bearing
and ro the osculation may be unequal for inner and outer contacts. Because of radial
clearance a ball bearing will experience an axial play in no load condition. Figure 13.9
shows the inner and outer races pushed to one extreme axial position whereby no
end-play is remaining, and the ball-raceway contact assumes an oblique angle. This may
be compared with angular contact bearings (Figure 13.4), which are made to have such
angular position of contact line to bear the axial load. It can be seen from the Figure 13.9
that the distance between the centers of curvature of the inner and outer raceway is

and since r = eD or ro = eo D and q = ei D

The quantity (eo + ei - 1) is defined as total curvature of the bearing. Again from
Figure 13.9 angle a is defined as the free contact angle and it is easy to see that

In no load condition the two rings will be able to slide relative to each other axially as
I
shown in Figure 13.9 in one extreme position. The axial displacement between the
centers of curvatures of inner and outer raceway in this position is half of the total
permissible play C,.

1 Thus, C, = 2A sin a . . . (13.17)

Figure 13.9 : Inner and m t e r Races Shown Displaced to Axial Extremes

Figure 13.10 demonstrates schematically the contact between two bodies of revolution. It
may be noted that while the bodies have point contact, each one of them has two radii in
two principal planes. It is shown that body I has a radius rl,, in plane 1 and r / in
~ plane 2
and similarly body II has radii of curvature rill and rln in planes 1 and 2, respectively. A
contact between a rolling element and one of the raceways is similar to the situation
illustrated here. In case of a ball bearing, the ball will have only one radius of curvature
in both planes. If r denotes the radius and p, the curvature then for condition described in
Figure 13.10, curvature sum is defined as

and curvature difference, F (p) is defined as

 Design of Bearings,
Ctutches, Brakes
and CAD

Figure 13.10 :Two Bodies of Revolution Incontad

It is easy to see that for a ball inner raceway contact
D
rll = - - - r12
2

rll, = -2Id i = -21 (cos

A a- ~ ) , r l 1 2 = e i ~

2
PI1 = - = PI2
D

where

Similarly for the ball-outer raceway contact

and
, Rolling Contact Bearing
13.11 STRESS AND DEFORMATION IN ROLLING
I

ELEMENT
The total load carried by a bearing is shared by a few rolling elements at a time. As an
element rolls round the raceway, the load upon it keeps changing from a maximum to
zero and then to maximum. It is obviously seen that the load will be compressive in
nature. In addition, an element may also be subjected to dynamic load due to its complex
motion, e.g. centrihgal force. Analysis of dynamic loads would be too complex to
present here.
Strieback calculated maximum compressive load on a ball, during a load cycle.
According to his solution, in a ball bearing containing n number of balls and supporting a
radial load F,.,the maximum load on a ball wo.uId be

Pmax= -
5 Fr
n cos a

Hertz contact theory provides a solution for contact stresses between the two bodies of
revolution. It has been amply clarified in literature on elasticity that in such events of
contact the ideal point or line contact does not exist under load. Thus, in case of both
ball-inner raceway and ball-outer raceway contacts the region of contact assumes an
elliptic shape as illustrated in Figure 13:1 1. It was explained in Section 13.2.3 that the
roller edges are crowned to reduce the stress concentration. Due to this crowning of
edges the roller-raceway contact area assumes a shape illustrated in Figure 13.11(c)
instead of rectangular shape of Figure 13.1 I (b).

(a) The Elliptic Area of Contact between a Ball and a Raceway

(b) Rectangular Area of Contact between a Roller Raceway

(c) Modified Rectangular-elliptic Area of Contact between Roller and Raceway

Figure 13.11
1 Design of Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD
For such cases in which contact area assumes an ellivtic shave with a and b as
semi-major and semi-minor axes., respectively, the compressive contact stress has been
calculated as,

where P is the load acting upon the bodies in contact measured in N as depicted in
Figure 13.1 1, and a and b are given as follows :

Above equations have been calculated for steel ball and ring combination for which
following constants were assumed :
Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 x lo5MPa
Poisson's ratio, v = 0.3
The values of at and b, have been calculated as functions of F (p), and described in
Table 13.8.
The contact deformation has also been determined and for steel ball and ring combination
it is given as,

The factor 6,is also a function F (p) and is described in Table 13.8 along with a , and 6,.
Table 13.8 : Factors a,, bl and 61
 For a roller and a raceway contact the maximum contact stress is given by Rolling Contact Bearing

where I is the roller length and b is the width of the contact region in mm
[Figure 13.1 l(c)]. The factor b has been determined for steel roller ring combination as,

The contact deformation for steel roller and ring is given as

The experimental observations of ball-racewaya combination have revealed that the

i fatigue failure, which is major cause of bearing failure, initiates below the surface. This
I may be expected since the surface stresses of high magnitude as presented in this section
are of compression type which are not responsible for crack initiation and propagation.
On the other hand, it has been confirmed by microscopic examinations that sub-surface
shear stresses initiate failure, and as such only shearing stresses are important for design
of rolling contact bearings. The mathematical analysis for determination of these stresses
is highly complex. It would suffice to give their magnitudes and natures of variation.
Two shearing stress components normally maximum shearing stress and orthogonal
shearing stress have been calculated. It is however, not very clear as to which of these
two shearing stresses is responsible for the fatigue failure, although microscopic
observations favour the maximum shearing stress as the cause of failure. Figure 13.12
describes the variation of maximum shearing stress (T,,,) occurring at a depth of h below
the point of contact while variation of orthogonal shearing stress (ro)at a depth of k from
point of contact is shown in Figure 13.13.

h b
Figure 13.12 : -and - as Functions of -
amax, b a

k b
Figure 13.13 : Variation of -
2'0 and -with -
Omax b a
Design of Bearings, The depth at which maximum shearing stress occurs gives an idea of the case depth in
Clutches, Brakes surface hardened rolling elements of a bearing, naturally the depth of hardened layer in
and CAD
such cases must be more than the greater of the depth of maximum or orthogonal
shearing stress calculated in above manner.

13.12 BEARING DEFLECTION

In very crude sense only, bearing may be treated as rigid. But truly speaking, in most
service conditions, the determination of deflection of bearing becomes very important. In
modem machines like aircraft gas turbines, machines tools, inertial gyroscopes,
radiotelescopes, etc. the accuracy of operation requires that the bearing deflections be
minimised to least and hence their knowledge is a prerequisite of design. The analyses of
bearing deflections and those of bearing-shaft-housing system are highly complex. For
moderate loads and speeds Palmgren has suggested certain formulae which are described
in Table 13.9. These formulae may be used only in cases where extreme accuracy is not
essential.
The proper clearance and deflection of non-rigid housing will have to be added to the
values obtained from Table 13.9 to obtain the real bearing deflection. Unlike several
machine members, the deflectim is a-non-linear function of load. however, deflection of
a roller bearing is approximately a linear-function of the loads as 0.9 is very close to 1.O.
Table 13.9 :Rolling Contact Bearing Deflections
Type of Bearing Radial Deflection (mm) Axial Deflection (mm)
under Radial Load (N) under Axial Load (N)
Deep groove ball bearing 2
- 2
-
3 3
4.3 x
1
-
cos a 4.3 x 5
-1
sin a
D3 D3
Self-aligning ball bearing 2
- 2
-
3 3
6 . 9 ~ 1 0 - -cos a Pmax sin a
6.9 x 10- 4 -
-1 1
-
D3 D3
Thrust ball bearing 2
-
3
- 5.2 x sin a
1
-
D3
Roller bearing (line 0.9 0.9
contact at each raceway) 7.5 x 10- 5 P-maxcosa 7 . 5 ~ 1 -5
0 -Pmax sins
(I)O.~ (1)Or8

(P,,, in N, D and 1 in mm).

One of the methods to reduce the bearing deflection (in particular axial deflection) is to
preload the bearings in axial direction so as to create an axial thrust on shaft. When the
shaft rotates the load thrust acts against the preload axial thrust whereby some preload
deformation is relaxed and then the deformation under load occurs. The effect is similar
to the improvement of fatigue behaviour due to residual stress. Figure 13.14 shows how
two angular contact ball bearings are used in preloaded condition. A shim between the
two bearings is often used as an alternative to sleeve.
Bearings are also preloaded in radial direction, but the purpose of radial preloading is not
to eliminate initial large magnitude of deflection. It is done with an aim to bring greater
number of rolling elements under load whereby maximum load on a single element is
reduced. This in effect will reduce the external bearing deflection. Figure 13.15 shows
one method of radialpreloading in which the bore of the bearing and shaft journal have
matching taper. In several cases the taper on journal may be eliminated by providing a
taper sleeve between bearing and journal.
 Rolling Contact Bearing
k Housing 4

!
Figure 13.14 : Preloaded Set of Bearings

Figure 13.15 :Radial Preloading of a Roller Bearing

13.13 PERMANENT DEFORMATION IN BEARINGS

Any material, if loaded beyond certain limit stress, would suffer from a permanent or
residual deformation. This limit stress is often used to characterise the material (like yield
strength). Similarly, if a ball or roller is passed against a raceway at some limit load an
indentation or permanent deformation may remain in the rolling element and raceway.
The basic static capacity of a bearing has already been defined as a bearing characteristic
in Section 13.4.1. The permanent deformation in the bearing could result in stress
concentration and excessive vibration leading to eventual failure.
Some plastic or permanent deformation of all loaded surfaces would occur immediately
after loading but this would in effect, serve to smoothen the surfaces by removing the
irregularities that were left after machining operations.
Palmgren has developed the formulae for residual deformation for ball and roller
bearings of steels having hardness between 63.5 and 65.5 RC. These formulae are,
however, applicable in close vicinity of compressive yield strength when yielded zone
would be very small. Denoting permanent deformation by 6,, Plamgren established that
for ball bearing,

and for a roller bearing with line contact between roller and raceway.

y was defined in Eq. (1 3.20), D denotes the diameter of ball or roller and 1 is the length of
the roller. It is also assumed that ri = r,-,= r. In above equations upper signs refer to the
inner raceway contact while 'lower sign refers to outer raceway contact.
Design of Bearings, Eq. (1 3.25) is modified to take into consideration the number of rows of rolling
Clutches, Brakes elements, i. Thus, the equation becomes,
and CAD

The basic static capacity, which was defined in Section 13.4.1 as the load that would
cause a permanent deformation of 0.001 D is substituted for F, in Eq. (1 3.35) to yield
Cs= 0.2 in P cos a . . . (1 3.36)
7" I

6 -
Divide Eq. (1 3.33)'by Dl substitute s -- 1o - ~and rearrange the terms
D

Use Eq. (13.38) in Eq. (1 3.37), so that

It can be seen that Eq. (13.38) is a same Eq. (13.1) andfo can be calculated.
Eq. (1 3.38) provides a method of calculating basic static capacity of a deep groove ball
bearing when its geometry is fully known. Similar equations for other bearings may be
derived. It may be noted that the Eq. (1 3.38) and any other which could be derived
similarly is applicable to rolling element raceway combination whose surface hardness is
between 63.5 and 65.5 RC. Any deviation from this hardness range would require C,to
be corrected. SKF ball bearing company has suggested a correction factor for hardness.
For elements having a different hardness, the corrected basic static capacity would be

where q, is a conection factor. correlated with hardness as,

where HV is the hardness in Vickers units, and ql is SKF constant described in

Table 13.10.
Tmble 13.10 :Values of 11,

Ball on plane
(Self-aligning ball bearing)
Ball on groove
(Deep groove ball bearing)
Roller on roller
(Radial roller bearing)
Roller on plane
(Thrust bearing)

The static capacity described above is much less than the static fracture load of the
bearing elements. It is generally regarded that the fracture load would be greater
than 8 C,.
Permanent deformation resulting into a single indentation in the ring or depression in the
rolling element will highly impdr the bearing operation. However, if the load exceeds C,
over several revolutions then the whole surface of the rolling elements would be
 uniformly deformed and this situation would not be very much harmhl. Still it is Rolling Contact
I
1 customary to apply a factor of safety on the basic static capacity of a bearing, so as to
avoid any permanent deformation. In Section 13.4, static equivalent load, F, was defined
I
by Eq. (13.6). The factor of safety, n', is defined as
t

n r =-cs
I

For different types of services, the factor n' must exceed certain minimum as described
by Table 13.1 1 .
k Table 13.11 : Factors of Safety

Type of Service Minimum n'

Smooth shock free operation 0.5
Ordinary service 1 .O
Sudden shocks and high requirements for
2.0
smooth running

b Basic static load rating is often used by the manufacturers to characteris'e the bearing and
I is a means for bearing selection. However, for very small bearings such as a needle
1 bearings or those used in instruments, this criterion is difficult to apply because the
quantity 0.01% of D becomes extremely small. For such bearings the load for fracture
. with a factor of safety is used for selection.
Example 13.6
If for the SKF 6208 Z bearing which has a balls placed in a single row, each of
diameter 12 mm the inner and outer raceway diameters are di = 47.998 m, and
do = 72.0019 mm, respectively and groove radii are r, = ro = 6.25 mm calculate the
static load capacity. The outer and bore diameter of bearing are Do = 80 mm,
Dl = 40 mm. The radial load F, = 45 kN and gxial,load, F, = 1.8 kN.Assume ball
hardness is 65 RC. Calculate the factors of safety.
Solution.
(This problem is same as Example 13.1 with additional data about the raceways
Example 13.1 was solved using Eq. (13.5) and C, = 15889 N was obtained).
Use do = 72.001Vinm,
q

radial clearance
'$
di = 47.98 mm and D
3 3
- 12.00 mm in Eq. (13.1 1) to obtain

C = 72.0019 - 47.998 - 2 x 12 = 0.0038 mm

From Eq. (13.14)

From Eq. (13.16)

= cos-' 0.9962

or a = 4.9965'
Use Eq. (13.20) to calculate y
Dcosa - 1 2 ~ 0 . 9 9 6 ~ 2
Y=
dm (72.0019 + 47.98)
Design of Bearings,
Cluteba, Brakes Since dm = do + dl
and CAD 2
.. y = 0.1992 . . . (i)
From Eq. (13.38) the static capacity of the bearing
I

wherei= 1 , n = 9 , D = 12 mm,r=6.25 mm, y =0.1992

= 3665.088 x 4.474 x 0.9962 = 16336.64 N . . . (ii)

While using Eq. (13.38) negative sign before y has been taken so that lower value
of Cswill be obtained. Apparently value of Csat Eq. (ii) is 3.2% higher than that
obtained in Example 13.1.
The radial static equivalent load Fsis calculated from Eq. (13.6) and using
Table 13.6. The value was obtained as
F, = 3600 N in Example 13.1
Factor of safety from Eq. (1 3.4 1 )

. . . (iii)

From Table 13.11 it can be seen that this factor of safety is high even' for shock
loading.
Eqs. (ii) and (iii) are the Answers.
SAQ 3
(a) How a rolling contact bearing kept cool in practice?
'(b) Describe geometry of rolling bearing by a sketch.
(c) Write expression for stress in a ball of ball bearing and in a roller of roller
bearing under a load P.
(d) Show by sketch how are the bearings on shaft preloaded axially and
radially.

13.14 FATIGUE OF ROLLING BEARING

Fatigue is a very important consideration in designs of rolling contact bearing. The life of
- -
a bearing is generally described in number of revolution it can make before failure.
Bearing manufacturers generally describe the life of a bearing in number of hours. The
bearing life would be governed by the life of the weakest of its elements. From
Section 13.8 it can be seen that inner raceway contact is stressed to higher stress level
than outer. Therefore, failure of inner race way contact is a general trend. In case ofball
, bearings, since the ball is free to spin, it is not subjected to maximum stress at the same Rolling Contact Bearing
I point and consequently it is the inner raceway that fails frequently. In case of roller
bearing also chance of failure of roller are less than that of inner raceway because the
t
raceway undergoes more number of cycles of load than roller in one revolution.
It was pointed out that some steels of strain ageing type posses definite fatigue limit
below which they can undergo infinite number of load cycles. But the steels used for
bearings do not have such limits. These steels have some finite life at each stress level,
though this life could be much larger. The bearing failures due to several reasons, like
inadequate lubrication, misalignment, ingress of abrasive and attack of corrosive
atmosphere may be successfully avoided if proper care is taken during design stage and
operation. Nevertheless, the bearing failure would eventually take place possibly after
several million revolutions.
The fatigue in bearing element takes place due to variation of contact stress which in
effect are shearing stresses. The surface cracks are first generated into which the
lubricating oil may enter. When surface is conipressed the pressure of such ingressed oil
will break open the surface crack creating a pit. The bearing elements (particularly inner
raceway) have been found to develop pits. The details of pits found in bearing inner
raceway are illustrated in Figure 13.16. Undoubtedly the fatigue cracks appearing on the
surface of bearing element originate from the points of maximum or orthogonal shearing
stress. The crack initiation can be delayed by improving strength at depth where these
I stresses are highest. This can be achieved by case hardening treatment. It is of interest to
!
note that pitting is a common phenomenon in gear failure and it was shown that gear
i teeth surfaces are under contact stresses.

xxx A B C D E F G
i
V

Figure 13.16 :Typical Fatigue Pit in Bearing Element (a) Along the Rolling Direction, and
(b) Transverse to Rolling

The statistical nature of fatigue was highlighted in unit on fatigue.

This presents an impossibility to assign a single life to a bearing at a given load. If a
population of identical bearings is tested in fatigue under identical conditions the
bearings would fail at all the number of cycles. If any bearing surviving N, cycles is
regarded to have survived prescribed number of cycles, then those which fail before
reaching Ns cycles are failures. If out of m number in given population of bearings, m,
number of bearings has survived, then probability of survival, P,,, is defined as,

And probability of failure is

Design of Bearings, The bearing life is plotted as function of the probability of survival in Figure 13.17. A
Clutches, Brakes life Nlocorresponds to 90%prs or 1 0 % ~The ~ . bearing manufactures generally use either
and CAD
Nloor N50 as "rating life" to characteristics their bearings. Weibull has shown that thep,
and N,, the two variables of Figure 13.9 are related through,

prs = exp. (- K N:) . . . (13.44)

Here K and q are the constants of bearing under given operating conditions. Experiments
have shown that Eq. (13.44) fits well into observations for 0.07 Ip, 50.93, i.e. between
N7 and Ng3whereas region of interest for most bearings is between Nlo'andNbO.Weibull
has further determined that q assumes a value of 1.111 for ball bearings and a value of
1.125 for roller bearings.
Robabillty of survival, Pr,

Figure 13.17 :Bearing Life as a Function of Probability of Sunrival

It will be quite logical to assume that
1
In -= f (z, N, z ) . . . (13.45)
Prs
where T is shearing stress at depth z and N is the life of the bearing in million cycles.
Lundberg has expressed relationship between Nand D as

where indices t and t' are yet undermined, A I is a material constant and 4, is the function
of bearing geometry. P is the load on bearing element that would fail after N million
cycles. The load to cause failure after N = 1 million cycle is defined as dynamic capacity
39 31
of bearing element. Thus, by replacing N =1 ' by 1 and P by Cdthe dynamic
capacity in Eq. (13.46),

substituting C'd from Eq. (13.47) in Eq. (13.46)

t
- has been determined for ball and roller bearing respectively as 3 and 4. Detailed
39
analysis has been performed and values of constants in Eq. (13.47) determined. Thus, for
ball bearings with point contact
I For roller bearings and for bearing with line contact

The geometric characteristics of the bearing have already been defined. The upper signs
are used for inner raceway while lower signs for outer raceway. The hardness of material
must lie between 61.7 and 64.5 RC. Apparently dynamic capacity of the inner raceway
I
t
will be lower and hence it would decide the life of bearing.
This must be understood here that definition of Cdis related to the single element and
1 what will be desired is the dynamic load capacity of the whole bearing. Call this capacity
1 as Cd. The situation is similar to that existed for Eq. (13.25) in which P,,, was load on
one rolling element whereas F, was the radial load on the whole bearing. Therefore,
Eq. (13.25) can be used to correlate Cd and Cd.
n cos a
Thus. Cd = C i -
5
Example 13.7
A heavy duty bearing required to cany a radial load of 19 kN has following
dimensions
Do=215, D i = lO0,ri=ro= 18.161, D=34.925,di= 122.556,
do = 192.434 (all in mm), n = 8
Calculate basic static capacity and dynamic capacity of the bearing.
Solution
Use do = 192.434 mm, di = 122.556 mm and D = 34.925 mm in Eq. (13.1 1) to
obtain radial clearance
C = 192.434 - 122.556 x 34.925 = 0.028 mm
From Eq. (13.14)
A=ro+ri-D
=2 x 18.161 - 34.925 = 1.397 mm
From Eq. (13.16)

a = cos-I (1 - &)
= c o s (1 -
0.028
2 x 1.397
)
= c o s (0.99)

or a = 8.12"
Use Eq. (1 3.20) to calculate y

v =
D cos a

92'434 + 22'556
dm = = 157.495 [Eq. (1 3.1O)]
2
34.925 x 0.99
Y= = 0.22
157.495
Design of Bearings, U s e i = l , n = 8 , D = 3 4 . 9 2 5 m m , r = 18.161 mm,y=0.22inEq.(13.39)to
Clutches, Brakes calculate basic capacity.
and CAD

= 2.828 x 8 x (34.9251~
2 x 18.161 (1 - 0.22)
2 x 18.161 - 34.925
1'
5
cos a

= 123027.6 N . . . (i)
Use Eq. (13.49) to calculate dynamic capacity of one rolling element

= 47515.4 N . . . (ii)
Use n = 8, cos a = 0.99 Cn from (ii) in Eq. (13.5 1)
n cos a 8 x 0.99
C, = ci -= 475 15.4
5 5

In Eq. (13.49) upper sign between 1 and y relates to inner raceway. Apparently if
lower sign (which relates to outer raceway) is used the magnitude of Cdwill be
higher. Hence, the dynamic capacity of bearing will be taken as 75264.4 N.
(i) and (ii) are the Answers.
Example 13.8
A certain ball bearing is characaterised as N l o= 10' revolutions. It is desired that
the bearing should have 95% reliability. What life may be expected for this
reliability?
Solution
Reliability is often used an alternative to probability of survival. Thus, Nlo = I 08,
p, = 0.9. The problem is what will be NS forp, = 0.95. From Eq. (13.44)

. . . (i)
q = 1.1 1 1, substitutep, = 0.9, N, = 10' in (i)
 Rolling Contact Bearing

or In K = - 2.25 - 20.465 = - 22.175

or K = 1.365 x lo-''
Now substitutep, = 0.95, q = 1 .l11 and K from (ii)

N5 = 0.523 x 10' . . . (iii)

13.15 SELECTION OF BEARING

The analyses of stresses and deflections of rolling element given so far by no means are
complete and conclusive. It is expected that by this time the reader must have realised
that rolling contact bearings are subjected to a vei;f large number of applications of
contact stresses and varying deformations. Such analyses are useful for designers of
bearings. The design of rolling contact bearing has become a specialised branch whereas
a general designer has to choose a bearing for his design of a machine from available
stock and line of manufacturer. The bearing manufacturers publish data about their
products and also suggest methods for selection of bearings for any desired purpose.
These methods of selection may differ in detail from manufacturer to manufacturer, yet
the general approash remains same.
Bearing ratings are described in terms of either the radial or thrust load for a specified
number of hours of life, based upon certain inner race rpm. All the bearing manufacturers
do not seem to be agreeable for a particular standard for hours of life or for inner race
rpm. Some base the life of a bearing in number of hours at an arbitrary rpm (e.g. a
bearing will have a life of 300 hours at 500 rpm) while other fix the life at some level and
specify the load rating at various speeds. For example, SKF bearing catalogue describes
that life of a bearing will be 100 hours at 200 rpm when bearing loading ratio will be
1.05, while if loading ratio is 1.03 then life will be 200,000 hours at same rpm. The
loading ratio in this case is the bearing index and is defined as the ratio of dynamic load
capacity to radial bearing load.
Another point of disagreement among the manufacturers is the life expectancy of
probability of survival. Some base the lives of their bearings on 10% survival probability
while others base on 50% probability of survival, (Nloand NSoin Figure 13.17). There are
other manufacturers who use other probabilities of survival but majority of them lies
between Nloand NSo.SKF bearings are designated to have N10 life and it may be
calculated from Eq. (13.48). With slight difference Eq. (13.48) is written again as
3

N= (%) for ball bearings

and
N= (s$ for roller bearings

[%) is defined as bearing loading ratio.

The procedure of bearing selection described here is based upon recommendations made
in SKF catalogue No. 2000 EIII and the tables of bearing are also from SKF (India)
manufacture range. The bearing manufacturers prodide the students with the bearing
catalogue on request.
Design of Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD

Gear Accuracy d Gear Service k

Error in pitch and form less Shock free rotary
1.05-1.1 1-1.2
than 0.025 mm machines
Reciprocating
1.2-1.5
machines
Error in pitch and form Machines subjected to .5-3.0
1.1-1.3
between 0.025 to 0.125 mm heavy shock loads

Type of Belt f
V-belt 2-2.5
Single leather belts with jockey pulleys 2.5-3.0
Single leather belts, rubber belts, balata belts 4-5
 Table 13.14 :Factors X and Y Rolling Contact Bearing

Bearing Type Fa e
(SKF Bearing) -5e
-
Fa > e
Fr Fr
X Y X Y
Deep groove ball bearing
Series EL, R, 60,62, 63, 64,
RLS, RMS, EE
-
Fa = 0.025 1 0 0.56 2 0.22
cs I
1.8 0.24
= 0.04
1.6 0.27
= 0.07
1.4 0.3 1
= 0.13
1.2 0.37
= 0.25
1 0.44
= 0.50
Angular contact ball 1 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
bearings series 72 B, 73 B
Self-aligning ball bearings
135, 126 I 1.8 0.65 2.80 0.34
127,108 1 1.8 0.65 2.80 0.34
Spherical roller
23024 C-23068 CA 1 2.9 0.67 4.4 0.23
24024 C-24080 CA 1 2.3 0.67 3.5 0.29
24122 C-24128 C ! 1.9 0.67 2.9 0.35
24130 C-24172 CA 1 1.8 0.67 2.7 0.37
24176 CA-24192 CA 1 1.9 0.67 2.9 0.35
22205 C-22207 C 1 2.1 0.67 3.1 0.32
Taper roller
30203-30204 1 0 0.4 1.75 0.34
05-08 1 0 0.4 1.6 0.37
32206-32208 1 0 0.4 1.6 0.37

Cylindrical roller bearings are not included in Table 13.14. Generally a cylindrical roller
bearing without a guiding flange or lip would not be able to carry any axial thrust
(Table 13.1 and Section 13.2.3). SKF recommended that choosing of a roller bearing to
carry axial thrust must be referred to them.
Thrust ball bearings cannot carry any radial load (Table 13.I) and they are also not
included in Table 13.14. Spherical roller thrust bearings can carry radial loads to a
maximum extent of 55% of the simultaneously acting thrust load. For such a bearing the
equivalent thrust load is obtained from
P=F,+1.2Fr . . . (13.56)

13.18 BEARING LIFE

The basic dynamic capacity C d , of a bearing has been defined as constant load on
bearing that will result in bearing lye of I million revolutions (Section 13.1). The
information on load carrying capacity in SKF catalogue is based upon life attained or
exceeded by 90% of the bearings (Nlolife). This is called the nominal life and for
majority of bearings actual life is much longer than nominal. The life in working hours
may be calculated from
N x lo6
L,, = . . . (13.57)
60 x ( I P ~ )
where N is life in number of millions of cycles given by Eqs. (13.52) and (13.53). To
choose a bearing one would first be required to fix the life of the bearing that would be
expected when bearing is placed in the machine. This life is a function of type of
Design of Bearings, machine and its service. Table 13.15 gives the indication of life for bearings with respect
Clutches, Brakes to the machines and service. This table has been adopted from SKF Catalogue No. 189.
and CAD
Table 13.15 : Expected Bearing Life in Working Hours
S1. No. Class of Machines Lh (Hours)
I I
Instruments and apparatus that are used only seldom :
demonstration apparatus; mechanisms for sliding door.
Aircraft engines.
, Machines used for short periods or intermittently and whose
breakdown would not have serious consequences; hand
tools; lifting tackles; hand operated machines; agricultural
machines; cranes in erecting shops; domestic machines.
Machines working intermittently and whose breakdown
would have serious consequences : Auxiliary machinery in
power stations; conveyor plant for flow production, lifts;
cranes for piece goods; machine tools used infrequently.
Machines for use eight hours per day and not fully utilized :
stationary electric motors, general purpose gear units.
- - -
1 12,000-20.000
-
1
6. Machines for use eight hours per day and filly utilised. 20,000-30,000
I
Machines for engineering industry generally, cranes for bulk
goods; ventilating fans; counter shafts.
1
I

20,000-30,000 1
Machines for continuous use 24 hours per day. Separators;
compressors; pumps; mine hoists; stationary electric
machines; machines in continuous operation on board naval
vessels.
Machines required to work with a high degree of reliability
24 hours per day : Pulp and paper making machinery; public
power plants; mine pumps; water works; machines in
continuous operation on board merchant ships.

13.19 EQUIVALENT LOAD

Under actual operations the load on the bearing may not be constant through entire
period. For example, loads F , , F2, etc. may act on bearing N 1 ,N2 number of cycles. An
effective load F,, can be calculated which acting for N,, number of cycles will have same
effect as the loads F , , F2, etc. acting for N I ,N2, etc. number of cycles. The equivalent
load is calculated from

13.20 BEARING DIMENSION CODE

In design practice it is very common to refer to a bearing by a four digit number like
SKF 621 or SKF 0205. The bearing is described by following dimensions :
(a) the bore or inner diameter, d,
(b) the outside diameber, D,
 (c) the width, B, and Rolling Contact Bearill

(d) the comer radius, r

The AFBMA recommends a four digit code for bearing. The last two digits represent a
number which is one fifth of the bore diameter of the bearing in mm for this number
being 04 or greater. Thus, for a 0205 bearing the inner diameter is 25 mm. It may be
understood that the bearing may have different outside diameters and widths for the same
inside diameter. The first digit in the code represents the relative with while the second
digit represents the relative outside diameter. Seven widths in increasing order are
represented by digits 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5 and 6. Seven outside diameters in increasing order
are represented by digits 8,9,0, 1,2,3, and 4. Figure 13.18 shows the dimensions codes
for a bore of 75 mm. The first two digits in the figure are only indicative of increasing
width and outside diameters.

Figure 13.18 : AFBMA Bearing Number Code Illustrated for Ball Bearings of Bore of 75 mm
IS0 has modified the scheme of dimension. Outside diameter is designated by a number
series 7,8,9,0, l , 2 , 3 and 4 (in order of ascending diameter) for a standard bore size.
Within each diameter series different widths are designated by number series 8,0, 1,2,3,
4 , 5 , 6 and 7 (in order of increasing width). Most manufacturers have now started
designating their bearings according to IS0 dimension plan.
Example 13.8
An SKF 6205 ball bearing has dynamic capacity Cd = 10.8 kN. This bearing is
used to support a shaft which rotates at 300 rpm and cames a radial load
F, = 3600 N and an axial load of F, = 1500 N. Calculate the expected life of
bearing in hours. Static capacity of bearing C,= 6.95 kN. Assume rotating inner
race.
Solution
The equivalent load on bearings is calculated by using Eq. (13.2).
P = X F r +YFa

Fa has to be checked
Factors X and Yare read from Table 13.14. First the ratio -
F,

(I- 1500 - 0.4167

Fr 3600

Fa is between 0.13 and 0.25. Even for first value

It is seen from Table 13.14 that 7

of 0.13, e = 0.3 1 and thus 2~for the bearing is greater than e. Hence, X and Y will
F,
be selected from second column of Table 13.14. Thus, X = 0.56, but Y will have to
be interpolated between 1.4 and 1.2. To be on the safer side the higher value of
Y = 1.4 can be chosen. Now using Eq. (13.6)
Design o l Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD =2016+2100=4116N
Now use Eq. (13.52) to calcdlate number of revolution in millions to failure

N = ( = (-1 3
= 18.065 million revolutions

The expected life in number of hours from Eq. (13.57)

N x lo6 - - 18.065 x lo6
L, =
60 x (rpm) 60 x 300

Example 13.9
A belt driven shaft can have journal diameter d such that 25 I d I30 mm. The
radial load, F, = 4000 N while axial, load, F, = 1000 N . The bearing is required to
last for 1500 hours at 350 rpm. Check if any of the following bearing is suitable.
Bearing Bore, d cs c d

SKF 6305 25 mm 11.4 kN 17.3 kN

SKF 6406 30 mm 29.85 kN 33.5 kN
Solution
(a) Check for the bearing 6305 whose d = 25 mm

Fu lies between 0.07 and 0.13 for which corresponding -

- Fa values are 0.27
cs F,
Fa < e so that X and Y values will be
and 0.3 1 in Table 13.14. Hence, -
Fr
selected from first column.
X=1.0, Y=O
Hence, equivalent bearing load from Eq. (1 3.6)
P=Fr=4000N
The effective load on bearing in a belt drive is calculated fiom Eq. (13.55)
pe,=fxP
The factorf is chosen from Table 13.13. Assuming V-belt
f=2
.. P,, = 2 x 4000 = 8000 N
Using above value for P and Cd = 17300 N from given table, in Eq. (13.53)
the expected life of bearing in million revolutions

3
= 10.113 million revolutions
 The expected life in number of hours, Eq. (13.57) Rolling Contact Bearing

or L,, = 48 1.57 hours

The life in number of hours is much less than the desired life of 1500 hours.
Hence, bearing 6305 is not suitable. . . . (i)
(b) Check for the bearing 6406 whose d = 30 mm

5 ---
-loo0 - 0.25
F,. 4000

Fa lies between 0.25 and 0.04 and corresponding e

From Table 13.14, -
cs
Fa > e and hence Xand Y values will be
values are 0.22 and 0.24 so that -
Fr
selected from second column in Table 13.14.

By interpolation between - - 0.025 and -

Fa - Fa -
- 0.04
cs c.7

.. = 2 x 4 128 (takingf = 2 as in first case)

= 8256 N

From Eq. (1 3.52) with Cd= 33500 N

(~~~~~
N = - = 66.81 million cycles.

Hence, from Eq. (13.57), expected life in hours.

66.81 x lo6
L, = = 3181.4 hours
60 x 350
This is greater than required life of 1500 hours. Hence, the bearing 6406 is
suitable,
d=30mm . , . (ii)
(i) and (ii) are Answers.
Example 13.10
It is required to select bearings for the pinion shaft of a gear drive shown in
Figure 13.19. Strength calculation of shaft resulted in journal diameter, on left
hand side of the shaft of 28.5 mm and shoulder filled radius of 2.0 mm. The load
calculation due to power transmission result in a radjal load of 2000 N on the
Design of Bearings, bearing. There is dead axial load of 750 N on the shaft. The shaft rotates at
Clutches, Brakes 1000 rpm. Select the bearing for LHS journal and comment if same could be used
and CAD
for RHS journal also. The drive is running a pump.

Figure 13.19 :Pinion Shaft

Solution
The effective load is calculated by using Eq. (13.54). Assuming that gear is
precision finished so that error in pitch and form is less than 0.025 mm, factorsfk
andfJ are read from Table 13.12 as

For reciprocating pump.

It must be noted that drive correction factor has been applied on the gear tooth load
coming upon the bearing. Since the axial dead load is not derived from the gear,
the drive correction factors are not applied upon F, which remains as 750 N. If
however, axial load were effected from gear drive the correction factorsh andfd
would have been applied on the equivalent bearing load.

At this stage since the bearing has not been selected, the basic static capacity, C, is
Fa
unknown. The radio - cannot be calculated and hence values of X and Y from
cs
Table 13.14 cannot be chosen. The X and Y values are tentatively chosen as
X = 0.56 and Y = 1.8.
Hence, using Eq. (1 3.6), the equivalent load on bearing
P = 0 . 5 6 ~ 3 3 0 0 +1,8x750=3198 N . . . (i)
From Table 13.1 a single row deep groove ball bearing can take load in axial
direction to the extent of 70% of radial load. A deep groove ball bearing in the
present case will be a good proposition.
Assume that the unit runs for eight hours per day but not fully utilised. From
Table 13.15 against item 5, the bearing is required to have life of
12000-20000 hours. Choosing the lower value and using Eq. (13.58)

N = 60 I2O0
O0 = 720 million cycles . . . (ii)
1o6
 Using Eqs. (i) and (ii) in Eq. (1 3.52) Rolling Contact Bearing

I
Cd = P ( N ) 3
I
or Cd = 3 198 (720): = 28662 N . . . (iii)
Tables 13.I 6 and 13.1 7 describe SKF bearings of 64,62 and 63 series. The bearing
of 6406 will have bore of 30 mm and will be nearest to 28.5 mm which is iournal
diameter required from strength calculations. The dynamic capacity of 6406
bearing from Table 13.16 is 33550 N which is in excess of required Cd at (iii)
corresponding static capacity of 6406 bearing is 23200 N, so that

It is seen from Table 13.14 that the value of 2 lies between 0.025 and 0.04. Also
cs
Fa
- has
Fu is nearly
been calculated as 0.227. By observation it appears that -
Fr Fr
equal to e and hence from first columns of Table 13.14, X = 1 and Y = 0 can be
used.
Hence, equivalent bearing load
P = F,= 3300 N
Hence, using Eq. (13.53)
I
C, = 3300 (720)j = 29571 N . . . (v)
which is less than Cdof 6406 bearing which from Table 13.16 is 33350 N.
Hence, SKF 6406 bearing will be chosen for LHS journal of the shaft. The
symmetric positions of LHS and RHS journals with respect to the pinion will
most advantageous in which case the load on RHS bearing wil1 be same as that on
LHS bearing. Hence, the identical bearings can be used on RHS journal.
The dimensions of 6406 bearing from Table 13.16 are :
Inner diameter or bore, d = 30 mm
Outer diameter, D = 90 mm
Width, B = 23 mm . . . (vi)
Radius at comers, r = 2.5 mm
Permissible speed = 800 rpm
The bearing comer radius of 2.5 mm is also suitable as the radius of 2.0 mm at the
fillet in the shaft was prescribed.

13.21 SEATING BEARING ON SHAFT

The fillet radius must be less than bearing comer radius as shown in Figure 13.20(a). If
two radii are equal than contact at the fillet will occur which is highly undesirable for
the fillet radius is less than bearing comer radius than the
st the shoulder and it will have a tendency to ride over the
situations are not permissible and alternative is shown in
Design of Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD

(a) Bearing Corner Radius Greater (b) Bearing Corner Radius Less
than Shaft Fillet Radius than or Equal to Shaft Finet Radius

(c) Alternative Arrangement for Condition of (b)

Figure 13.20
Any change in journal diameter, as in this case must be examined on calculation of
shaft strength. Presently nothing has been said about the bearing housing and
hence outer diameter and width are not examined. In some cases the outer diameter
can become an important criterion particularly if the outer diameter of bearings on
adjacent parallel shafts start interfering.
Note : The reader is advised to go through recommendations of bearing manufacturers
for fits and tolerances,.sealing and lubrication, mounting and dismounting of
bearings. SKF Catalogue No. 2000 I11 and No. 189 describe there aspects.
Dimensional and running accuracy of bearings has been standardised, IS0 covers a wide
range from normal tolerance class 0 to tolerance classes 6 and 5. The corresponding SKF
tolerance classes designated as P6 and P5 are described in manufacturers catalogue.
Special tolerance classes for very accurate machines like machine tools are also available
from SKF.
Table 13.16 and 13.17 describe data on SKF bearing designated as per AFBMA practice.
Other tables describe IS0 standard practice. It can be seen that in IS0 practice all
possible outer diameter and widths for a given bearing are described at one place.

Figure for Table 13.16

78
 Table 13.16 : SKF Bearing Series 64 and 63 Rolling Contact Bearing

Basic Capacity Maximum

Bearing D D B R Permissible
No. mm mm mm mm Dynamic Speed
Static
N N rPm

6403 17 62 17 2.0 11000 18000 10000

6404 20 72 19 2.0 15600 24000 10000
6405 25 80 21 2.5 19000 28000 8000
6406 30 90 23 2.5 23200 33500 8000
6407 35 100 25 2.5 30500 43000 6000
6408 40 110 27 3.0 37500 50000 6000
6409 45 120 29 3.0 44000 60000 6000
6410 50 130 31 3.5 50000 68000 5000
6411 55 140 33 3.5 60000 78000 5000
6412 60 150 35 . 3.5 67000 85000 5000
6413 65 160 37 3.5 76500 93000 4000
6414 70 180 42 4.0 102000 1 12000 4000
6415 75 190 45 4.0 1 10000 120000 4000
6416 80 200 48 4.0 120000 127000 3000
6417 85 210 52 4.0 1 32000 137000 3000
6418 90 225 54 5.0 146000 146000 3000

6303 17 47 14 1.0 6300 10600 16000

6304 20 52 15 1.0 7650 12500 16000
6305 25 62 17 1.0 10400 16600 13000
6306 30 72 19 1.0 14600 22000 13000
6307 35 80 21 1.5 17600 26000 10000
6308 40 90 23 1.5 22000 32000 10000
6309 45 100 25 1.5 30000 41500 10000
6310 50 110 27 2.0 35500 48000 8000
631 1 55 120 29 2.0 42500 56000 8000
6312 60 130 31 2.0 48000 64000 8000
6313 ,65 140 33 2.0 55000 72000 6000
6314 70 150 35 2.0 63000 81500 6000
.6315 75 . 160 37 2.0 72000 900000 6000
6316 80 170 39 2.0 80000 96500 5000
6317 85 180 41 2.5 88000 104000 5000
6318 90 190 43 2.5 98000 1 12000 5000

One Sideplate Two Sideplates One Seal Two Seals

1
Design of Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD
 Rolling Contact Bearing

Speed Limit
Basic Capacity Fatigue rpm with
d D B Load
Designation Limit
mm mm mm Dynamic Static
N N N Grease Oil

6011.5 2,5 8 2,8 319 106 4 67000 80000

623 3 10 4 488 146 6 60000 70000

6 1814 4 9 2,5 540 180 7 63000 75000

604 12 4 806 280 12 53000 63000
624 13 5 975 305 14 48000 56000
634 16 6 11 10 380 16 43000 50000

6 1815 5 11 3 637 255 11. 53000 63000

625 16 5 11 10 380 16 43000 50000
635 19 6 1720 620 26 36000 43000

6 1816 6 13 3,5 884 345 15 48000 , 56000

626 19 6 1720 620 26 36000 43000
6 1817 7 14 3,5 956 400 17 45000 53000
607 19 6 1720 620 26 38000 45000
627 22 7 3250 1370 57 32000 38000

6 1 818 8 16 4 1330 570 24 40000 48000

608 22 7 3250 1370 57 36000 43000

6 1819
609
629
9
24
l7
26
1 47
8
1430
3710
4620
640
1660
1960
27
71
83
38000
32000
28000
45000
38000
34000
61 800 10 19 5 1380 585 25 36000 43000
6 1900 22 6 1950 750 32 34000 40000
6060 26 8 4620 1960 83 30000 36000
16100 28 8 4620 1960 83 28000 34000
6200 30 9 5070 2360 100 24000 30000
6300 3 5 1 1 8060 1 3400 143 20000 26000
61801 12 21 5 1430 670 28 32000 38000
61901 24 6 2250 980 43 30000 36000
600 1 28 8 5070 2360 100 26000 32000
16101 30 8 5070 2360 100 26000 32000
620 1 32 10 6890 3100 132 22000 28000
6301 37 12 9750 4150 176 19000 24000
6 1802 15 24 5 1560 800 34 28000 34000
6 1902 28 7 4030 2040 85 24000 30000
16002 32 8 5590 2850 120 22000 28000
6002 32 9 5590 2850 120 22000 28000
6202 35 11 7800 3750 160 19000 24000
6302 42 13 11400 5400 228 17000 20000
61803 17 26 5 1680 930 39 24000 30000
6 1903 30 7 4360 2320 98 22000 28000
16003 35 8 6050 3250 137 19000 24000
6003 35 10 6050 3250 137 19000 24000
6303 40 12 9560 4650 200 17000 20000
6403 47 14 13500 6550 275 16000 19000
6403 62 17 22900 10800 455 12000 15000
Design of Bearings, Table 13.19 : Deep Groove Ball Bearing I S 0 Designation
Clutches, Brakes
--J K. A r,
(20 mm to 55 mm Bore)
ano LAU
(Stared Designations are Normal SKF)
Speed Limit rpm
Basic Capacity Fatigue
d D B Load with
Designation
mm mm Dynamic Static Limit
Grease Oil
N N N
61804 20 32 7 2700 1500 63 19000 24000
61904 37 9 6370 3650 156 18000 22000
16004 42 8 6890 405C 173 17000 20000
6004 42 12 9360 5000 212 17000 20000
6204* 47 14 12700 6550 280 15000 I80W
6304* 52 15 15900 7800 335 13000 16000
6404* 57 19 30700 15000 640 10000 18000
61805 25 37 7 4360 2600 125 17000 20000
61905 42 9 6630 4000 176 16000 19000
16005 47 8 7610 4750 212 14000 17000
6005 47 12 1 1200 6550 275 15000 18000
6205* 52 15 14000 7800 335 12000 15000
6305* 62 17 22500 1 1600 490 11000 14000
6405* 80 21 35800 19300 815 9000 11000
61806 I 30 42 7 4490 2900 146 15000 18000
61906 47 . 9 7280 4550 212 14000 17000
16006 55 9 1 1200 7350 310 12000 15000
6006 55 13 13300 8300 355 12000 15000
6206' 62 16 19500 11200 475 1000 13000
6306* 72 19 28100 16000 670 8000 11000
6406* 90 23 43600 23600 1000 8500 1000
61807 35 47 7 4750 3200 166 13000 16000
61907 55 10 9560 6200 290 11000 14000
16007 62 9 12400 8150 375 10000 13000
6007 62 14 15900 10200 440 10000 13000
6207, 72 17 25500 15300 655 9000 11000
6307, 80 21 33200 19000 81 5 8500 1000
6407* 100 25 55300 31000 1290 70000 8500
61808 40 52 7 4940 3450 186 11000 14000
61908 62 12 13800 9300 425 10000 13000
16008 68 9 1300 9150 440 9500 12000
6008 68 15 16800 11600 490 9500 12000
6208* 80 18 30700 19000 800 8500 10000
6308* 90 23 41000 24000 1020 7500 9000
6408* I 110 1 27 63700 1 36500 1 1530 4 6700 7000
61809 45 58 7 6050 4300 228 9500 12000
61909 68 12 10100 6700 285 9000 11000
16009 75 10 15600 10800 520 9000 11000
6009 75 16 20800 14600 640 9000 1 1000
6209* ' 85 19 33200 21600 915 7500 9000
6309* 100 25 52700 31500 1340 6300 8000
6409* 120 29 76100 45000 1900 6000 7000
61810 50 65 7 6240 4750 250 9000 11000
61910 72 12 14600 10400 500 8500 loo00
16010 80 10 16300 1 1400 560 8500 loo00
6010 80 16 21600 16000 710 8500 10000
6210* 90 20 35100 23200 980 7000 8500
6310* 110 27 61800 38000 1600 6300 7500
6410* 130 31 87100 52000 2200 5300 6300
6181 1 55 72 9 8320 6200 325 8500 10000
6191 1 80 13 15900 11400 560 8000 9500
1601 1 90 11 19500 14000 695 7500 9000
601 1 90 18 28100 21200 900 7500 9000
6211* 100 21 43600 29000 1250 6300 7500
631 I* 1 20 29 71500 65000 1900 5600 6700
6411. 140 33 99500 62000 2600 5000 6000
 Rolling Contact Bearing

Basic Capacity Fatigue Speed Limit rpm

d D B Load with
Designation
mm mm Dynamic Static Limit
N N N Grease Oil
I
61812 60 78 10 8710 6700 365 7500 9000
61912 85 13 16500 12000 600 7500 9000
16012 95 II 19900 15000 735 6700 8000
6012 95 18 29600 23200 980 6700 8000
6212 110 22 47500 32500 1400 6000 7000
6312 130 21 81900 52000 2200 5000 6000
6412 150 35 108000 69500 2900 4800 5600
61813 65 85 10 1 1700 9150 490 7000 8500
61913 90 13 17400 13400 680 6700 8000
16013 100 II 21 200 16600 830 6300 7500
6013 100 18 30700 25000 1060 6300 7500
6213 120 23 55900 40500 1730 5300 6300
6313 140 3 92300 60000 2500 4800 5600
6413 160 37 119000 78000 3150 4500 5300
61814 70 90 10 12100 10000 540 6700 8000
61914 100 16 23800 18300 900 6300 7500
16014 110 13 28 100 25000 1060 6000 7000
6014 110 20 37700 31000 1320 6000 7000
6214 125 24 60500 45000 1900 5000 6000
6314 150 35 104000 68000 2750 4500 5300
6414 180 42 143000 10400 3900 3800 4500
61815 75 95 10 12500 10800 585 6300 7500

1
61915 105 16 24200 19300 965 6000 7000
16015 115 13 28600 27000 1140 5600 1700
6015 115 20 39700 33500 1430 5600 6700
'

1 6215
6315
6415
130
160
190
::
45 1
66300
114000
153000
49000
76500
114000
2040
3000
41 50
I
4800
4300
3600 I 56UQ
5000
4300
61816 80 100 10 12400 10800 585 6000 7000
6t916 110 16 25 100 20400 1020 5600 6700
16016 125 14 33200 31500 1320 5300 6300
6016 125 22 47500 40000 1660 5300 6300
6216 140 26 70200 55000 2200 4500 5300
6316 1 70 39 124000 86500 3250 3800 4500
6416 200 48 163000 125000 4500 3400 4000
61817 85 , 110 13 19500 16600 880 1 5300 6300
61917 120 18 31900 30000 1250 5300 6300
16017 130 14 33800 33500 1370 5000 6000
6017 130 22 49400 43000 1760 5000 6000
621 7 150 28 83200 64000 250 4300 5000
6317 180 41 133000 96500 3550 3600 4300
641 7 210 52 174000 137000 4750 3200 3800
61818 90 115 13 19500 17000 915 5300 6300
61918 125 18 33200 31500 1230 5000 6000
16018 140 16 4 1600 39000 1560 4800 5600
6018 140 24 58500 50000 1960 4800
::::
6218
6318
6418
61819 95
160
190
225
120
30
43
54
13
95600
143000
186000
19900
73500
108000
150000
2800
3850
5000
3800
3400
3000
4000
3600 1
17600 930 5000 6000
61919 130 18 3380 33500 1430 4800 5600
16019 145 16 42300 4 1 500 1630 4500 5300
6019 145 24 60500 54000 2080 4500 5300
6219 170 32 108000 81500 3000
6319 200 45 153000 118000 4150
- - - -- -
Design of Bearings, Table 13.21 :Deep Groove Ball Bearing IS0 Designation
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD
(100 rnrn to 160 rnrn Bore)
Fatigue Speed Limit rpm
Basic Capacity
d D B Load with
Designation
mm mm mm Dynamic Static Limit
N Grease 011
N N -

61820 125 100

13 19900 18300 950 4800 5600
6 1920 140 20 42300 4 1500 1630 4500 5300
16020 150 16 44200 44000 1700 4300 5000
6020 150 24 60500 54000 2040 4300 5000

~
6220 180 34 124000 93000 3350 3400 4000
6320 215 47 174000 140000 4750 3000 3600
61821105 130 13 20800 19600 1000 4500 5300
61921 145 20 44200 44000 1700 4300 5000
16021 1 60 18 52000 5 1000 I860 4000 4800
602 1 160 26 72800 65500 2400 4000 4800
622 1 190 36 133000 104000 3650 3200 3800
632 1 225 49 182000
- - - - w
153000
- 5100
- -2800 3400
-
6 1822 110 140 16 28100 26000 1250 4300 5000
6 1922 150 20 43600 45000 1660 4000 4800
16022 170 19 57200 57000 2040 3800 4500
6022 170 28 8 1900 73500 2400 3800 4500
6222 200 38 143000 118000 4000 3000 3600
6322 240 50 203000 180000 5700 2600 3200
61824 120 150 16 29100 2800 1290 3800 4500
61924 165 22 55300 570000 2040 3600 4300
16024 180 19 60500 64600 2200 3400 4000
6024 180 28 85200 80000 2750 3400 4000
6224 215 40 146000 118000 3900 2800 3400
6324 260 55 208000 186000 5700 2400 3000
6 1826 130 165 18 37700 43000 1660 3600 4300
6 1926 180 24 65000 67000 2280 3400 4000
16026 200 22 79300 81500 2700 3200 3800
6026 200 33 106000 1000 3350 3200 3800
6226
6326
230
280
40
58
156000
229000
' 132000
216000
4150
6300
2600
2200
3200
2800
61828 140 175 18 39000 46500 1660 3400 4000
61928 190 24 66300 72000 2280 3200 3800
16028 210 22 80600 86500 2700 3000 3600
6028 210 33 111000 108000 3350 3000 3600
6228 250 42 165000 150000 4150 2400 3000
6328 300 62 251000 245000 7100 2000 2600
61830 150 190 20 48800 6 1000 1960 3000 3600
61930 210 28 88400 93000 2900 2800 3400
16030 225 24 92300 98000 3050 2600 3200
6030 225 35 125000 125000 3900 2600 3200
6230 270 45 174000 166000 4900 2000 2600
6330 320 65 276000 285000 7800 1900 2400
61 832 160 200 20 49400 64000 2000 2800 3400
61932 220 28 92300 98000 3050 2600 3200
16032 240 25 99500 108000 3250 2400 3000
6032 240 38 143000 143000 4300 2400 3000
6232 290 48 186000 186000 5300 1900 2400
6332 340 68 276000 285000 7650 1800 2200

SAQ 3
(a) A certain ball bearing has single row in which 12 balls of 16 mm diameter
are arranged. Calculate the basic statics capacity. From Table 13.16 find out
the bearing closest to the given bearing.
(b) If in the bearing of Example 13.1 the diameter of grooved surface on inner
raceway di= 58.986 mm and that of outer raceway do= 91.014 mm and
radius of grooves on both raceways ro = r, = 8.32 mm, calculate the basic
static capacity. If a factor of safety of 2 is to be provided what radial load
the bearing can carry?
 Calculate the dynamic capacity of the bearing in above two problems. Rolling Contact Bearing
(c)
(d) A shaft driven by a V-belt drive is supported in two end bearings, each
being SKF 6418. The reaction at both ends is 15200 N and shaft additionally
carries an axial load of 3650 N. What life in hours the bearings is expected
to have if shaft rotates at 100 rpms.
(e) If the shaft in above problem is driven by a gear which has error in pitch and
form between 0.025 and 0.125 mm while the reactions at ends and axial load
remain same, what bearing life is expected? Assume that shaft drives a
rotary machine in a shock free operation.
(f) A shaft of diameter 75 mm is supported in bearings which are 1 m apart.
The shaft carries a flat pulley on which runs a flat rubber belt. The drive is
used for conveyor belt which works intermittently. The sum of the belt
tensions on two sides is 10000 N in horizontal plane while pulley weighs
1000 N. The shaft runs at 100 rpm. The journal diameter can be close to
60 mm. Calculate reactions at the bearing ends, effective load on bearing
life, in million cycles and dynamic capacity of the bearing required. Choose
a proper bearing and calculate its factor of safety. Check if this factor of
safety is within limits.
(g) (i) Out of four elements of a rolling contact bearing the one subjected to
highest stress level for same number of cycles is
(a) Outer race
(b) Inner race
(c) Cage
(d) Rolling element
(ii) Which of the following causes of failure cannot be avoided by proper
design practice?
(a) Fatigue
(b) Inadequate, lubrication
(c) Ingress of dust
(d) Corrosion of bearing elements

13.20 SUMMARY
Roller bearings have very low friction as compared to sliding contact bearings. Inner
race, outer race and rolling elements of rolling bearings are made of steel. There are
several types of bearings, which are used to carry radial and thrust loads. Single row deep
groove ball bearings are most common in use. Under load all three elements (the two
races and rolling element) will deform. If the load is increased beyond certain limit the
deformation in one of the three elements may turn plastic. The bearing is required to
carry both radial and axial force components and a load which takes care of both the
components is known as static equivalent load. Rolling contact bearings do not require
any lubrication. Lubrication is mainly used to keep the bearings cool. The total load
carried by a bearing is shared by a few rolling elements at a time. Fatigue is a very
important consideration in designs of rolling contact bearing. The life o f a beanng is
generally described in number of revolution it can make before failure. Bearing is
normally specified by four digit number.
Design of Bearings,
Clutches, Brakes
and CAD
13.21 KEY WORDS
Rolling Contact Bearing
Static Equivalent Load
Life of a Bearing
Reliability of Bearing-
I
: Rolling contact bearing is an assembly of balls or
rollers which would physically maintain the shaft
in radially spaced apart relationship with respect to
a usually stationary supporting structure called a
housing in which bearing itself is supported.
: The static equivalent load may be defined as static
radial load (in case of radial ball or roller bearings)
or axial load (in case of thrust or roller bearings)
which, if applied, would cause the same total
permanent deformation at the most nearly stressed
I
ball (or roller) and race contact as that which
occurs under the actual conditions of loading. 1
: The life of an individual ball (or roller) bearing
may be defined as the number of revolutions (or
hours at some - . - which the
given constant speed)
bearing runs before the first evidence of fatigue
develops in the material of one of the rings or any
of the rolling elements.
: The reliability is defined as the ratio of the number
of bearings which have successfully completed L
million revolutions to the total number of bearings
under test.

13.22 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
(a) C, = 38540 N, 19270 N
(b) Cd=24165 N
(c) 945.27 hours
(d) 3890 hours
(e) 5099 N, 25495 N, 48 million cycles, 92536 N, SKF 6413, d = 65 mm,
D = 160mm, B = 3 7 m m , r = 3 . 5 mm,f:s.= 15.