CHAPTER 7

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
&
FERMENTATION
MOHAMAD RASYID SUKIFTO
 OUTLINE

• 7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration

• 7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis

• 7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation

• 7.4 Inside the Mitochondria

• 7.5 Metabolism
 7.1 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Cellular respiration is a process that breaks down nutrient molecules produced by

photosynthesizers with the associated production of ATP.
• It consumes oxygen and produces CO2 ~ aerobic process
• It usually involves the complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O.
• Energy is extracted from the glucose molecule:
• Released step-wise
• Allows ATP to be produced efficiently

Oxidation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose
Reduction
 O2 and glucose enter cells,
which release H2O and CO.

CO2

H2O
intermembrane
space
cristae Mitochondria use
energy from
glucose to form ATP
from ADP + P .

ATP
ADP + P
 ELECTRON CARRIER/OXIDIZING AGENT/COENZYME
• Coenzyme of oxidation-reduction in cellular respiration:
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

• Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)

 PHASES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Preparatory Electron
Citric Acid
Glycolysis (prep) Transport
Cycle
Reaction Chain (ETC)

• Break down • Pyruvate oxidized • Acetyl CoA • Electron passes

glucose to into Acetyl group, oxidized along chain
pyruvate 2C molecule • Releases CO2 released energy to
• Does not utilize O2 • Production • H atoms are form proton
(release) of CO2 transferred to gradient for ATP
carrier (NAD+, synthesis.
FAD) • O2 is final electron
acceptor
LOCATION OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 7.2 OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA; GLYCOLYSIS

• Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm outside mitochondria.

• It consists of a series of 10 reactions, each with its own enzyme.

Two ATP used to Oxidation of G3P by

Energy harvesting phase

Energy investment phase

activate glucose removal of H ions

Glucose split into two Reduced NAD+ to
G3P molecules NADH (as e gain from
glucose oxidation)
4 ATP produced by
substrate-level
phosphorylation (2 net
ATP)
G3P oxidized (convert)
to pyruvates.
1
GLYCOLYSIS MECHANISM

ATP ADP

Glucose Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphate

Phosphorylation
2
GLYCOLYSIS MECHANISM

P P
Phosphoglycoisomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate

Isomerization
(rearrangement)
3

ATP ADP

P P P
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Phosphorylation
 4 5

Cleavage Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate

P P
Aldose

Isomerase

Isomerization
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

G3P
6

NAD+ NADH
P
P P ~ P 2
G3P G3P dehydrogenase 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Oxidation

Phosphorylation
7

ADP ATP

P 2
P ~ P

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerokinase 3PGA

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

(dephosphorization)
8

P 2

3PGA Phosphoglyceromutase 2PGA

Isomerization
(rearrangement)
9

2H2O
P P
2

Enolase
2PGA Phosphoenolpyruvate

Dehydration
10

ADP ATP
P
2
Pyruvate kinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

(dephosphorization)
 SUMMARY OF GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis
inputs outputs
6C glucose 2 (3C) pyruvate
2 NAD+ 2 NADH

2 ATP 2 ADP

4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP total

2 ATP net gain

 7.3 OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA: FERMENTATION
• Pyruvate is a fundamental metabolite in cellular respiration.
• If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the
cytoplasm.
• During fermentation, glucose is incompletely metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol
(depending on the organism).
• If O2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters the mitochondria for aerobic respiration.
FERMENTATION METABOLISM
glucose

–2 ATP 2 ATP

2ADP

G3P

Pyruvate undergo 2NAD+

decarboxylation
2 NADH
producing CO2
and then
BPG
reduction to 4ADP

oxidized NADH to +4 ATP 4 ATP

NAD+ so NAD+
can be use again pyruvate
in production of
ATP
or

2 ATP (net gain) 2CO 2

2 lactate or 2 alcohol
Animals Plants
 Efficiency of
Advantages Disadvantages
fermentation
• Provide a quick • Lactate and • Two ATP
burst of ATP alcohol are produces during
energy for toxic to cells fermentation
cellular activity equal 14.6 kcal
• 36/38 ATP
produces by
complete
cellular
respiration
equivalent to
686 kcal.
 7.4 INSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA

THE PREPARATORY (PREP) REACTION

• It connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

• End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the mitochondrial matrix.

• Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group.

• Acetyl + Coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA

• NAD+, reduced to NADH

• CO2 released

• Occurs twice per glucose molecule

 MECHANISM OF PREP REACTION

2 NAD+ 2 NADH
O O-
O OH
C C

2 C O + 2 CoA 2 C O
2CO2
CH3 CH 3
pyruvate
 2 NAD+ 2 NADH

O OH
C CoA

2 C O + 2 CoA 2 C O + 2 CO2

CH3 CH 3 carbon
pyruvate acetyl CoA dioxide

2 pyruvate + 2 CoA 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
dioxide
 CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• Also called the Krebs cycle
• Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
• Begins with 2C acetyl-CoA join to a 4C oxaloacetate, forming a 6C citric acid
• NADH and FADH2 capture energy rich electrons
• ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
• Turns twice for one glucose molecule (once for each pyruvate)
• Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per glucose molecule
 MECHANISM OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE

1. The cycle begins when a

C2 acetyl group carried by
CoA combines with a C4
5. Once again a substrate
molecule to form citrate.
is oxidized, and NAD+
is reduced to NADH.

2. Twice over, substrates

are oxidized as NAD+ is
Reduced to NADH,
and CO2 is released.

4. Again a substrate is 3. ATP is produced as an

oxidized, but this time energized phosphate is
FAD is reduced to FADH2 transferred from a
substrate to ADP.
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Location:
• Eukaryotes – cristae of the mitochondria
• Aerobic prokaryotes – plasma membrane
• Pass energy-rich electrons successively from one to another
• The electron transport chain:
• Receives electrons from NADH & FADH2
• Produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
• Oxygen final electron acceptor- combines with H+ to form water
 NADH Succinate Ubiquinone-
Cytochrome c
ubiquinone ubiquinone cytochrome c
oxidase
oxidoreductase reductase oxidoreductase

Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV

Proteins with heme groups with central iron atoms

 1 2

1. NADH which carries energy-rich 𝒆 2. FADH2 also carries energy-rich 𝒆 and

passes the 𝒆 to complex I and oxidized passes it to complex II and oxidized to
to NAD+. As 𝒆 moved, energy released FAD. As 𝒆 moved, energy released
used to pump H+ from matrix to used to pump H+ from matrix to
intermembrane of mitochondria intermembrane of mitochondria
 5

4. 𝒆 moved to complex III

3. 𝒆 which reduces
and energy released
complex I then 5. 𝒆 then transported to
used to pump another H+
transported to complex complex IV by Cyt c
into intermembrane
III by CoQ
space
 6

6. 𝒆 moved to complex
7. 𝒆 finally passes to O2 8. The same means of
IV and reduces it.
which is the final transport applies for
Energy released once
electron acceptor to FADH2 but starting at
again used to pump
produces H2O complex II
another H+
 9

10

11

9. As H+ moving from matrix 11. Proton motive force

10. To counter-back the
to intermembrane of created by ATP
gradient, H+ moves
mitochondria during synthase as H+
down the gradient
electron transportation, its passed joined ADP
via ATP synthase.
creating a proton gradient. to P producing ATP
 ENERGY YIELD FROM GLUCOSE METABOLISM

• Net yield per glucose

• From glycolysis – 2 ATP
• From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP
• From electron transport chain – 32 or 34 ATP
• Energy content
• Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal
• Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal
• Efficiency is 39%
• Rest of energy from glucose is lost as heat
 glucose

Cytoplasm
glycolysis
2 ATP
net 2 4 or 6 ATP
NADH

Electron transport chain

2 pyruvate

2 NADH 6 ATP
2 acetyl CoA
Mitochondrion

2 CO2
6 NADH 18 ATP

Citric acid
2 ATP cycle
2 FADH2 4 ATP
4 CO2

6 O2 6 H2O

subtotal subtotal
4 ATP 32 ATP
or 34
36 or 38 ATP
total
 7.5 METABOLISM

• Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved

in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can
be conveniently divided into two categories:

Catabolism Anabolism
Degradative
Synthetic
reactions -
reactions -
break down
build molecules
molecules.

Tend to be
Tend to be
endergonic -
exergonic -
consume
release energy
energy
 THE METABOLIC POOL CONCEPT
The destructive chemical reactions (catabolism) of
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle perform many functions.
They constitute a metabolic pool (reservoir). This pool
proteins carbohydrates fats supplies materials for synthesis (anabolism) of many
important cellular components. Therefore, the balance
amino glucose glycerol fatty
between catabolism and anabolism is maintained. It
acids acids maintains homeostasis in the cell and in the whole
animal.
Glycolysis ATP
Catabolism
pyruvate
Enzymes

acetyl CoA
Metabolic pool
(reservoir)
Citric
acid ATP
cycle
Enzymes

Electron
transport ATP Anabolism
chain
CATABOLISM

Any organic molecules can be

used in respiration

Fat breaks down into glycerol and

three fatty acids.

Amino acids break down into

carbon chains and amino groups.

Deamination (NH2 removed)

occurs in the liver produced NH3
and quickly converted to urea.
 ANABOLISM

• Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be used for anabolism.

• Anabolism (synthetic reactions of metabolism):
• Carbohydrates
• Start with acetyl-CoA
• Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway)
• Fats
• G3P converted to glycerol
• Acetyl groups are connected in pairs to form fatty acids.
• Proteins
• They are made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids.
• Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized by adult humans.
• However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans.
• Essential amino acids
• Must be present in the diet
 THE ENERGY ORGANELLES REVISITED

• Similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration:

• Use of membrane
• Chloroplasts’ inner membrane forms thylakoids.
• Mitochondria’s inner membranes form cristae.
 Electron transport chain
 ETC is located on thylakoid membranes and cristae.
 In photosynthesis, electrons passed to ETC were energized by the sun.
 In mitochondria electrons, energized electrons were removed from
glucose.
 In both, ETC establishes an electrochemical gradient of H+ with ATP
production by chemiosmosis.
• Enzymes
• In chloroplast, stroma has Calvin cycle enzymes.
• In mitochondria, matrix contains enzymes of citric acid cycle.