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Original Article

Mechanical properties and microstructure of

SMAW welded and thermically treated HSLA-80
steel夽

Leandro de Jesus Jorge a , Verônica Scarpini Cândido b , Alisson Clay Rios da Silva b ,
Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho c,∗ , Artur Camposo Pereira c , Fernanda Santos da Luz c ,
Sergio Neves Monteiro c
a Fluminense Federal University – UFF, Metallurgical Department, Rua Miguel de Frias, 9, Icaraí, 24220-900 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
b Para Federal University of Para – UFPA, Materials Engineering Department, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guama, 66075-110 Belem, PA,
Brazil
c Military Institute of Engineering – IME, Materials Science Department, Praça General Tiburcio, 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, RJ,

Brazil

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper aims to present a comparison on the use of different heat treatment conditions
Received 19 November 2017 in association with welding of a HSLA-80 steel. This investigation was carried out by multi-
Accepted 6 August 2018 pass welding using the coated electrode process in different heat treatment conditions, with
Available online xxx or without pre- or post-weld heating, in order to compare effects on the mechanical prop-
erties and microstructure for each condition. After welding was performed, procedures to
Keywords: identify microstructural phases and characterize the mechanical behavior were carried out.
Mechanical properties The results of mechanical tests and metallographic analysis were conclusive that heat treat-
Heat treatment ments are not necessary to complement welding procedures of this steel. This is especially
Microstructure the case of the post-welding heat treatment. In fact, the application of these treatments did
Mechanical testing not significantly affect neither the microstructure nor the mechanical characteristics of the
material.
© 2018 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier
Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

夽
Paper was part of technical contributions presented in the events part of the ABM Week 2017, October 2nd to 6th, 2017, São Paulo, SP,
Brazil.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail: fabiogarciafilho@gmail.com (F.C. Garcia Filho).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.08.007
2238-7854/© 2018 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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1. Introduction
Methods that aim at the optimization of welded steel struc-
tures, such as improvement of properties and reduction
of failures, have been extensively investigated by research
groups around the world [1–7]. Welding is an important stage
in the manufacture of metallic structures used in many sectors
such as oil and shipbuilding. Welding technologies involved
in the manufacture of these structures assume fundamental
relevance. For instance, in the oil and gas sector, submerged
components (pipelines, rigs and vessels) usually present weld-
ing defects and discontinuities that are responsible for the
nucleation and propagation of cracks that might impair their
integrity [8,9].
Several types of steels can be used for the manufacture
of parts applied in these sectors and have desired techno-
logical properties when welded. Among them, high strength
low alloy steels (HSLA) are not only mostly applied but also
recommended by standards [8]. HSLA steels are developed
to promote better mechanical properties, especially superior
toughness as well as higher resistance to atmospheric corro-
sion than conventional carbon steels. Such steels are generally
manufactured by controlled rolling followed by accelerated
cooling or by a normalizing heat treatment. Among these
steels, the HSLA-80 was specifically developed for use in
pipelines and ship hull, some of them to operate in extremely
cold regions. One of the main characteristic of this steel is
the precipitation hardenability of Cu, which occurs from the
supersaturated ferrite, between 480 and 705 ◦ C [10].
Recent works have reported on properties and/or weld-
ing conditions of HSLA-80 steel. Thompson [11] compared
this steel with HSLA-80/100 and HSLA-100, based on plots
involving yield strength, Charpy test absorbed energy and
shear fracture appearance. The author found that the plots are
acceptable for predicting the influence of microstructure on
the combination of strength and toughness. Durmusoglu et al.
[12] indicated that HSLA-80 steel joined by gas metal arc weld
presents the strength of both weld metal and heat affected
zone (HAZ) higher than that of the base metal. As for the
microstructure, the authors indicated that martensite needles
and bainite are seen in the HAZ, while the weld metal has also
residual austenite. Yang et al. [13] investigated welding shrink-
age and distortion in thinner welded structures of HSLA-80
and other steels, such as ABS Grade DH-36 lower strength hull
steel. For the same welding heat input, as thickness increases,
shrinkage and distortions are reduced for both higher and
lower strength steels. Castro et al. [14] correlated bound-
ary misorientations with acicular microstructure by electron
microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, EBDS. They
found that thermomechanical treatments with continuous
cooling were more effective than isothermal ones to obtain
that microstructure. Shat et al. [15] observed precipitates of
different morphologies and size ranges in HSLA-80 pipeline
steel with reduced Mn content. They concluded that this spe-
cific steel is suitable for sour service application. Cruz-Crespo
et al. [16] analyzed the HAZ microstructure and hardness of
API SL X 80 microalloyed steel subjected to welding thermal
cycles. Their results indicate that this steel has high weldabil-
ity without the need of pre-heating to prevent cold cracking.
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HSLA-80 steel presents low susceptibility to cracking by
hydrogen [15], therefore, it exhibit a good weldability. In
principle, it should not necessarily be subjected to ther-
mal treatments pre- or post-welding [4]. Although some
researchers do not recommend heat treatment prior to the
welding process of this steel [17], there are studies that sug-
gest that these treatments can improve the properties of the
final welded joint. According to Keeha [18], heating and cooling
conditions can promote a sensible influence in the microstruc-
ture of the weld bead. The practical importance of HSLA-80
steel, mainly for the oil and gas industrial sector, justify a
deeper investigation on heat treatment effects. In particular,
this steel is extensively used in petroleum pipelines that must
be welded with strict requirements of strength and toughness
[15]. Heat treatment of the weld bead is still a question open
to discussion. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the influence
on the mechanical and microstructural properties of HSLA-80
steel joints welded by the shield metal arc welding (SMAW)
process under different heat treatment conditions.
2. Materials and methods
The high strength low alloy (HSLA) ASME type 80 investigated
steel was supplied as plates by Arcelor Mittal, France, with the
composition presented in Table 1. The welding electrodes were
purchased from Air Liquid Welding, France with the composi-
tion shown in Table 1. Basic mechanical properties of the steel,
associated with the base metal in this work, are also shown in
Table 1.
For this study, HSLA-80 steel plates were used in the dimen-
sions of 3000 mm × 250 mm × 30 mm. Three sets of specimens
were made in the dimensions of 500 mm × 250 mm × 30 mm,
one for each different heat treatment route. Table 2 exhibit
the heat treatment conditions applied to the HSLA-80 steel.
As indicated in this table, CPR means pre-heating treatment
(70/110 ◦ C for 2 h); CPO means post-heating treatment (170 ◦ C
for 5 h); SPR means without pre-heating; and SPO means
without post-heating. The whole experiment focused on the
regions of weld metal (WM) or fusion zone (FZ) and heat
affected zone (HAZ), seeking mechanical and microstructural
analyses.
The assemblies to be welded were prepared with double “V”
bevel profile, angle of 60◦ , ratio of 1/3 (10 mm) and 2/3 (20 mm)
in the formation of the bevel, root opening of 5 mm ± 1 mm
tolerance. The welding was carried out by the coated elec-
trode SMAW process, in flat position (1G), with AWS/ASME
E 11018-G basic type electrode addition material with high
mechanical strength and high toughness at low temperatures
(760–820 MPa). Fig. 1(a) shows the geometry of the joint used
and Fig. 1(b) presents the preparation of the material with a
first pass in the root and with plates of entry and exit of weld.
Welding was performed with the cord following the rolling
direction.
The welding parameters used in the root, filling and top
stages as well as the heat input and electrode diameter are
presented in Table 3.
Fig. 2 presents the pre- and post-weld heat treatment pro-
gram used in the present investigation. As shown in these
programs, the pre-heating before welding was performed with
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Table 1 – Chemical composition (wt%) and mechanical properties of HSLA-80 steel as well as chemical composition (wt%)
of AWS A-5.5 E11018G electrodes.
Composition of the HSLA-80 steel

C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Nb Cu

0.07 0.54 0.022 0.024 0.37 0.83 0.78 0.19 0.03 1.25

Mechanical properties of the HSLA-80 steel

Yield stress (MPa) Ultimate strength (MPa) Elastic modulus (GPa) Total strain (%)

450 ± 32 778 ± 17 203 ± 5 21 ± 2

Composition of the AWS A-5.5 E11018G electrodes

C Mn Si Ni Cr Mo

0.06 1.62 0.25 1.83 0.35 0.44

For the determination of the Vickers microhardness, a

Table 2 – Heat treatment conditions.
Condition Pre heating
CPR/SPO Yes
CPR/CPO Yes
SPR/CPO No
SPR/SPO No
controlled temperature between 70 and 110 ◦ C, as indicated by
the dashed line (1) in Fig. 2, for about 2 h. During welding pro-
cedure, the materials was kept at a minimum temperature of
70 ◦ C, dotted line (2), with a maximum at 125 ◦ C between each
pass. The post-heating treatment was conducted at just the
end of the welding procedure, not allowing the welded joint
to cool below 70 ◦ C, by raising and maintaining the tempera-
ture at 170 ◦ C, solid line (3), for about 5 h. After this time, the
heater (electrical resistances surrounding the weldment) was
turned off.
For macrographic analysis, the surface of the samples was
polished and chemically attacked with Nital. The observation
was performed with naked eye. The macrograph images were
obtained with the aid of a Nikon Coolpix model P600 camera.
Micrographic analysis was done with the aid of a TECNI-
VAL optical microscope model CGA. Samples were prepared
by conventional polishing and attack with Nital. The region
evaluated was the cross section of the welded joint in its
root, filling facing and finishing stages. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) observations were performed in a model
QUANTA FEG 250 Fei microscope operating with secondary
electrons.
WPM-type durometer, model HPO 250, was used. A load of
Post heating
1 kgf was applied using 18 measurements in the base metal
No (BM), 8 measurements in the heat affected zone (HAZ), and 8
Yes in the weld metal fusion zone (FZ). Fig. 3 illustrates the selected
Yes points for these measurements.
No
The tensile tests followed the ASTM A370 standard [19] and
were performed on rectangular and cylindrical specimens for
cross-weld and weld bead evaluations respectively. A total of 5
ASTM standard specimens was tensile tested for each condi-
tion. Charpy V-notched specimens were machined according
to the standard [19] and initially immersed in ethyl alcohol
at −20 ◦ C in an isothermal vessel. The impact tests were per-
formed in a model JBW-300 Panantec Atmi pendulum impact
machine. These tests were performed under the following
conditions: impact velocity of 5.2 m/s, 22 ◦ C room temperature
(∼25 ◦ C), and 54% of relative humidity. The Charpy specimens
had the notch machined either in the HAZ or in the WM. A
total of 5 specimens was impact tested for each condition.
Fig. 4 illustrates schematically the shape of both flat and round
ASTM standard tensile specimens as well as the shape of stan-
dard Charpy-V specimens with indication of their position in
the welded joint. In this figure, it is also schematically shown
the positions where metallographic samples were obtained.
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 5 shows the cross-sectional macrograph of the central
region of the welded joint. It was noted that all welding

5±1
10 20

30

a b

Fig. 1 – (a) Geometry of the double “V” bevel used in the welding; (b) typical joint prepared for welding.

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Table 3 – Welding process parameters.

Weld Stages Number of passes Electrode Diameter (mm) Current (A) Voltage (V) Heat input (kJ/s)

Root 2 3.25 100 24 2.4

Filling 6 4.00 140/168 24 4.1
Facing 4 4.00 140 24 3.4
Top 6 4.00 150 24 3.6

T (°C)
Post-heat treatment
Welding passes R 3/4 10 thd (M20 x 2.5)
Pre-heat treatment Round specimen Charpy -V specimen
170
3
125
110
2
70
Base metal HAZ HAZ Base metal

1 Weld metal

25

1 6 Time (h) Flat specimen

Metallographic samples
Fig. 2 – Heat treatments. R

Fig. 4 – Schematic of the HSLA weld joint with locations of

tensile and Charpy specimens as well as metallographic
procedures occurred satisfactorily. The deposition were per- samples.
formed without any type of defect and the casting was
characterized by the double “V” bevel, thus revealing all the
layers of welding and the corresponding passes that compose
With post-heat treatment, a high welding energy due to
them. It was also observed an excellent definition of the region
the heat input, promotes the formation of GF and also intra-
of the heat affected zone (HAZ) (darker region) and also the
granular ferrite (IF), when associated with the pre-heat weld
base metal (BM) (lighter region).
treatment (CPR). The increase in temperature before welding
Fig. 6 displays a SEM image of different microstructures of
resulted in the reduction in the cooling rate of the WM (sam-
the welded joint, extended from the weld metal (WM) through
ple CPR/CPO). The slower cooling rates may have induced the
the HAZ, in its initial condition without post-heat treatment.
nucleation of IF or generating GF. Fig. 8 details the welded joint
In this figure, a clear distinction exists between the WM and
for each of the four heat treatments used. For all the samples
HAZ, which depicts a fine bainite (FB) microstructure. The WM
heat-treated in the different conditions tested in the present
microstructure is predominantly composed of acicular ferrite
work, there was the presence of bainite in the HAZ and of AF in
(AF) with strings of grain boundary ferrite (GF).
the WM as columnar grains in the regions of the fusion zone,
The microstructure developed around the welded joint,
Fig. 6, have also been reported in the literature. For the WM
it is observed, that the microstructure in this region is basi-
cally AF [12]. The same result was obtained by Farrar and
Harrison [20]. Karlsson et al. [21] state that high strength WM
microstructures are due to AF, bainite and martensite in steels
with the content on Ni in between of 2 and 3%. The presence
of AF in the WM is highly desirable, since it represents a gain
in the mechanical properties of the weld bead, ensuring high
tenacity of the welded joint [17,20,22].
Fig. 7 shows the micrographs obtained by optical
microscopy of BM. A typical bainite microstructure is charac-
teristic of the BM, which agrees with the technical information
provided by the supplier. Fig. 5 – Typical macrograph of the welded joint.

A A'
BM HAZ BM
HAZ FZ
B B'

C C'
Fig. 3 – Vickers microhardness measuring points.

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1
2 3

HAZ WM

3
200µm

Fig. 6 – SEM micrograph of the welded joint without

post-heat treatment. The predominant microstructures are:
1 – fine bainite (FB); 2 – acicular ferrite (AF); and 3 – grain Fig. 7 – SEM micrograph of the base metal.
boundary ferrite (GF).

welded joint. It is suggested that the presence of this colum-

reinforcing the statements of Hashiba et al. [23] and of Farrar
and Harrison [20].
Another preliminary result obtained from the microstruc-
tural analysis performed on the HSLA-80 steel weld joint,
Fig. 8, was the presence of about 40% of columnar and 60%
of reheat regions. The columnar microstructure is basically
formed by AF and its occurrence in the WM might be asso-
ciated with elements such as Mn and Ni that exist in the
electrodes, Table 1. These elements are AF stabilizers. The
columnar AF displays a fine and intertwined lamellae. The
random distribution of these lamellae probably favors a higher
toughness of the WM. Not only AF but also bainite con-
tributes to improve both the toughness and strength of the
nar microstructure and not the pre-heating treatment, is the
responsible for the welded joint performance.
Microhardness measurements reveal only small differ-
ences due to the effect of heat treatment on the welded joint.
The SPR/SPO condition, without pre- or post-heating (Table 2)
exhibited the highest WM hardness average of 332 HV. A
superior hardness level obtained by this condition is probably
associated with the absence of preheating, which results in a
higher cooling rate. Effective formation of AF is thus induced in
comparison with conditions related to pre- and post-heating
treatment. These results are comparable to those obtained by
Yayla et al. [24]. Fig. 9 presents the plots for microhardness val-
ues measured across the BM-HAZ-WM-HAZ-BM for the four

Fig. 8 – SEM micrograph of the transition HAZ-WM: (a) CPR/SPO, (b) CPR/CPO, (c) SPR/CPO; and (d) SPR/SPO.

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BM HAZ WM HAZ BM (CPO) were able to promote an increase in absorbed energy in

the HAZ region, and the inverse effect for the WM. This behav-
a
300 ior is shown in Fig. 10. Charpy specimens with the notch in
the HAZ display comparatively higher toughness than those
with the notch in the WM, except for the no-heat-treatment
200
condition, SPR/SPO (Table 2). This heat treatment effect on the
absorbed energy could be a consequence of the heterogeneous
b microstructure developed in the welded joint.
300
It was also observed that the impact strength in the WM
Microhardness (HV)

is directly influenced by the presence of AF and the sample

200 that had the tendency to exclusively form this microstruc-
ture was condition SPR/SPO. Therefore, it is believed that this
microstructure was formed due to the higher cooling rate.
c The results obtained in mechanical tests, Figs. 9, 10 and
300
Table 4, as well as microstructure analysis showed that the
heat treatments did not significantly affect the mechanical
200
properties and the microstructure of the HSLA-80 steel. This
may indicate that condition CPR/CPO, usually applied in the
d sectors of shipbuilding and oil industry, can be discarded and
300 replaced by condition SPR/SPO. Indeed, it should be noted that
the two conditions presented comparable results in all test
200 analyses, and are within the requirements established by the
ASME IX standard [9].
BM HAZ WM HAZ BM

Fig. 9 – Microhardness distribution across the welded joint
for the different conditions in Table 2 (a) SPR/CPO; (b)
CPR/SPO; (c) CPR/CPO; and (d) SPR/SPO.
different conditions indicated in Table 2. As seen in this fig-
ure, the WMs display greater microhardness values followed
by those in HAZs. It is also important to notice in Fig. 9 that
the microhardness profile and associated values do not differ
significantly for the investigated heat treatments.
In all tensile tests, the specimens had a behavior within the
desirable, with the fracture occurring in the BM. In addition,
the values of the yield and rupture strengths, 415 and 502 MPa,
respectively, were within the expected ones for this material.
Table 4 shows the results obtained by tensile tests for both
flat (transversal) and cylindrical (longitudinal) specimens in
relation to the weld cord.
All the broken tensile specimens exhibited the cup and
cone aspect that characterizes the welded joint as ductile. This
behavior is desirable in this type of steel, since it indicates that
although the welding cause changes in the final microstruc-
ture of the weld metal, these did not influence significantly
the mechanical properties of the material.
With respect to the Charpy impact test, the results showed
that the interaction of welding and post-heating treatment
4. Summary and conclusions
• Coated electrode welding of HSLA-80 steel was subjected
to different conditions: just pre-heating; pre- and post-
heating; just post-heating; and without pre- or post-heating.
The results revealed only minor influence of any heat treat-
ment usually applied in association with welding of this
steel.
• Specimens that did not have welding pre-heating showed
basically columnar acicular ferrite in the weld metal
microstructure, due to a higher cooling rate. This promoted
slightly better tenacity as well as relatively higher hardness.
• The condition of pre- and post-heating, in addition to 40%
of acicular ferrite, induced the formation of grain boundary
ferrite and small amount of intergranular ferrite. Around
60% of reheated regions were formed and might have
impaired the performance of the welded joint.
• Microhardness measurements disclosed significantly
higher values in the weld metal, particularly for condition
corresponding to the absence of either pre- or post-heating.
• The toughness measured by Charpy impact absorbed
energy was higher in the HAZ than in the weld metal for
the heat-treated conditions. However, the toughness of the
weld metal was higher for the non-pre- or post- heat treated
condition.

Table 4 – Tensile tests results.

Specimen Yield strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Total strain (%)

Flat transversal 415 ± 5 502 ± 3 17 ± 2

Cylindrical longitudinalWM – SPR/CPO 825 ± 3 884 ± 4 19 ± 2
Cylindrical longitudinalWM – CPR/SPO 856 ± 9 913 ± 11 21 ± 1
Cylindrical longitudinalWM – CPR/CPO 854 ± 5 903 ± 8 27 ± 1
Cylindrical longitudinalWM – SPR/SPO 862 ± 6 918 ± 7 24 ± 3

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Absorbed energy HAZ Absorbed energy WM

160 140±12 145±9
160

140 140
115±8
120 100±11

Absorbed energy (J)

120

Absorbed energy (J)

53±8
100 100
80±4 85±4
80 65±3 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
SPR-SPO CPR-CPO CPR-SPO SPR-CPO SPR-CPO CPR-SPO CPR-CPO SPR-SPO

Fig. 10 – Absorbed energy: heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM).

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Please cite this article in press as: Jorge LJ, et al. Mechanical properties and microstructure of SMAW welded and thermically treated HSLA-80
steel. J Mater Res Technol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.08.007