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Rotor
The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the
electric motor, electric generator, or alternator. Its rotation is due to the
interaction between the windings and magnetic fields which produces a
torque around the rotor's axis.
Stator
A stator is the stationary part of a machine in the form of a hollow cylinder
inside which the rotor will be placed with a narrow air gap between them.
AVR
An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is a electronic device for
automatically maintaining generator output terminal voltage at a set
value under varying load and operating temperature. It controls output by
sensing the voltage Vout at a power-generating coil and comparing it to a
stable reference.
Excitation Transformer
Excitation transformers are use to magnetize generators and
synchronous motors. Excitation transformers are a main component of
any electrical system and its failure can cause the black out of the system.
Thyristor
A thyristor is a solid state and four-layered semiconductor used in
electronic devices and equipment to control electrical power or current
output through a phase angle control technique.
A thyristor is also known as a semiconductor-controlled rectifier (SCR) or
silicon controlled rectifier (SCR).
DC Shunt
In electronics, a shunt is a device which creates a low-resistance path for
electric current, to allow it to pass around another point in the circuit.
DC Multiplier
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Differential Relay
A differential relay is defined as the relay that
operates when the phase difference of two or more
identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined
amount. The differential relay works on the principle of
comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of
two or more similar electrical quantities.
Buchholz relay
In the field of electric power distribution and
transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device
mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and
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Speed Sensor
A wheel speed sensor or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type
of tachometer. It is a sender device used for reading the speed of a
vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and pickup.
RTD
Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature.
Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a
ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used.
The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper.
Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure (or vapour pressure in British spelling) or
equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by
a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases
(solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.
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Thermocouple
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature.
Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The
wires legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. This
junction is where the temperature is measured. When the junction
experiences a change in temperature, a voltage is created.
Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction (also called
transformer action). It is used to step up or step down AC voltage.
Parts of transformer
These are the basic components of a transformer.
1. Laminated core
2. Windings
3. Insulating materials
4. Transformer oil
5. Tap changer
6. Oil Conservator
7. Breather
8. Cooling tubes
9. Buchholz Relay
10. Explosion vent
Core
The core acts as support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides
a low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated
soft iron core in order to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss.
The composition of a transformer core depends on such as factors
voltage, current, and frequency. The diameter of the transformer core is
directly proportional to copper loss and is inversely proportional to iron
loss
Winding
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Two sets of winding are made over the transformer core and are insulated
from each other. Winding consists of several turns of copper conductors
bundled together, and connected in series.
Winding can be classified in two different ways:
1. Based on the input and output supply
2. Based on the voltage range
Within the input/output supply classification, winding are further
categorized:
1. Primary winding - These are the winding to which the input voltage is
applied.
2. Secondary winding - These are the winding to which the output
voltage is applied.
Within the voltage range classification, winding are further categorized:
1. High voltage winding - It is made of copper conductor. The number of
turns made shall be the multiple of the number of turns in the low
voltage winding. The conductor used will be thinner than that of the
low voltage winding.
2. Low voltage winding - It consists of fewer number of turns than the
high voltage winding. It is made of thick copper conductors. This is
because the current in the low voltage winding is higher than that of
high voltage winding.
Input supply to the transformers can be applied from either low voltage
(LV) or high voltage (HV) winding based on the requirement.
Insulating Materials
Insulating paper and cardboard are used in transformers to isolate primary
and secondary winding from each other and from the transformer core.
Transformer oil
Transformer oil is another insulating material. Transformer oil
performs two important functions: in addition to insulating function,
it can also cool the core and coil assembly. The transformer's core
and winding must be completely immersed in the oil. Normally,
hydrocarbon mineral oils are used as transformer oil. Oil
contamination is a serious problem because contamination robs the
oil of its dielectric properties and renders it useless as an insulating
medium.
Conservator
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Buchholz Relay
The Buchholz Relay is a protective device container housed over the
connecting pipe from the main tank to the conservator tank. It is used to
sense the faults occurring inside the transformer. It is a simple relay that
is operated by the gases emitted during the decomposition of transformer
oil during internal faults. It helps in sensing and protecting the transformer
from internal faults.
Explosion Vent
The explosion vent is used to expel boiling oil in the transformer during
heavy internal faults in order to avoid the explosion of the transformer.
During heavy faults, the oil rushes out of the vent. The level of the
explosion vent is normally maintained above the level of the conservatory
tank.