with one group value of the variable analysis:

# Helpful packages to load

library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)
library(grid)
library(plyr)
# iris is an build in data set saved in datasets package
iris
nrow(iris)
ncol(iris)
dim(iris)
names(iris)
str(iris)
#random sampling of the data
iris[sample(nrow(iris),10),]
table(iris$Species)
# sort function for arranging categorie values of the variable
x=iris[order(iris$Species),]
#slicing iris
iris.setosa=x[c(1:50),c(1:5)]
iris.setosa
# Density and frequency analysis with histogram for sepal length
HisSl=ggplot(data=iris.setosa, aes(x=Sepal.Length))+
geom_histogram(binwidth=0.2, color="black", aes(fill=Species)) +
xlab("Sepal Length (cm)") +
ylab("Frequency") +
theme(legend.position="none")+
ggtitle("Histogram of Sepal Length iris.setosa")+
geom_vline(data=iris, aes(xintercept =
mean(Sepal.Length)),linetype="dashed",color="grey")
HisSl
# Density plot
DhistPl=ggplot(iris.setosa, aes(x=Petal.Length, colour=Species, fill=Species)) +
geom_density(alpha=.3) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(Petal.Length),
colour=Species),linetype="dashed",color="grey", size=1)+
xlab("Petal Length (cm)") +
ylab("Density")+
theme(legend.position="none")
DhistPl
#Box plot
Bp=ggplot(iris.setosa, aes(Species, Petal.Length, fill=Species)) +
geom_boxplot()+
scale_y_continuous("Petal Length (cm)", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
labs(title = "Iris Petal Length Box Plot", x = "Species")
Bp
#scatter plot
plot(iris.setosa$Petal.Length,iris.setosa$Petal.Width)

Combined values of the group variable:

# Here's several helpful packages to load in

library(ggplot2) # Data visualization

library(readr) # CSV file I/O, e.g. the read_csv function
library(gridExtra)
library(grid)
library(plyr)

# First let's get a random sampling of the data

iris[sample(nrow(iris),10),]

# Density & Frequency analysis with the Histogram,

# Sepal length
HisSl <- ggplot(data=iris, aes(x=SepalLengthCm))+
geom_histogram(binwidth=0.2, color="black", aes(fill=Species)) +
xlab("Sepal Length (cm)") +
ylab("Frequency") +
theme(legend.position="none")+
ggtitle("Histogram of Sepal Length")+
geom_vline(data=iris, aes(xintercept =
mean(SepalLengthCm)),linetype="dashed",color="grey")

# Sepal width
HistSw <- ggplot(data=iris, aes(x=SepalWidthCm)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth=0.2, color="black", aes(fill=Species)) +
xlab("Sepal Width (cm)") +
ylab("Frequency") +
theme(legend.position="none")+
ggtitle("Histogram of Sepal Width")+
geom_vline(data=iris, aes(xintercept =
mean(SepalWidthCm)),linetype="dashed",color="grey")

# Petal length
HistPl <- ggplot(data=iris, aes(x=PetalLengthCm))+
geom_histogram(binwidth=0.2, color="black", aes(fill=Species)) +
xlab("Petal Length (cm)") +
ylab("Frequency") +
theme(legend.position="none")+
ggtitle("Histogram of Petal Length")+
geom_vline(data=iris, aes(xintercept = mean(PetalLengthCm)),
linetype="dashed",color="grey")

# Petal width
HistPw <- ggplot(data=iris, aes(x=PetalWidthCm))+
geom_histogram(binwidth=0.2, color="black", aes(fill=Species)) +
xlab("Petal Width (cm)") +
ylab("Frequency") +
theme(legend.position="right" )+
ggtitle("Histogram of Petal Width")+
geom_vline(data=iris, aes(xintercept =
mean(PetalWidthCm)),linetype="dashed",color="grey")

# Plot all visualizations

grid.arrange(HisSl + ggtitle(""),
HistSw + ggtitle(""),
HistPl + ggtitle(""),
HistPw + ggtitle(""),
nrow = 2,
top = textGrob("Iris Frequency Histogram",
gp=gpar(fontsize=15))
)

# We can review the density distribution of each attribute broken down by class
value.
# Like the scatterplot matrix, the density plot by class can help see the
separation of classes.
# It can also help to understand the overlap in class values for an attribute.
DhistPl <- ggplot(iris, aes(x=PetalLengthCm, colour=Species, fill=Species)) +
geom_density(alpha=.3) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(PetalLengthCm),
colour=Species),linetype="dashed",color="grey", size=1)+
xlab("Petal Length (cm)") +
ylab("Density")+
theme(legend.position="none")

DhistPw <- ggplot(iris, aes(x=PetalWidthCm, colour=Species, fill=Species)) +

geom_density(alpha=.3) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(PetalWidthCm),
colour=Species),linetype="dashed",color="grey", size=1)+
xlab("Petal Width (cm)") +
ylab("Density")

DhistSw <- ggplot(iris, aes(x=SepalWidthCm, colour=Species, fill=Species)) +

geom_density(alpha=.3) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(SepalWidthCm), colour=Species),
linetype="dashed",color="grey", size=1)+
xlab("Sepal Width (cm)") +
ylab("Density")+
theme(legend.position="none")

DhistSl <- ggplot(iris, aes(x=SepalLengthCm, colour=Species, fill=Species)) +

geom_density(alpha=.3) +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(SepalLengthCm),
colour=Species),linetype="dashed", color="grey", size=1)+
xlab("Sepal Length (cm)") +
ylab("Density")+
theme(legend.position="none")

# Plot all density visualizations

grid.arrange(DhistSl + ggtitle(""),
DhistSw + ggtitle(""),
DhistPl + ggtitle(""),
DhistPw + ggtitle(""),
nrow = 2,
top = textGrob("Iris Density Plot",
gp=gpar(fontsize=15))
)

# Next with the bloxplot we will identify some outliers. As you can see some
classes do not overlap at all (e.g. Petal Length)
# where as with other attributes there are hard to tease apart (Sepal Width).

ggplot(iris, aes(Species, PetalLengthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_boxplot()+
scale_y_continuous("Petal Length (cm)", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
labs(title = "Iris Petal Length Box Plot", x = "Species")

# Let's plot all the variables in a single visualization that will contain all the
boxplots

BpSl <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, SepalLengthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_boxplot()+
scale_y_continuous("Sepal Length (cm)", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
theme(legend.position="none")
BpSw <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, SepalWidthCm, fill=Species)) +
geom_boxplot()+
scale_y_continuous("Sepal Width (cm)", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
theme(legend.position="none")

BpPl <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, PetalLengthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_boxplot()+
scale_y_continuous("Petal Length (cm)", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
theme(legend.position="none")

BpPw <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, PetalWidthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_boxplot()+
scale_y_continuous("Petal Width (cm)", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
labs(title = "Iris Box Plot", x = "Species")

# Plot all visualizations

grid.arrange(BpSl + ggtitle(""),
BpSw + ggtitle(""),
BpPl + ggtitle(""),
BpPw + ggtitle(""),
nrow = 2,
top = textGrob("Sepal and Petal Box Plot",
gp=gpar(fontsize=15))

# You can also visualize the data using the violin plots. They are similar to the
Box Plots but they
# show the number of points at a particular value by the width of the shapes.
# The can also include the marker for the median and a box for the interquartile
range.

VpSl <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, SepalLengthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_violin(aes(color = Species), trim = T)+
scale_y_continuous("Sepal Length", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
geom_boxplot(width=0.1)+
theme(legend.position="none")

VpSw <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, SepalWidthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_violin(aes(color = Species), trim = T)+
scale_y_continuous("Sepal Width", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
geom_boxplot(width=0.1)+
theme(legend.position="none")

VpPl <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, PetalLengthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_violin(aes(color = Species), trim = T)+
scale_y_continuous("Petal Length", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
geom_boxplot(width=0.1)+
theme(legend.position="none")

VpPw <- ggplot(iris, aes(Species, PetalWidthCm, fill=Species)) +

geom_violin(aes(color = Species), trim = T)+
scale_y_continuous("Petal Width", breaks= seq(0,30, by=.5))+
 geom_boxplot(width=0.1)+
labs(title = "Iris Box Plot", x = "Species")

# Plot all visualizations

grid.arrange(VpSl + ggtitle(""),
VpSw + ggtitle(""),
VpPl + ggtitle(""),
VpPw + ggtitle(""),
nrow = 2,
top = textGrob("Sepal and Petal Violin Plot",
gp=gpar(fontsize=15))
)

# Now let's create a scatterplot of petal lengths versus petal widths with the
color & shape by species.
# There is also a regression line with a 95% confidence band.
# Notice the petal length of the setosa is clearly a differenciated cluster so it
will be a good predictor for ML.

ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = PetalLengthCm, y = PetalWidthCm))+

xlab("Petal Length")+
ylab("Petal Width") +
geom_point(aes(color = Species,shape=Species))+
geom_smooth(method='lm')+
ggtitle("Petal Length vs Width")

# Here is a similar plot with more details on the regression line.

library(car)
scatterplot(iris$PetalLengthCm,iris$PetalWidthCm)

# Based on all the plots we have done we can see there is certain correlation.
Let's take a look at the pairwise correlation numerical values to
# ascertain the relationships in more detail.

library(GGally)
ggpairs(data = iris[1:4],
title = "Iris Correlation Plot",
upper = list(continuous = wrap("cor", size = 5)),
lower = list(continuous = "smooth")
)

# The examination of the plot revelas a strong correlation between the variables
Petal Width and the Petal Length (96%) as well as
# The Sepal Length and Petal Length (87%).

# The heatmat is another useful exploratory plot. It is like a two dimentional

histogram and it works by using color
# intensity to represent how large the data value is. The brighter the color the
larger the value.
# For example the color white represents the largest value while the red represent
the smallest one
# with different colors which represent the different values in betwwen.

# Let's Ccreate the matrix and transpose it before using it for the heatmap to
# ensure the columns corresponds to the features and the rows correspond to the
observations.
irisMatix <- as.matrix(iris[1:150, 1:4])
irisTransposedMatrix <- t(irisMatix)[,nrow(irisMatix):1]

image(1:4, 1:150, irisTransposedMatrix)