Executive summary

This project is about production of fertilizer from human urine, so we designed the plant and cost
analysis is done. Based on the knowledge that we gained from design class in this project we
have tried to list the overall aspects of the designing a plant and doing cost analysis on making
fertile from human urine

In the first two chapters of the project, provides information about introduction part, its literature
review, the use of producing fertilizer from human urine, and objective the significance of
making this project production of fertilizer,.

The rest chapters include economic analysis, calculating manufacturing cost, fixed capital
income, cash flow, profitability analysis payback period and acceptance of designed plant.

Finally environmental hazards, conclusion, recommendation is mentioned. Based on the

knowledge we gained from designing economy analysis of a plant, we do this project on
producing fertilizer from human urine.
 Acknowledgment
First of all we all like to thank God for helping us to do these project, and next to this we will
like to give our gratitude to our design teacher Mr. Ermias. This project gives us a great
experience on how to design a plant which is very crucial for a chemical engineer, we studied
and analysis how to calculate manufacturing and equipment cost. We also observe and
understand considerations needed to be taken when designing a plant. Doing this project also
paved a way for us to take best choice among the alternatives based on cost and production
quality.
 CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
Human urine is a human waste which is extracted from mankind. it is available in all human
societies even in the poorest ones. Urine is an aqueous solution consisting sodium chloride
(NaCl) and urea (CO(NH2)2) as major consistent, and with calcium (Ca), potassium (K),
magnesium (Mg), sulfur(S) and phosphorous (P) as minor consistent but the contents will vary
depending on the food intake, the time of day, climate, physical activity and body size (Sullivan
and Grantham, 1982). Since the human kidney is the main excretion organ and thus urine
contains most of the nutrients present in human food which have not been utilized for new cell
growth or energy consumption. This nutrient then becomes a problem instead of a resource.
Historically, human excreta and waste was used in agriculture for crop production due to its high
nutrient content.

In Ethiopia most of the latrines have not source separated urine and faces, this mixture are much
more difficult to handle hygienically outside of wastewater treatment plants. To overcome this
problem, urine separating toilets have been introduced in same area of the country for males. The
separating toilets in private homes and public sites have led to a new problem: how to utilize
human urine for plant cultivation. Urine which has been collected in urine and faces separating
toilets has been used successfully for cultivating barley (Richert Stintzing et al., 2002).

Urea is the main nitrogen component present in human urine. Urea fertilizer production has
developed during the last decades so that urea is one of the most important industrial nitrogen
fertilizers (Granelli, 1995) and new urea–ammonia fertilizer plants have been built recently, for
instance in India (Bhatt, 1998).
 1.1 Background of the study
Urine is a liquid product of the human body that is secreted by the kidneys. Human kidney is the
main excretory organ and thus urine contains most of the nutrients present in human food which
have not been utilized for new cell growth or energy consumption. It consists of 95% water with
the remaining 5% made up of soluble wastes and excess substances of the human body
creatinine, and dissolved ions .the contain of urine can be varied according to the nutrient
intake ,age and environmental condition. In the table below give average content of nutrient in
urine.

Table 1.1: nutrient content in human urine

Elements Per liter Per person and year

Nitrogen 7g 3.5kg

Phosphorus 1g 0.5kg

Potassium 2g 1kg

Sulfur 1g 0.5kg

Magnesium 80mg 40g

Calcium 100mg 100g

1.2 Design justification
This project idea is done in pilot plat scale based on this work we concluded the project can
applied to this country. It is easy acceptable and available project. It also plays an important role
in protecting environment and keeping the surrounding clean. In most water treatment plant same
procedures are used to recover nutrients in waste water based on this we decided that choosing
and applying this project is great idea.
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General objective
 To produce fertilizer from human urine

1.3.2 Specific objective

 The aim of this study is to investigate if urine fertilizers are an effective source to
be used as conventional fertilizers in the cultivation system

 In order to eliminate west by recovering nutrients from human urine

 To stabilized the nitrogen compound in urine

1.4 Significance of the project

 Reduce dependency on costly synthetic fertile

 Additional income generation

 Reduce the amount of west that inter in to west water treatment

 Low risk of pathogen transition

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Recent innovative technologies and methods utilize human urine in order to lessen society’s
impact on the environment and create sustainable living. Human urine is applied to agricultural
fertilizers, alternative energy, and biological building material.

In 2005 study Göteborg University in Sweden recycling nutrients contained in urine from urban
area as method of ecologically sustainable development. They found that the fertilizer value of
pure urine is similar to NPK 18:2:5 (Lindén, 1997) and for urine mixture (urine mixed with flush
water) to NPKS 15:1:3:1 (Palmquist et al., 2003). The study also gives information about the
contents found in human urine and faces with respect to the necessary amount of nutrient found
in commercial fertilizer.

Table 2.1 the nutrient in human excursion and fertilizer needed to produce 250kg grain/year
(source; wolgast, 1993)

2.1Characterization of human urine

The experiment conducted in2010/2011state that the characteristics of human urine can be vary
according to age, intake food etc… in this experiment Representative human urine samples from
10 persons each in the age group of less than 20, 20-40 and more than 40 years from vegetarian
and non-vegetarian diet category was collected and analyzed for nutrient composition and other
quality parameters by following standard procedures. Slight variation in the pH and EC values
of urine collected from persons of vegetarian diet and of different age group was observed
 (Table-3). The human urine was found to be slightly acidic to neutral in reaction. The pH ranged
from 4.97 to 6.51, 4.79 to 6.65 and 4.26 to 6. The electrical conductivity ranged from 5.64 to
6.97, 6.85 to 8.17 and 6.81 to 7.89 dS m-1 for samples of < 20, 20 to 40 and >40 years age group
respectively indicating that it has appreciable amount of salts. and the potassium content varied
from 0.12 to 0.23, 0.14 to 0.20 and 0.17 to 0.22 per cent for samples of < 20, 20 to 40 and >40
years age group respectively. In addition, the urine has substantial quantities of calcium,
magnesium, Sulfur and micronutrient elements. The sodium concentration varied from 0.22 to
0.31, 0.13 to 0.23 and 0.14 to 0.22 per cent for samples of < 20, 20 to 40 and >40 years age
group respectively.

The chemical composition of human urine collected from persons of different age group of non-
vegetarian diet was slightly higher compared to urine from persons of vegetarian diet.

(Table 2.2) chemical composition of urine vegetarian and no vegetarian peoples

Sl. Parameters Vegetarian diet Non-vegetarian diet

N <20 years 20-40years >40 years <20 years 20-40years >40 years
o

1 PH 4.97-6.51 4.79-6.65 4.26-6.23 4.96-6.81 5.29-6.29 4.93-6.19

2 EC(dS/m) 5.64-6.97 6.85-8.17 6.81-7.89 6.68-7.97 7.41-8.75 7.06-8.32

3 N (%) 0.21-0.41 0.25-0.43 0.26-0.42 0.31-0.50 0.33-0.55 0.36-0.45

4 P2O5 (%) 0.17-0.22 0.11-0.26 0.13-0.24 0.13-0.30 0.13-0.23 0.12-0.25

5 K2O (%) 0.12-0.23 0.14-0.20 0.17-0.22 0.15-0.22 0.12-0.25 0.17-0.24

6 Na (%) 0.22-0.31 0.13-0.23 0.14-0.22 0.24-0.34 0.12-0.30 0.15-0.23

7 Ca (meq/l) 8-16 6.00-18.00 10.00-24.00 8.00-20.00 14.00-22.00 14.00-26.00

8 Mg (meq/l) 15.8-33.58 21.73-43.46 31.60-41.48 21.73-37.53 27.65-39.51 31.60-39.51

9 S (%) 0.1-0.17 0.09-0.21 0.07-0.20 0.11-0.22 0.10-0.18 0.09-0.15

10 HCO-3 5.12-11.52 7.68-14.08 5.12-14.08 5.12-14.08 7.68-16.64 6.40-16.64

(meq/l)

11 Cl-(meq//l) 22.72-32.08 28.07-36.54 26.29-36.09 23.61-37.87 26.29-38.76 28.07-37.87

12 Zn (mg/l) 16.20-19.8 17.00-22.40 17.00-23.40 16.40-20.40 23.00-18.60 17.40-23.80

13 Fe (mg/l) 98.6-139.4 114.20- 118.80-143. 116.60-164.80 119.40-134.80 1119.40-134.80
131.80

14 Mn (mg/l) 17.8-27 17.80-27.00 18.20-27.00 22.20-27.00 17.80-27.00 17.80-26.40

15 Cu (mg/l) 41.82-47.84 41.82-48.04 43.82-48.04 45.96-48.78 41.82-48.44 41.82-48.44

The human urine has appreciably higher concentration of all the nutrients elements required by
crops. The concentration of nitrogen varied from 0.21 to 0.41, 0.25 to 0.43 and 0.26 to 0.43 per
cent, phosphorus concentration varied from 0.17 to 0.22, 0.11 to 0.26 and 0.13 to 0.24 per cent

The food we need and metabolize is in balance with the ‘wastes’ we excrete as nutrients during a
year and this is enough to produce the next year’s food (roughly calculated in kg grain).That
means the waste disposed is enough to growth the crop for the intake food. While the urine is
excreted it will be stirred so that no infectious microorganisms occur. While comparing the
concentration of some metal found in human urine from animal manure human urine is found
free from heavy metals which reduce soil quality.

Table 2.3 Concentrations of some metals in urine and faces compared with farmyard manure on
organic cattle farms in Sweden (from Johnson et al., 2004).

Collected diverted human urine (urine mixture) has different characteristics than freshly excreted
urine since it sometimes is mixed with flush water and often transported through pipes to a tank
or small container. Some literature reviews stated that most collection tanks are placed outdoors,
usually buried underground. The temperature generally varies between 3°C and 19°C depending
on climate and season. The pH of fresh urine is normally between 4.8 and 7.5 but after collection
it is around 9.0. When urine is excreted, the major fraction of the nitrogen is present as urea and
in the pipes this is converted to ammonium. The pH is related to the concentration of ammonium.

The amount of flush water used for the urine bowl depends on the type of toilet used. The
volume of collected urine mixture (urine + flush water) was measured along with the
concentration of plant nutrients. The nitrogen content was measured to 2.5 - 3.5 g/l, with more
than 95% present as ammonium, and the phosphorous content was 0.3 g/l (Jönsson et al. 2000).
Since the concentration of nitrogen in fresh urine is around 7 g/l a dilution of 1-2 parts of water
per part urine was common.

Mass balance exists over the human body also for plant nutrients. This means that the same
amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and Sulphur that is consumed with the diet also is
excreted, and this excretion is almost entirely with the urine and faces. During adolescence this is
not completely true, since some substances are accumulated in our growing bodies. Calculations
show however that this accumulation is negligible, as it has been calculated to be less than 2% of
the consumed nitrogen between the ages 3 and 13.

This mass balance means that the flow of nutrients with the urine, and the concentrations of
nutrients in the urine, varies with the diet, and thus varies between countries and individuals

2.2 Urine as a fertilizer

The pH effect of fertilizing with urine is small. When excreted, the pH of urine is around 6-7.
The degradation of urea to ammonium/ammonia raises the pH to around 9 (Equation 1).

NH3+ H2O NH4+ +OH- (1)

In the soil the ammonium is nitrified, releasing two protons (Equations 2 and 3), thus acting as
an acid

NH4+ + 1.5 O2 NO2- + 1 H2O + 2 H+ (2)

NO2- + 0.5 O2 NO3- (3)

Finally, when taking up the nitrate ion from the soil liquid, the root emits a hydroxide ion. In
summary, in the urea degradation one hydroxide ion is released, in the nitrification two protons
and in the plant uptake one hydroxide ion again. Thus, in total two protons and two hydroxide
ions are released, which means that the net effect on the soil pH is small.

The nutrient balance and content of the urine well reflects what the crops have removed from the
fields and thus the average need of fertilization. The reason for this is that urine contains far
more nutrients than the faces and together urine and faces contain the same amount of plant
nutrients as the food. This means that the nutrient content and balance of the urine is similar to
that of the consumed food. Since the nutrients of the food have been removed from the fields,
they also show the amount of nutrients needed to not deplete the field. This is true for all
nutrients and thus for the balance between them.

The nutrients in urine are in forms which are readily plant available. The nitrogen is in the form
of urea, which readily degrades to ammonium and nitrate that both are plant available.

The phosphorous is mainly in the form of phosphate ions, the potassium in the form of potassium
ions and the sulphate in the form of sulphate ions. This means that they all are in forms which
readily are taken up by plants. This makes urine a unique biologic fertilizer. In most biologic
fertilizers, like compost, the nutrients are mainly in organic form and these have to be
mineralized before the nutrient becomes plant available. This is especially true and important for
nitrogen, the nutrient which in most farming systems limits the harvest the most and which gives
the largest response when supplied.

Ammonia in high concentrations is toxic to all living cells and this is utilized to sanitize the urine
during storage (Section 6). Also nitrite (NO2-), an intermediate product formed in the nitrification
of the urine, is toxic to most living cells. Both ammonia and nitrite can be toxic to plants. This
means it is an advantage if the fertilization is done a few days before seeding. The plants can also
be fertilized later on, but the urine should not be applied on the plants, because the ammonia
content of the urine might burn them, neither should it be applied so close to the plants that most
of the roots are soaked. If all the roots are soaked, the plant might die during that short period
when most of the nitrogen is in the form of nitrite. Instead, the urine should be applied a small
distance from the plants, but still close enough for the roots of the plants to reach the nutrients.

2.3 Challenges of using urine as a fertilizer material

Socio-cultural perspectives are the major barriers to the use of urine diversion latrines, as for
example in Sweden, where full scale (about three thousand households) urine diversion toilets
had been installed (Hellstrom and Johansson, 1999). The user’s attitude towards the system
played a crucial role in determining the success of the system. According to a questionnaire
conducted by Berndtsson (2006), in Sweden, 26% of respondents were uninformed about the
system, 60% found the use of the system (UD) uncomfortable (for reasons unspecified) and 77%
of the respondents said they would never buy food produced using urine or urine-derived
fertilizer, knowingly. Although this study was carried out in Sweden, the lessons learned on this
project need consideration wherever such systems are to be installed. Another major concern
which was encountered in Sweden was how to integrate this new technology into existing
technical and administrative infrastructure and legal regulations. Major legal and administrative
barriers existed with the implementation of this system as, for example, conventional sanitation
systems are generally a municipal responsibility whereas the operation of urine diverting latrines
is usually the user’s responsibility (Berndtsson, 2006).

In South Africa, existing sanitation policies (DWAF, 2001) are more conducive for the
development and implementation of source separation of urine. However, according to a survey
conducted by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, 2011) in the three
provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, North West and Northern Cape, 86% of the respondents using UD
toilets did not like using them due to seat design and accuracy required when urinating or
defecating, 32% did not know how to use them, while 16% of the household toilets were not
being used for their intended purposes (some were being used as sheds, for example). One of the
main conclusions from this study was that a wide gap has to be closed between the social and
technical aspects of this innovation to ensure success.

Besides socio-cultural concerns, there are other factors governing the adoption of urine as a
fertilizer material. One of the drawbacks associated with urine separation is quality deterioration
during storage. Considerable amounts of N are lost through ammonia volatilization, which
greatly compromises the quality of urine as an N fertilizer. Hellstrom et al. (1999) showed that
within 45 days of storage 63% of the N was lost through volatilization, and after 100 and 222
days amounts of 83% and 96% of the N was lost, respectively. Acidification of urine with 100
mmol of sulfuric or acetic acid has been reported to extend the storage life of urine for 100 more
days (Figure 2.4) (from beginning of storage to the day of application) with a minimal loss of
nitrogen (Hellstrom et al., 1999). However, there is controversy on the use of this technique
(urine acidification) as the major losses of N occur not during storage but during the field
application of the urine (Rodhe and Johansson, 1996). Thus, the optimum effect of acidification
can be assessed by the net drop in pH during spreading rather than the pH of urine during
storage. This is further confirmed by the results of Hellstrom et al. (1999) who showed that a
single dosage of acid at the beginning of storage is more effective at preserving N than multi
dosages at regular intervals during storage. Studies conducted by Hanaeus et al. (1996) showed
that an increase in storage temperature exacerbated the loss of ammonia but that the temperature
effect is minimized when the urine was acidified.

The explanation of the acidification effect on preserving N is that N in fresh urine is in an

organic form as urea (CO(NH2)2). Urea hydrolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme urease which
many organisms possess, and this hydrolysis of urea results in the formation of ammoniacal N
and an increase in pH that ultimately leads to a loss of N through ammonia evaporation
(Alexander, 1977). Thus, acidification is intended to reduce the viable count of microorganisms
and so minimizes urease activity and ultimately reduces N loss.

Pathogens, pharmaceuticals and heavy metals are common contaminants found in human urine,
and hence use of human urine and products derived therefrom might pose potential health risks
and soil contamination hazards. A study conducted by Hoglund et al. (2002) to evaluate the viral
and pathogenic bacterial persistence in source-separated urine established that urine stored at
20oC for six months can be considered free from Rhesus rotavirus and Salmonella typhimurium
contamination. The effect of temperature in inactivating enteric viruses is a function of the type
of virus. Thus, the results are only applicable for the above-mentioned viruses and environmental
conditions.

The large quantity of N lost from urine especially during storage and application and difficulties
in managing the resource due to its bulkiness suggest that alternative urine management
strategies are required. The production of struvite from urine appears to be an attractive option.
The solid state of struvite provides ease of handling with regards to storage and transportation
(Etter et al., 2011). The production of struvite has been further demonstrated to reduce the
pathogen risk that is usually associated with the handling of human urine (Decrey et al., 2011)
2.4 Production of liquid fertilizer from urine nutrient Recovery by Nitrification and
distillation
Concept & Functioning:

Two Process Steps for Complete Recovery the complete nitrification process developed by the
VUNA Project consists of two main process steps

1. Nitrification: Approximately 50 % of the total ammonia (NH3 and NH4 +) contained in

stored urine is transformed to nitrate (NO 3 –) by bacteria. Simultaneously, about 90 % of the
organic matter is degraded. The remaining nitrogen leaves the reactor unchanged as ammonium.
The resulting liquid is free from malodor and can be distilled without losing ammonia via
volatilization, i.e. the urine and the nutrients contained in it are stabilized by the nitrification
process.

2. Distillation: The stabilized urine is distilled to approximately 3 to 10 % of its initial volume.

The remaining concentrated liquid contains all the nutrients from urine. At ambient temperature,
all nutrient salts stay in solution. Distilled water is recovered and can be reused, e.g. to flush the
toilets.

In order to recover all nutrients contained in urine, a two-stage process was developed: First,
urine is partially nitrified in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and second, the partially
nitrified solution is distilled to obtain a concentrated nutrient solution. The preliminary
nitrification step is necessary to avoid ammonia losses during distillation.
Fig2.1: Flow diagram of the reactor set-up for total nutrient recovery from urine.

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

Principles a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) holds a large number of small plastic biomass
carriers to provide a large surface for bacterial growth. By providing this surface, slow-growing
bacteria, e.g. nitrifying bacteria, can be retained in the reactor. The selection occurs as bacteria
growing on carriers benefit from a longer retention time, whereas bacteria growing in suspension
are washed out faster. MBBR are typically filled to about 50 % of their bulk volume with
biomass carriers. Lower filling rates proportionally reduce the surface available for bacterial
growth, thus result in lower conversion rates. Higher filling rates (above 60 %) impede proper
mixing of the reactor contents and consequently suffer from alimited oxygen availability in some
parts of the reactor vessel.

Biomass Carriers

Biomass carriers can have different shapes and sizes. In general, they are designed to supply a
maximum surface area while still allowing oxygen to diffuse to lower biofilm layers. They are
mostly manufactured from high-density poly-ethylene (HDPE) using extrusion. Their density is
adjusted to be slightly inferior to the media they will have to treat, such that they float beneath
the surface in absence of any agitation. A thorough aeration of the reactor vessel then stirs the
reactor content including the biomass carriers. In principle, carriers can be purchased from
various suppliers. The this reactors used the Kaldnes K1 type
Reactor setup

Within this process stored urine is pumped into a nitrification reactor from storage tank, where
Kaldnes® K1 biofilm carriers (50% of the reactor bulk volume) are used as substratum for the
slow growing nitrifying bacteria. Microbiological analyses with polymerase chain reaction
(authors› own unpublished data) have shown that the nitrifying bacteria grow mostly on the
biofilm carriers, while heterotrophic bacteria also grow in suspension.

Fig2.2; Nitrification distillation setup

The distiller

To concentrate a solution, distillation is a well-known process. In the case of nitrified urine,

water is the component with the lowest boiling point. Hence, at a certain temperature, water
evaporates and leaves behind an increasingly concentrated solution. Alternatively, an increased
concentration of the nutrient solution can also be achieved with one of the following processes:

• Reverse osmosis: High pressure forces water through a membrane, which retains dissolved
salts.

• Humidification: a transfer from the liquid to the gas phase below the boiling point of water.
• Membrane distillation: A gas-permeable membrane lets water vapors pass at a lower
temperature difference.

Nutrient recovery

Nearly all nutrients are recovered in the final product except r a negligible amount of nutrients in
the withdrawn excess sludge, and some ammonia, which volatilizes during distillation (less than
3% of the total nitrogen in urine; Udert and Wächter, 2012). Since about 30% of the phosphate
precipitates in the collection tanks and might not enter the nitrification reactor, the solids in the
urine storage tanks should be collected as well in order to maximize nutrient recovery.

Chemical requirements and energy demand

The process combination of nitrification/distillation does not require any chemicals with the
exception of a small amount of corrosion inhibitor for the distillation reactor. Adding a base will
be necessary if all of the ammonia is supposed to be oxidized to nitrate.

Process stability

Since nitrification is a biological process, it is more sensitive to process disturbances than a

chemical process. The most critical problem is nitrite accumulation (Udert and Wächter, 2012;
Etter et al., 2013). Small changes in the inflow rate or in the reactor pH can destabilize the
sensitive balance between ammonium and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, so that the intermediate
nitrite can accumulate.

Fertilizer value

Bonvin (2013) tested the availability of nitrogen from synthetic solutions representing nitrified
urine in pot experiments with ryegrass (Bonvin, 2013). The plants took up about 75% of the
nitrogen in nitrified urine, compared to 77% in the case of the chemical fertilizer (NH4NO3).
The advantage of urine-derived fertilizers is the content of other nutrients, which are often
lacking in synthetic fertilizers. Therefore, it might be particularly well suited for regions where
fertilizers are scarce and knowledge about optimal fertilizer application is low.

General stapes to produce liquid fertilizer by nitrification and distillation process

 1. In nitrification and distillation process the

2. Urine kept apart from faces on toilet paper in the urine separated toilet.

3. The urine stored in tank for 2 days plant

4. Then the urine goes in to the nitrification reactor in which the hydrolyzed urea
which is volatile ammonia transform to stable ammonium and nitrate with aid of bacteria
in a biofilm carrier

5. The PH is monitored and controlled in order to insure that bacteria are in optimal
condition by the inflow of urine the

6. Urine stay in the reactor for 1to6 days depend on the nitrogen concentration in the
influent

7. Because bacteria are kept in biofilm carrier they are not flashed out in the influent
flows from the reactor to a tank

8. Then the volume of the stabilized fertilizer reduced in distillation by 95% - 97%

2.5Reactions
When urine stored in a tank the urea in urine is hydrolyzed ammonium and then reversible
reaction between ammonium and ammonia is take place.

+ - -
CO (NH2)2 + 3H20 2NH4 + HCO3 + OH (1)

Ammonium is in equilibrium with dissolved ammonia:

+ -
NH4 + OH NH3 (aq) + H2O (2)

The pKa-value for the equilibrium is 9.3 at 25 0C.

Dissolved ammonia is in equilibrium with gaseous ammonia:

NH3 (aq) NH3 (g) (3)

This dissolved ammonia goes to the nitrification reactor

1. Ammonia oxidation : NH3 + O2 → 0.5NO2- + 0.5NH4+ +0.5 H2O

The first step is actually divided into two steps where hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is the
intermediate product.

- -
2. Nitrite oxidation: NO2 + 0.5 O2 → NO3

-
NH3+O2 0.5NO3 +0.5NH4++ 0.5H2O (4)

2.6 Uses
Benefits of Urine-Based Fertilizer

Human Urine is free, easy to transport, easy to obtain and safe to use on food made for human
consumption (Grunbaum, 2010). The usage of urine in our agricultural products would lessen the
impacts of industrial fertilizers on the environment (Grunbaum, 2010). Industrial fertilizer is also
costly to produce, so urine-based fertilizer could help cut those costs (Veganic Agriculture
Network, 2012). Normally, nitrogen and phosphorus obtained from mines or other sources have
to be excavated and shipped. This work usually has a substantial energy cost when you factor in
excavation, transport and processing (Grunbaum, 2010). Human urine-based fertilizer can also
increase the rate of crop growth and increase crop sanitation when used properly (Grunbaum,
2010). While some people may possess sanitation concerns about using urine on plants made for
human consumption, urine is actually near-sterile once it has exited the body and requires very
little effort to make it completely safe (Veganic Agriculture Network, 2012). This increase in
growth is because the nitrogen and phosphorus found in urine has been stripped and simplified
during the digestion process, unlike industrial fertilizers. This makes it easier for plants to use
(Veganic Agriculture Network, Jan 2012).

The fertilizer made from human urine is beneficial for plant growing. The fertilizer comprised
primarily of the three nutrients (NPK) required for healthy plant growth. The agriculture relies
heavily on the use of NPK fertilizer to meet global feed supply and insure healthy plant growth.
The three important nutrient without any one of which plants could not survive, are referred to as
the primary macronutrient: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

Nitrogen is a key component in many of the process needed to carry out growth. In particular
nitrogen is vital to chlorophyll, which allows plant to carry out photosynthesis. Nitrogen is also
significant component in amino acids, the base of protein. nitrogen also acid in the component
that allow storage and use energy.

Phosphors also play a role in any array of function necessary for healthy plant growth,
contributing a structural strength, crop quality, seed production and more.

Potassium is also vital in a variety of other process that contribute to grow and development
potassium is often referred to as the “quality element” because of its contribution to many of the
characteristic we associated with quality, shape, color, and even test among other.

2.7 Safety
In some area people use fresh human urine directly as a fertilizer but some consideration should
be taken

 The urine is preferable to store for a long period of time in order to avoid salinity
contain and avoid bad odor.

 Use Stabilization mechanism in order to minimize the loss of nitrogen in the form
of ammonia which is volatile

 When we use nitrification distillation mechanism in order to stabilize the water

from the distillation column is not use a portable water
2.8 Process technology for urine fertilizer production
A wide range of processes for urine treatment has been proposed (Maurer et al., 2006) but only a
few have been tested in the laboratory or at pilot scale (Larsen et al., 2013). To our knowledge,
only the following 4 processes have been operated at pilot scale prior to the VUNA project:

 A combination of electro dialysis, microfiltration and zonation (Pronk et al., 2007)

Phosphorus recovery by struvite precipitation (Etter et al., 2011; Antonini et al., 2011;
Winkler et al., 2013)

 Ammonia stripping (Antonini et al., 2011; Winkler et al., 2013)

 Acidification and solar evaporation (Antonini et al., 2012)

In many studies, urine has also been applied without intensive treatment, but some measures
have to be taken to prevent hygienic and environmental risks. Höglund et al. (2002) recommend
storing the urine for 6 months to ensure that pathogens (especially viruses) are inactivated.
Furthermore, gentle spreading techniques have to be used to prevent high ammonia losses
(Johansson, 2001).

For the VUNA project, we decided to investigate the following 3 processes:

1. Struvite precipitation, because it has already been tested extensively in pilot

studies and is a simple process to be implemented in the field

2. Nitrification/distillation, because it is currently the only process combination for

complete recovery of all nutrients in a small volume without chemical addition

3. Electrolysis, because it allows building very small reactors, which could be

integrated into toilets. On-site treatment would cut the costs of transportation
 Table 2.4

Technology Description Benefits Drawbacks scale in VUNA

Struvite After magnesium • Simple process • Low nitrogen South Africa:

precipitation addition, struvite •high (N) recovery (5
• two pilot scale field
(MgNH4PO4•6H2O) phosphorus %)
reactors (one manual
precipitates and is recovery (> 90
• effluent to be and one automated)
recovered by %)
treated for N
filtration
• constant & load
reliable product
• Mg input
quality
essential

Nitrification & 1) urine stabilized in • all nutrients • energy input Switzerland:

evaporation biological process recovered and required
• laboratory reactors
(nitrification) concentrated
• biological • pilot scale reactor
2) liquid evaporated • distilled water process requires South Africa:
in distillation process as side product reliable control
• pilot scale reactor

Electrolysis Electrochemical • compact • energy input Switzerland:

removal of organic reactors required
• experimental
substances, nitrogen
• convenient • potentially laboratory reactors
compounds, and
process control harmful side-
pathogens
products

• nitrogen
removal instead
of recovery
 1. Struvite precipitation

Struvite precipitation is probably the best understood process for nutrient recovery from source-
separated urine, because it has been tested in multiple pilot projects (Etter et al., 2011; Antonini
et al., 2011; Winkler et al., 2013). The mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) can easily be
precipitated from stored urine, because most of the requirements (high pH value, high ammonia
and phosphate concentrations) are given; only a magnesium source has to be added to precipitate
nearly all phosphate as struvite (Wilsenach et al., 2007). Struvite precipitation only takes a few
minutes if a very soluble magnesium source is used (Etter et al., 2011). Typical magnesium
sources are magnesium salts such as MgO, MgCl2, and MgSO4. The dissolution rate of MgO in
urine is slightly slower than for MgCl2 and MgSO4, but MgO is substantially cheaper (Sakthivel
et al., 2012). Some waste products are also suitable magnesium sources, for example bittern
(waste brine left over after sea salt production; Ye et al., 2011) and wood ash (Sakthivel et al.,
2012). In the latter case, pollution with heavy metals and precipitation of unwanted minerals can
be problematic. A low overdose of 10% (that is 1.1 mol Mg·mol-1 PO4) is already sufficient to
precipitate 95% of the phosphate as struvite, but overall struvite recovery is often limited by the
efficiency of crystal recovery, for example during filtration (Etter et al., 2011). In order to
maximize phosphate recovery from urine, the spontaneously precipitated phosphate in the
collection tank has to be recovered as well (see above). Overall, struvite precipitation is a process
for phosphorus recovery; however, while nearly all the dissolved phosphate can be removed,
more than 97% of the nitrogen, and practically all the potassium and Sulphur remain in the
effluent (Etter et al., 2011).

2. Electrolysis of urine

High degradation rates per surface area and simple operation make electrolysis an interesting
process for small reactors which could be directly integrated into a toilet. A complete treatment
of urine at the household would cut the costs for transportation to a treatment plant. Possibly,
only a small amount of by-products (e.g. electrochemically precipitated struvite) would have to
be collected, while the remaining water could be infiltrated. Drawbacks of electrolysis are a high
demand for electricity, high prices for some of the most efficient electrodes, and the production
of chlorinated by-products (Anglada et al., 2009). Since ammonia is degraded and not recovered
in most electrolysis processes, electrolysis could be applied at locations where preventing
hygiene and environmental problems is much more important than nutrient recovery and reuse.
Frequently, electrolytic oxidation processes in wastewater treatment are based on indirect
oxidation. In most cases of indirect oxidation, chloride is oxidized anodic ally to active chlorine,
which, in turn, oxidizes compounds such as ammonia or organics. Active chlorine is also an
efficient disinfectant, especially for viruses and bacteria (but to a lesser extent for protozoa; von
Gunten, 2013). However, indirect oxidation is an unspecific process, which often produces
considerable amounts of by-products, such as chlorinated organic substances, chlorate and
perchlorate. A more specific electrolytic process is direct oxidation. In this case, the target
compound, in our case mostly ammonia is oxidized directly at the anode. Ideally, the anode
potential, at which direct oxidation occurs, is below the potentials necessary to produce
significant amounts of active chlorine or oxygen (Zöllig et al., 2015).

3. Nitrification and distillation

The goal of a nitrification/distillation reactor setup is to recover the maximum of the urine’s
nutrient content (nitrification) and to concentrate the nutrients in a very low volume (distillation).
By reducing the water volume, the costs for storage and transportation can be minimized.
Nitrification is an aerobic biological process which involves 2 bacterial groups, i.e. ammonia
oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. The activities of both bacterial groups have to
be well-balanced; otherwise, nitrite will accumulate and inhibit the nitrite- oxidizing bacteria.
During nitrification, half of the total ammonia in urine is oxidized to nitrate, while the pH is
lowered to values close to 6. Under such conditions, no considerable ammonia losses occur
anymore (Udert et al., 2003b). Nitrate production is limited by the alkalinity in stored urine; after
half of the ammonia is oxidized to nitrate, the process stops due to the low pH value. For
complete conversion of ammonia to nitrate, alkalinity has to be added, for example by dosing
1mol KHCO3 per 1mol total ammonia. Besides the 2 groups of nitrifying bacteria, heterotrophic
bacteria are also involved in the biological treatment of urine. They degrade up to 90% of the
organic substances (Udert et al., 2003b). After sedimentation of the suspended biomass in a
settler, the solution is fed to a distillation reactor. Distillation is an evaporation process, in which
water is heated up to boiling point and then evaporated.
 CHAPTER THREE

3. MATERIAL BALANCE
3.1 Material balance
Mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the
analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass
flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this
technique. The exact conservation law used in the analysis of the system depends on the context
of the problem, but all revolve around mass conservation, i.e. that matter cannot disappear or be
created spontaneously. Therefore, mass balances are used widely in engineering and
environmental analyses

3.2 Conservation of mass

There are several important observations from the series of mass and energy balances presented
in this section. The plant is found to be highly efficient with a reaction yield of approximately
90%. .Plant design capacity is 250ton/year and the operation day is 100day /year

The plant capacity in the day is

250 t on
C=
( yr )
1 00 d ay
yr

C=2500 k g /d ay

In the reactor there is 90% conversion of ammonia and in distillation around 95%water is
removed and the water content in to the distillation column is greater than that contain in the tank
due to formation of water in the reactor so based on literatures we assume the water contain in
the urine is 95% of mass fraction from this we can calculate the amount of water leave from
distiller and also amount urine feed in the storage tank. 95% of water removed from solution in
the solution before distillation more than 95% is water.

Water removed = 0.95(0.94) Minto distillation

=0.895Min
Moutdistillate=Mout/1-0.9kg/day=2500kg/day/0.1045

=23917.32kg/day

Mass feed distillate= water removed + desired product

=23917.32kg/day+2500kg/day

=26417.32kg/day

3.3 Methods of material balancing

the method of material balance we use in the storage tank and in the distillation Colum is
component method and in reactor is we use extent of reaction

3.4 Materials balance assumptions

 If there is chemical reaction mass is not conserved so in our mass balance the
mass interring to the reactor may not equal to the output.

 Mass is fundamental quantity

 If the accumulation is zero the system assumed to be steady state

3.5 Material balance for each unit
Material balance on tank

General material balance

M1=M3+M2

Balance for PO4-

From literatures around 30%is lost during the urine stored in the tank

min PO4 = min(0.3) PO4 + n5PO4-

mass of PO4-input is= 0 .02× 4 7114 k g/d ay

¿ 158.082 k g /d ay

M2= min(0.3) PO4-= 0 .3 ×158.082 k g/d ay

 2 6347 kg 4 7.4246 kg
M 2=47.4246 k g/d ay M 1=M 3+ M 2 M 3=M 1−M 2= −
d ay d ay

2 6299.5754 k g /d a y

Table 3.1 mass in to tank and out of tank

Components Mass flow to tank Mass flow out of tank Loss

CO(NH2)2 526.94kg/day

H2O 25029.65kg/day 25029.65kg/day

K 210.776kg/day 210.776kg/day

SO4 158.082kg/day 158.082kg/day

PO4 158.082kg/day 110.6574kg/day 47.4246kg/day

Other nutrients 263.47kg/day 263.47kg/day

NH3 526.94kg/day

Mass balance in the reactor

NH3+O2 0.5NO3- + 0.5NH4++ 0.5H2O

From literatures the amount of precipitate (K, SO 4 and PO4-) does not changed because they are
stable and as half of the NH3 can be oxidized, the remaining NH3 is converted to NH4+, which
is nonvolatile. (Udert et al). Tested different types of reactor: a moving bed biofilm reactor
(MBBR), a continuous flow stirred reactor (CSTR) and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) [21].
In all cases the maximal conversion of ammonia into nitrate was of 50%. From this

NH3+O2 0.5NO3- + 0.5NH4++ 0.5H2O

General material balance

Loss of nitrogen compound is 3% which is=0.03×526.94kg/day

=15.808kg/day

The remaining nitrogen compound is 511.132kg/day

Then to convert mass of the component in to mole divide mass of compound to its molecular
weight

Number of mole NH3 in the reactor is

5 11.132 k g/d ay
¿
3 1 k g /k mol

¿ 16.5 k mol/d ay

Balance for NH3

Using extent of reaction

90% conversion

nNH3= nNH3, o – Ɛ as complete conversion is take pace nNH3 is zero

1.65kmol/day=16.5kmol/day -Ɛ

Ɛ=14.84kmol/day

Balance for NH4+

Molar mass NH4+=32kg/kmol

nNH4+=n NH4+, o + 0.5Ɛ; there is no NH4+ in the reactant said so( n NH4+,o )is zero

=0.5×14.84kmol/day

=7.42kmol/day

Balance for O2

nO2= nO2, o-Ɛ; since oxygen is flashed with the bacteria carrier nO2 is zero

nO2, o=Ɛ=14.84kmol/day

Balance for NO3-

nNO3- = nNO3-,o+0.5Ɛ

nNO3- = 0.5Ɛ=0.5(14.84kmol/day)
 = 7.42kmol/day

Balance for water

nH2O = nH2O, o +0.5Ɛ

nH2O=`7.42kmol/day

The mass of the compounds can be gain by multiplying its mole no by molecular weight given
below

m=n × M NutrientNH3NH4+O2NO3-H2O

Mass(kg/day)

511.13

237.43

474.86

563.9

133.55

Total water to the reactor is

=amount of water inter into the reactor from tank + water due to reaction

= 25029.65kg/day +133.55kg/day
=25163.2kg/day

Table 3.2 mass into and out of reactor

Components Min to reactor Mout from the reactor

NH3 526.94kg/day 51.15kg/day

H2O 25029.65 kg/day 25163.2kg/day

O2 474.86kg/day

K 210.776kg/day 210.776kg/day

SO4 158.082kg/day 158.082kg/day

PO4 110.6574kg/day 110.6574kg/day

NO3- 0 563.9kg/day

NH4+ 0 237.43kg/day

Mass balance in distillation column

General material balance

Input=out put

M1=M2+M3

M2=0.95water that inter into the distiller

Mass of water =25164kg/day

M2=0.95×25163.6kg/day

=23917.32 kg/day

M1=M2+M3

M3=M1-M2

=26417.32-23917.32

=2500kg/day

The plant has the capacity to produce 2500kg of fertilizer in a day

Table 3.3 mass in and in distiller

Components Min to reactor Mout from the reactor

NH3 51.15kg/day 51.15kg/day

H2O 25163.2kg/day 1245.88kg/day

K 210.776kg/day 210.776kg/day

SO4 158.082kg/day 158.082kg/day

PO4 110.6574kg/day 110.6574kg/day

NO3- 563.9kg/day 563.9kg/day

NH4+ 237.43kg/day 237.43kg/day

3.6 Summary of material balance calculations

Based on mass conservation and mole reaction conversion we get mass input in to the system
and out of the system for each unit operation.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ENERGY BALANCE

Energy takes much form such as heat, kinetic energy, chemical energy, potential energy but
because of interconverting it is not always easy to isolate separate constituents of energy balance.
Practical application of energy balance tend to focus on particular dominate aspect and so a heat
balance. It is calculated on basis of external energy used per kg of product or raw material
processed or in dry solid or some key component. The energy consumed in food production
include direct energy which is fuel and electricity, used as farm and in transport and in factories,
in storage and selling… etc. indirect energy which actual build the machine, to make packaging
to produce electricity. Energy balance is worked quantitatively knowing the amount of material
entering into process and nature of process.

CONTETNT OF INPUT=CONTENT OF PRODUCT=WASTES/LOSSES+CHANGE IN

STORED MATERIAL

In continuous process a time balance must be established. Energy including heat energy
(enthalpy), potential energy, kinetic energy, work energy, chemical energy.it is sum over all of
these that is conserved. Enthalpy balance, considering only heat is useful in many processing
situations. Generally making energy balance is to assess the input, conversion efficiency, output
and losses. It is powerful tool for establishing the basis for improvement and potential saving.

4.2 Conservation of energy

Energy must be conserved, conserved means something that doesn’t change .The two forms of
energy which are kinetic and potential energy there sum is constant. The conserved quantities are
potential energy, kinetic energy and thermal energy. Energy is not created nor destroyed but
merely changes forms, going from potential to kinetic to thermal energy. This conservation of
energy is expressed in first law of thermodynamics. It stated that energy is neither created nor
destroyed but transfer from one form in to the other form. Energy conservation is more than
general rule that persists in its validity. It can be showed to follow matimatically from the
uniformity of time. Conservation of energy only applies to isolated system.

4.3 Energy balance assumptions

Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can be transferred in to other form.

Assume the system is adiabatic in the tank. There is no change position in and out so the
potential energy in all the system is zero. And work done on the surrounding by the system is
positive and the reverse is negative. If Heat of formation of compound is negative it does not
mean energy is negative it means that most compound const

Energy balance on storage

Tank from the literature the urea in urine hydrolyzed by urease enzyme and organisms like
bacteria and photogenes force urine to undergo reaction this reaction and corresponding energy
balance is done below

∆H+ ∆Ek+∆PE= Q –Ws

CO (NH2)2 + 3H20 2NH4+ + HCO3- + OH-

For the process taking place in this problem, the following assumptions can be made:

∆K.E=0 due to the velocity gradients between the input and output streams is negligible

∆ PE = there are no significant height differences

Ws= (the streams are just being added but there are no mechanical parts moving)

Q= Adiabatic system

So the energy balance will be

∆H= ∑ ( H 0 f p−H 0 f r ea )

Table 4.1heat formation compounds needed to the reaction

∆Hf c (KJ/mol)
ompound

CO(NH2)2 -133.55
3H20(l) -285.8

2NH4+(aq) -132.8

HCO3-(aq) -691.1
- -229.9
OH (aq)

NH3 (aq) -81.17

NH3(g) -46.2

NO3-(aq) -133.5

−¿−(3× H ° f H 2 0+ H 0 f C O ( N H 2 ) 2)
+¿+ H ° f H CO 3+ H ° f O H ¿ = (-132.8KJ/mol×2 - 69.1kj/mol – 229.9kj/mol)
∆ H=2 × H 0 f NH 4¿
– (3×-285.8kj/mol -133kj/mol)

∆H1=- 195.7KJ/mol

Ammonium is in equilibrium with dissolved ammonia:

NH4+ + OH-(aq) NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)

∆ H=∑ ( H 0 f p−H 0 f rea )

∆H= (-285.8KJ/mol – 81.17KJ/mol) – (229.9KJ/mol-132.8KJ/mol)

∆H2=158KJ/mol

Dissolved ammonia is in equilibrium with gaseous ammonia:

NH3 (aq) NH3 (g)

∆ H=∑ ( H 0 f p−H 0 f rea )

∆H= - 46.2KJ/mol – (-81.17KJ/mol)

∆H 3= 34.97KJ/mol

CO(NH2)2 + 3H20 2NH4+ + HCO3- + OH- ∆Hrxn= -195.7KJ/mol

NH4+ + OH-(aq) NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) ∆Hrxn=158KJ/mol

NH3 (aq) NH3 (g) ∆H 3= 34.97KJ/mol

Revers equation 1 and 2then add all

The overall material balance will be

∆Hn

∑ ∆H
∆ H1

∆Hrxn= 195.18KJ/mol-158KJ/mol+34.9kJ/mol

=72.08KJ/mol

Heat of reaction=Ɛ×72.08KJ/mol

=14.8×72.08

=1066.8KJ

Energy balance on reactor

From literature the energy demand in Nitrification reactor is mainly caused by aeration and there
is also heat of reaction formed by nitrification reaction

NH3+O2 0.5NO3- (aq)+ 0.5NH4+(aq)+ 0.5H2O(l)

From literature on the reactor a Better rates were obtained when at temperatures comprised
between 25°C and 30°C

So our operating temperature is 25°C with the pressure of at 1atm

∆H+ ∆Ek+∆PE= Q –Ws

∆K.E=0 due to the velocity gradients between the input and output streams is negligible
∆ PE = there are no significant height differences

Ws= (the streams are just being added but there are no mechanical parts moving)

The equation will reduced to

∆H= Q

n ih i∈¿
n iHiout−¿ ∑ ¿
Q=Ɛ ∆ H rxn+ ∑ ¿

Ɛ=14.84kmol/day

n NH3=1.6kmol/day

n NH4+=7.42kmol/day

nO2= 0

nNO3- =7.42kmol/day

nH2O=7.42kmol/day

As there is no change in temperature heat of formation of compounds at reactant equal total

product

nin(mole/day) Hrxnin = Hrxnout nout(mole/day)

NH3 14.84 -46.2 1.65

NH4+ 0 -132.8 7.42

nNO3- 0 -206.6 7.42

nO2 14.84 0 0

H2O 0 -285.5 7.42

 n ih i∈¿
n iHiout−¿ ∑ ¿
Q=Ɛ ∆ H rxn+ ∑ ¿

∆ H rxn = ∑ ( H 0 f p−H 0 f rea )

NH3+O2 0.5NO3- (aq) + 0.5NH4+(aq)+ 0.5H2O(l)

∆ H rxn = (0.5(-206.6)+0.5(-132.8)+0.5(-285.5)) -(0-81.1)

∆ H rxn=−2 3128 K J /mol

n ih i∈¿=0
n iHiout−¿ ∑ ¿ Because no change temperature
∑¿
Q=Ɛ ∆ H r x n

1 4.84 k mol −2 31.28 K J

Q= ×( )
d ay mol

Q=−3 432.2 K J

Energy balance on distillation column

∆H+ ∆Ek+∆PE= Q –Ws

∆K.E=0 due to the velocity gradients between the input and output streams is negligible

∆ PE = there are no significant height differences

Ws= (the streams are just being added but there are no mechanical parts moving)

The equation will reduced to

∆H= Q

Q=m cp ∆ t

M=26774.4kg/day

Cp water=4.178KJ/kg⁰C
 T1=25⁰C

T2=80⁰C

Q=m cp ∆ t

=26774.4kg/day×4.178KJ/kg⁰C × (80⁰C-25⁰C)

=71KJ/sec

4.4 Summary for energy balances

Table 10 summary on energy balance

Unit operations Amount of energy

Storage tank 1066.8KJ

MBBR reactor -3432.2KJ

Distillation 71KJ/sec

4.5 General process flow diagrams (PFD) for the production

 Fig4.1 general process flow diagram

4.6 Plant Layout of the factory

The economic construction and efficient operation of process until will depend on how well the
plant and equipment specified on the process flow sheet is laid out. The equipment that needs to
have frequent operator attention should be located convenient to the control the control room.
For example in our plant layout the reactor is located in front of control room.

15 14
13

11

2
8

16

5
3 12

9
 6

16

10

Fig 4.2 plant layout

Where:-

1. Urine diverted toilet

2. Row material storage house
3. Impurities collection house
4. Reactor house
5. Distillation house
6. Power house
7. Recycle storage
8. Storage and packing area
9. offices
10. cafeteria
11. Product storage house
12. Laboratory
13. Guard house
14. Reactor house
15. Guard house
16. Toilet
 CHAPTER FIVE

Chemical engineering design

5.1Chemical Engineering design
Chemical Engineering design is concerned on designing, analyzing, evaluating cost in order to
design a plant, it is systematic way include all engineering aspects for modifying or new design.
All the knowledge of engineering mathematics, economics and environmental science is
integrated and involved on chemical engineering design. Designing part is very crucial part for
an engineer because chemical engineer should be able to design accost effective plant .this is the
reason why we learn how to design a plant and do cost analysis.

5.2 Process units of Production

The unit operations used for producing fertile from human urine can be varied according to the
processed followed. In our project we select nitrification distillation process which is almost all
of the nitrogen. The following section describes what components are necessary to convert urine
to fertilizer. Though the general components and their functioning are outlined, it cannot replace
the engineering required to install and operate such a system. The system will have to be
carefully adapted to new situations. Furthermore, the technology is still being developed further,
so components may vary or be replaced in the future.

System Components

1. Urine storage tank: Attenuates fluctuations and ensures complete urea hydrolysis (the
nitrifying bacteria require ammonium as a substrate, because they cannot degrade urea).

2. Nitrification column: An aerated tank containing the nitrifying bacteria mainly on biomass
carriers.

3. Vacuum distiller: Concentrates the urine and separates distilled water.

5. Final product storage and recycling: holds the concentrated nutrient solution and/or distilled
water or recycles the water
5.3 Equipment design and specification
Choosing the appropriate material of construction for specific storage tank is crutual step for
successful completion of project. IN addition to the importance of the selected material meeting
the requirement of application, there could be significant financial impact as well as potential
limit to avalibilty.in our design we select plastic tank, these are preferred for on pressure ambient
temperature storage application. Plastic is the lightest of all material option, so light, that some
plastic tanks can be moved by hand they are also typically the list expensive of the four materials
due to its rust resistance property standard plastic tank will outlast an uncoated carbon steel tank.
However plastic tank generally offer met customization as compared to steel tank and generally
cannot withstand anything but ambient temperature.

5.4 Problem specification

During making fertile from human urine, there are different obstacles occurred at the first place
getting urine without additional faces is very difficult. While collecting human urine getting easy
access of urine may be fluctuated in amount. Urine have bad odor this causes health impact.as
urine is stored in the contender potassium compound will precipitate as result, 30% of
prosperous lost will occur. AS the content of urine varied according to the food and water intake
so it is difficult to specify the exact concentration nutrient in urine inter into the tank so analysis
done for every type of urine. The other problem is the attitude and knowledge the society use to
urine diverted toilet.

5.5 Analyzing the problem solution

To solve those problem same measurement are given as fooling.

 Constrict UDDT with sieve

 Now a days in Ethiopia seeming a toilet prepared for only urine are built in many
institution organization hotels and public toilet which is easy to collect urine

 Creating awareness to the people is crucial in order to get free from faces

 Collect urine from society which have approximately same living style
5.6 Preliminary design Equipment sizing

Storage tank

Mass of urine inter in to the reactor is47114kg/day the urine in the tank stored for 30 day before
it goes into the reactor.

Mass of urine=26347kg/day×3day

=79041kgρ=m/v

Density urine is 1025kg/m3

Volume=mass/density

=kg/1025kg/m3

=77.1m3=77113 litter

Assume design factor 90% full or safety factor 10%

Volume = 77113(1.1) litter

=84824.3 litter=84.8m3

Assume the of the tank is 3mthe area will be (84.8/3)=28.22m2

And having rectangle shape w=l=

The tank made from plastic in order to avoid corrosion cheap and easy for fabrication.

Volume of MBBR reactor

The company operates 3 batches within 24 hours I.e. one batch is completed in 8 hours

Mass inter in to the reactor is = (26299.5754+474.86) kg/day

=26774.4kg/day

Mass inter in to the reactor in one batch is

 2 6774.4
Mass ¿ ×1 6 h r
24hr

=17849.6kg

ρ =m/v

v=m/ ρ= 17.414m3=17414litter

The reactor has void space of 30% and the bio film carrier cover 50% of the total volume reactor

Void space = 0.3(17414 litter)

=5224.27litter

Volume biofilm carrier=17414litter+5224.27litter

=22638.52litter

The total volume of the reactor = 2volume of bio film carrier

=45277 litter

Assume design factor 90% full or safety factor 10%

Volume = (1+0.1) litter

=49998.78litter approximately 50000 litter

Sizing of distillation column

Sizing Volume

Mass inter in to the distillation column is 26417.32kg/day

From total water in the distiller 95% is removed in 4hr which our aim so the mass will be

Mass =26417.32kg/day /24 hr×4hr

=4402.9kg
 ρ=m/v

v=m/ ρ =4402.9kg/1050kg/m3

=4.1m3=4193litter
Assume design factor 90% full or safety factor 10%Volume of distillation column=4193(1.1)
litter

=4612.3 litter

5.7 Material Selection

The material that we use for urine storage tank is made from plastic; It is known that urine have a
high content of water due to this instead of using metal storage tank we use plastic container this
also avoid corrosion effect .In urine there is a high amount of salt content which may react with
storing tank made from metal, so it is preferred to use a tank made from plastic.

Urine have bad odor so keeping it for long time and storing it in sealed container is advisable
choose. The other equipment used is biofilm reactor which must be made from plastic, it has
different size and shape, and they are designed to supply maximum surface area while still
allowing oxygen to diffuse to lower biofilm layers. They must be manufactured from high
density poly-ethylene which is used for extraction. The other thing need to be remembered is
feeding rate it must be high and fast.
Fig5.1 plastic biofilm carrier

5.8 Design optimization

MBBR TANK DESIGN CALCULATION

Based on mass flow rate inter in to the reactor the average flow rate will be

26122litter per day

Volume of MBBR tank =50 m3

Consider the depth is 4.5 m

Area of MBBR tank = volume of MBBR tank /side water depth

=50m3/4.5m

=11.11m2

Higher value is recommended as a result approximate to 12m2 MBBR tank should be two
compartment thus area of each compartment will be 6+6=12 m2

Consider width of MBBR tank is 3m and length 2 meter.

In principle, carriers can be purchased from various suppliers. Based on literature we select
Kaldnes K1 type carriers with the following characteristics (www.anoxkaldnes.com):

• Specific surface area: 500 m2/m3

• Maximum fills: 50%

• Weight per m3: 150 kg/m3

• Number of units per m3: 1 029 000

• Surface per unit: 4.86 cm2

• Percentage of hollow space: 93 %

Design of distillation column

Step 1Mass balance and determination of number of theoretical stage

Component Feed mole fraction Top product mole Bottom product

fraction mole fraction

Nutrient 0.02 1 0.3

Water 0.98 0 0.7

From this we can drive mole fraction equation for distillation column
 V
−1
f Z
Y= X+ Where V-no of mole of vaporized
V V /f
f

f-no of mole of feed

Z- Mole fraction of water in feed

1 328.74
Y=
( 1 422.5 )
−1
X+
0.98
1328.74 1 328.74
1 422.5 1 422.5

Y=-0.9x+1.03

From the equation with the temperature 85⁰C and at 0.5 atm by drawing vapor liquid equilibrium
diagram the solution we find is (0.92, 0.09), these values are mole fraction at equilibrium.

V=L+D

L=V-D

=1397.9-1328.74=69.16kmol/day

Molar Feed flow rate 1422.59kmole/day

Top vapor feed flow rate 1328.74kmole/day

Bottom outlet flow rate 97kmole/day

Top section liquid flow rate 69.16kmol/day

Total number of tray =5

Total number of real stages= 5−1/ 0.6 ≈ 7 (90% column efficiency; reboiler was considered as
equivalent to one theoretical tray)
Step 2: Estimation of physical properties

Column top pressure= 50662.5 Pa (0.5 atm)

Column pressure drop=7237.5×7=50.662 kPa

Pressure drop of 7.2kPa per tray is assumed because when the fluid inter in the distillation
column with temperature 25°C and at 1atm .as the fluids are heat sensitive the distillation
operate under vacuum condition i.e. (85°C and 0.5 atm ).

�water at 85°C=969kg/m3

(Mixture density= 982kg/m3 at (85°C)

Average molecular weight of vapor: M=18kmol/day

Surface tension, � =20×10-3 N/m

Column bottom pressure=50.662kpa +50.662 kpa = 101.324kPa

Boiling point of water at 50.662 kPa = 85 °C (bottom contains 50 mole % water)

From the steam table at 118825 Pa and 105 °C: �� = 0.693; �� = 955 kg/m3

� =58×10-3 N/m

Step 3: Plate spacing

Plate spacing of 600 mm is considered for the first trial to calculate capacity parameter (𝐶𝑠𝑏�)
for the estimation of maximum allowable vapor velocity through the net plate area from our
literature review The suggested plate spacing is 600 mm for column diameter>1.5 m.

Step 4: Column diameter (refer to sections 7.3.1 &7.6.1; Eqs. 7.1 & 7.2)

1st trial is started with the following considerations:

1. Design is performed for 80% flooding at maximum gas flow rate.

2. Total down comer top and bottom seal area is 10% of the net area.
Top section:

Flow parameter (𝐹𝐿�) based on mass flow rate,

0 .5
L ρv
F LG= ( )
V ρl

0 .5
6 9.16 9 69
¿ ( )
1 387.9 9 82

=0.05

Capacity parameter (𝐶𝑠𝑏�) = 0.12 m/s

Gas velocity through the net area at flooding:

ρl−ρv
ρv
¿
�𝑛� = 𝐶𝑠𝑏� ¿
σ 0 .2
( )
20
׿

1050−969
9 69
¿
= ¿
4 9 0 .2
0 .12
20 ( ) ׿

0.043m/s

The linear design gas velocity (�𝑛) based on net area (80% flooding):

�𝑛 = 0.8×0.043 = 0.035m/s=37152m/day

The maximum volumetric vapor flow rate (�𝑚𝑎� ) :

�𝑚𝑎� =volume of distillation column/retention time of fluid in the column

=4.1m3/4hr

=1.025m3/hr
Net area required:

Based on material balance we get the volume of the distillation column is 4.1m 3
Area=Volume/length

Let’s assume length of the column is 1.8m

A=4.1m3/1.8m

=2.28m2

Colum (tower) diameter: √ 2.28 m2 =1.5m

Bottom section:

Flow parameter (𝐹𝐿�) based on mass flow rate,

0 .5
L ρv
F LG=
V ρl ( )

0 .5
28 1 000
¿ (
6 9 1 050 )
=0.396

𝐶𝑠𝑏� = 0.11 m/s

Gas velocity through the net area at flooding:

ρl−ρv
ρv
¿
�𝑛� = 𝐶𝑠𝑏� ¿
σ 0 .2
( )
20
׿
 1 050−1000
1 000
¿
= ¿
6 7 0.2
0 .11 ( )
20
׿

=0.045m/s

The linear design gas velocity (�𝑛) based on net area (80% flooding):

�𝑛 = 0.8×0.045 = 0.036m/s

The nearest recommended shell (nominal diameter 2400 mm) fabricated from carbon steel or
stainless steel sheet in IS 2844-1964: ID 2403 mm with minimum wall thickness: 8 mm for
carbon steel) and 6 mm for stainless steel

Step 5: Selection of liquid-flow arrangement

Liquid volumetric flow rate in the top section = 580×56 3600×744

≈ 0.012m3/s Liquid volumetric flow rate in the top section = 1285.7×18.4 3600×955 ≈
0.007m3/s Therefore, single pass cross-flow sieve plate is chosen for this service ([3] page 568).
Step 6: Provisional plate design

Column (tower) diameter (ID): 𝐷� ≈1.6 m

2 2
Column cross-section area: AT =0.785× D T =1.256 m

Down comer area: 𝐴𝐷 = 0.1𝐴� = 0.1256m2

Net area: 𝐴� = 𝐴� −𝐴𝐷 = 1.1304 m2

Weir Length (��) = 0.73×𝐷� = 1.6m×0.73=1.168m ([3] page 573)

Weir height, ℎ�= 30 mm is considered.

Active area: 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴� −2×𝐴𝐷 =1.256-2(0.1256) =1m2

For the first trial, consider whole diameter: 𝑑ℎ=12 mm (1 2inch). The plate thickness=hole
diameter is selected for the first trial.

Step 7: Checking for weep age

(𝑚𝑚𝑎�) = L ×total molecular mass

=69.1 kg/day ×387kg/kmol

=0.31kg/s

Minimum liquid flow rate (𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛) = (70% of 𝑚𝑚𝑎� )

=0.7×0.31=0.27 kg/s

2 /3
L wc
Maximum weir crest , h w c=75 0 ( L W × ρl )
2 /3
0 .31 k g
¿ 750
(
1.168 m×
s
9 82k g
m3
)
=3.13mm liquid height

2 /3
L wc
Minimum weir crest, h w c=750 (
L W × ρl )
2/3
0 .27
h w c=750 (
1 .168 ×9 82 )
=2.86mm liquid height

ℎ�� +ℎ�

=30+3.31 =33.31 mm using minimum liquid flow rate let as take the constant (�2) of weep-
point correlation= 28.2mm
 25.4−d h
k 2−0.9 (¿)
The minimum vapor velocity (�min) at the weep point: �min = ¿
¿
¿

25.4−12
0.9(¿)
= 2 8.−( ¿¿ ( 1000 )0 .5)
¿
¿

=27.62m/s

Bottom section

(𝑚𝑚𝑎�) = L ×total molecular mass

=97 kg/day ×387kg/kmol

=0.43kg/s

Minimum liquid flow rate (𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛) = (70% of 𝑚𝑚𝑎� )

=0.7×0.431=0.3 kg/s

2 /3
L wc
Maximum weir crest , h w c=750 ( L W × ρl )
2/ 3
0 .43 k g
¿ 750
(
1.168 m×
s
1 050 k g
m
3 )
=3.73mm liquid height

2 /3
L wc
Minimum weir crest, h w c=750 ( L W × ρl )
2 /3
0 .3
h w c=750 ( 1 .168 ×1 050 )
 =2.93mm liquid height

ℎ�� +ℎ�

=30+3.7 =33.7mm using minimum liquid flow rate let as take the constant (�2) of weep-point
correlation= 28.3mm

25.4−d h
k 2−0.9 (¿)
The minimum vapor velocity (�min) at the weep point: �min = ¿
¿
¿

25. 4−12
0.9(¿)
= 2 8.3−(¿¿ ( 1 000 )0 .5 )
¿
¿

=27.62m/s

The actual vapor at minimum velocity is

5.9 Summary of design and equipment specification calculation

Table 5.1 summary of design and equipment specification

Equipment Size(volume Number Material of

m3) constriction

Storage tanks 84 3 Plastic

Nitrification 50 2 Plastic(hard)
reactor

Distillation 6 1 Stainless still

column

Biofilm carrier 50% NC Polyethylene

CHAPTER SIX
6. Safety and environmental considerations
Urine can affect the environment in negative ways, such as pharmaceutical pollution and
eutrophication. Pharmaceutical pollution happens when people excrete the pharmaceuticals that
their body could not digest. Eutrophication happens when certain chemicals in our urine enter
aquatic ecosystems, causing an abundance of these chemicals in the ecosystem. These chemicals
trigger extreme algal growth which can cause harm to aquatic ecosystems. Both of these issues
are influenced by human urine and can lead to damage in ecosystems, but there is potential
solution for the problem.

Organic Urine Based Fertilizer

One of the ways to lessen the negative impact that human urine has on the environment, is to use
our urine in fertilizer. All of the phosphorus and nitrogen present in human urine has the potential
to cause serious eutrophication; however, that same abundance of nutrients can also be used for
fertilizing our crops and gardens.

6.1 Safety
Sanitation Concerns

With applications like gardens and vegetable farms, where urine would be applied directly to
food that people would consume without any processing, increased sterilization methods may be
necessary (Larsson, 2014). As stated above, urine is practically sterile but accidental
contamination with human feces is a potential problem (Larsson, 2014). This can be avoided in a
few ways. One way to make sure that the human urine is absolutely sterile is to store it (Veganic
Agriculture Network, 2012). The time needed for storage is not overly long and amounts to about
a month to make sure any contaminants are a non-factor in the substance (Veganic Agriculture
Network, 2012). The containers should be sealed to aid the sterilization and minimize any smell.
The time in storage not only helps with possible contaminants but also lowers the salinity of the
urine which helps in plant growth (Dr. Srinivasamurthy). Waste Splitting Toilets Soil scientist
Sasha Kramer has developed a composting toilet for use in developing countries that separates
urine and fecal matter and then covers the waste with material that masks the scent of the waste
(Larsson, 2014). The urine can later be extracted fairly easily and can be used as a cheap
sustainable and effective fertilizer (Larsson, 2014). Srinivasamurthy).

6.2 Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study

While planning this project we have observed different obstacles and hazards, among them
environmental hazard is the first

Environmental impact since urine is one of human waste it do cause water pollution as it is
through in to environment this is occurred because not all urine is converted in to fertilizer .
Problem is also observed.

The other hazard is health problem urine have bad odor this causes different diseases like flu,
influenza, trot ace etc..

Social hazard is that the interest of the people will get very limited they will be forced to use
only urine toilet.

CHAPTER SEVEN

COST ESTIMATION
7.1 Economic analysis of the study / techno-economic feasibility
Approximate costs of the nutrient recovery plants based on cost analysis done in Durban and
Zurich. The plants were based on a nitrification reactor of 120 L while our nitrification reactor
has a volume of 50000litter equipment cost estimated below.
 0 .6
I2 C P2
C 2=C 1 ( )(
I1 C P1 )
Where

C2-present cost

C1-previos cost
I2-prsent cost index (2019) which is 479.
I1-previos cost index (2012) which is 565
CP1-production capacity of previous plant (120 litters)
CP2- production capacity of present company (50000 litters)
0 .6
C P2
c apacity r atio=( C P1 )
0 .6
5 0000 L
c apacity r atio= ( 1 20 L )
c apacity r atio 3 7.5
I2/I1 = (479.7/562)=0.85
C 2=3 2 C 1

7.2 Purchased equipment cost estimation

Table 7.1 purchased cost estimation
Component cost in dollar(2012) cost in dollar 2019
(31.83C1)
Dosing pumps 471.28 15004.8
Air compressor 589.1 18756
MBBR reactor 824.78 26259.75
Storage tanks 471.28 15004.8
Distiller 56553.6 1800581.5
Sensors 4712.8 150048
Total(purchased 80147.64 2025654.9
equipment cost)
 7.3 Capital Cost Estimates and Building, equipment
Estimation of capital investment
Table 7.2 total investment cost estimation

Component %of purchased estimation cost ($)

Direct cost (D) equipment cost($)
Purchased equipment cost 100 2025654.9
Installation, painting and 47 952057.8
insulation
Instrumentation and 18 364617.88
controlled installed
Piping(installed) 66 1336932.234
Electrical (installed) 11 222822.04
Building process and 18 364617.88
auxiliary
Yard improvement 10 202565.49
Service facilities (installed) 70 1417958.43
Land 6 121539.294
346 4983111.048
Total (direct cost)

Indirect cost calculation

Indirect cost(I) % of purchased equipment Cost estimation ($)
cost($)
Engineering and supervisor 33 668466.117
Construction expense 41 830518.51
Total 74 1498984.6

% Cost estimation
Contractor free 5%(I+D) 324104.784
Contingence 10%(I+D) 648209.57
Working cost 86% (PE) 1742063.21
Fixed capital investment = direct cost + indirect cost + contingency +contractor fee
= (648209.57 + 324104.784 +1498984.6+4983111.048) dollar
 =7454410.029 dollar
Total capital investment = FCI+WC
=7454410.029 +1742063.21
=9196473.239dollar

7.4 Manpower requirements

Table7.3 Man power requirement and annually labor cost

No Description Qty monthly annual salary(birr)

salary(birr)
1 General manager 1 15000 180,000
2 Quality manager 1 10,000 120,000
3 Marketing manager 1 9000 108,000
4 Production manager 1 8000 96,000
5 Secretary 1 4000 48,000
6 Chemist 2 6000 72,000
7 Mechanical Engineer 1 7500 900,000
8 Electrical Engineer 1 7500 900,000
9 Chemical Engineer 2 16000 192,000
10 Supervisor 1 3000 36,000
11 Driver 3 18000 216,000
12 Store keeper 1 2000 24,000
13 Personnel 1 5000 60,000
14 Accountant 8000 96,000
15 Messenger 1 2000 72,000
16 Labors 10 20000 240,000
17 Cleaner 4 6000 72,000
18 Time keeper 1 3000 36,000
19 Mechanical operator 2 8000 96,000
20 Doctor 1 9000 108,000
21 Nurse 1 3000 36,000
22 Pharmacy keeper 1 2000 24,000
23 Guards 4 12000 300,000
24 Subtotal 44 4032000
25 Total labor cost(dollar) - - 144000

7.4.1. Cost of utility

Electricity

Device Volume(urine) litter Wh/l(literature kilowatt-hour Cost

)

Nitrification 17414 50wh/l 870.7 640birr

reactor

Distiller 4193litter 80wh/l 335.44 246.78

Total 886.78
 Depending on the reactor size, the influent pump, the air compressor, and the process control unit
can be powered with a normal 7314 V, 318 A electricity outlets.

P=VI

=7314v×318A=2325.8Kwh

The price of 1Kwatt-hour in Ethiopia is 0.7357birr

The price of electricity for process control unit and air compressor will be1711.13birr

Total electric price = (886.78+1711.13) birr

=2598birr=92.78dollar

The amount of electricity cost in one month will be 2783.4 dollar is 9185 dollar within a year.

Water utility

The plant use 200litter water per day and the cost for water used is 7500 in one month which is
267.86 dollar is 884 dollar within a year

Utilities=10069dollar

7.4.2Estimation of direct production cost

Table 7.4 estimation of direct production cost

Direct production cost Percentage and sum ($)

Operating labor(OL) Total labor cost 144000
Raw material By agreement 1200
Direct super vision and clerical labor 20%(OL) 28800
Utilities Water + Ec 10069
Maintenance and repair(MAR) 2%FCI 149088
Operating supplies 10%MAR 14908.8
Laboratory charges 10%(OL) 14400
Total 362465.8

Table 7.5 Fixed charges

Depreciation (D) 10%FCI for equipment’s + 2.5%of

building value 754556.5$
Insurance (I) 0.4% FCI 29817.6$
Local tax (LT) 1%FCI 74544$
Total 858918.1$

Plant overhead cost includes cost for packaging, medical service, safety , protection, salvage
laboratories and extra. We assumed that 10% of total product cost is almost equals to plant
overhead cost, which is 10%*7454410.029$=745441$.

Manufacturing cost = direct production cost + fixed charge +plant overhead cost

= 362465.8+858918.1+745441=1966825$

7.4.3. Estimation of total product cost

Table 7.6 GENERAL EXPENSE

Administration cost(ADC) 3%TPC 107841.04$

Distribution cost and 0.03TPC $
selling(D)3TPC
Finance (F)2%TCI 0.02TCI 183929.5$
Research and dev’t cost 0.02TPC $
General expenses ADC + D+F+R 1126940.608$

General expense =ADC + D+ F+R

GE=0.03TPC+0.03TPC+183929.5$+0.02TPC
GE = 0.08TPC+183929.5$
Total product cost=manufacturing cost + general expense
TPC=1966825$+0.08TPC+183929.5$
TPC-0.08TPC=2150754$
TPC=2194647$
Gross_earning cost=total income+total product cost;amount of gross-earning cost
depends on amount of gross earnings for entire company and income_tax regulation; a
general range for gross earining cost is 30-40% of gross earining.
GP=selling price-TPC

Selling price =(selling amount*capacity*operating day)

As our product is in liquid form let’s find the volume fertilizer produced per day

ρ fertilizer =0.982kg/litter

Mass of fertilizer produced per day 2500kg/day

Volume = mass/ ρ

=2500kg/day/0.982kg/litter

= 2545.8 litter/day

Selling price =unit price*capacity*operating day

=9.85$/litter*2545.8 litter/day*100day

=2507613$

GP=selling price-TPC

GP=2507613$-2194647$

GP=312966$

Due to the high concentration of nitrogen the fertilizer must be diluted while using. For one liter
at least 20liter of water must be added.
Net profit= GP (1-tax)

=312966(1-0.35)

=203427.7$

F C I −S vlg
D ep= S vlg=0
n

Dep1=7454410.029$/1

=7454410.029$

Dep2=7454410.029/2
No Dep factor Factor(dep) Original Flow cash Cumulative cf
dep
-2194647 1 -2194647 -2194647 -2194647
1 7454410.029 0.18 1341793.805 754556.5 2096350.305 -98297
2 3727205.015 0.144 536717.5 754556.5 1291274 1192977.3
3 2484803.3 0.1152 286249.34 754556.5 1040805.84 2233783.1
4 1863602.5 0.0922 171824.15 754556.5 926380.65 3160164
5 1490882 0.0737 110176.2 754556.5 864732.7 4024896.5
6 1242401.7 0.0655 81377.31 754556.5 835933.81 4860830.3
7 1064916 0.0655 69752 754556.5 824308.5 5685138.8
8 931801.2 0.0656 61126 754556.5 815682.5 6500821.3
9 828268 0.0615 50938.5 754556.5 805495 7306316.3
10 745441 0.0328 24450 754556.5 779006.5 8085322.8

Table 7.5 cash flow

Year Cash flow Cumulative Discount Cumulative

cash flow cash flow discount
cash flow

0 -2194647 -2194647 -2194647 -2194647

1 2096350.305 -98297 1905773.005 -288873.995

2 1291274 1192977.3 1067168.595 778294.6

3 1040805.84 2233783.1 781972.832 1560267.432

4 926380.65 3160164 632730.4487 2192997.9

5 864732.7 4024896.5 536930.9722 2729928.8

6 835933.81 4860830.3 471862.843 3201792

7 824308.5 5685138.8 423000.5987 3624792.236

8 815682.5 6500821.3 380521.9062 4005314.142

9 805495 7306316.3 341608.5 4346922.642

10 779006.5 8085322.8 300340.73 4647263.372

7.5 Profitability Analysis

The first stage in evaluating the profitability of a proposed new product is to compare the total
cost of the product with the current market price. It is also necessary to estimate future demand
for the product, and to determine the trend in the selling price over several previous years

c as h f low
Present value in year n =
( 1+i )n

Let i=0.1, then we can calculate the discount cash flow as the following, for instance for cash
flow for year one, 2 096350.305/1.1 =-28873.995

Present value =PV1+PV2+PV3+………+PV10

=6841910.372$

Net present value=present value –total product cost

=6841910.372- 2194647

=4647263.372$

|−98297|
P ayback p eriod b y c as h f low=1+
1291274

=1.076year

|−2 88873.995|
P ayback p eriod b y d iscount c as h fl ow=1+
1 067168.595

=1.27year
 PV
PI=
|C F 0|
PI= 6 841910.372 $ /¿−2 194647∨¿
PI=3.12, so it is acceptable because it is greater than one.
n et p rofit
Return on investment = ×1 00
T CI
203427.7$/9196473.239dollar *100=2.2

CHAPTER EIGHT

8. Conclusion and Recommendation

8.1Conclusion
Our project done based on the literature review in which some correlation based formula is
taken. Generally we concluded that production of fertilizer is very important which minimize the
amount of waste release in the environment. And also to recover essential nutrient for plant
growing from the waste urine the stabilization of urine is beneficial

8.2Recommendation
From our project we recommended that a plant should be built, this is because in this project we
have seen that urine which already a waste matter become re used and become a fertizer,In
Ethiopia the money spent on importing urea and dap ferlies is very expensive, and in order to
fulfill the buying capacity of the farmer it will be distrusted by less money that it is expected this
cause economic crisis, not only this but also using these fertile will affect the soil and cause
acidity it will remove all the soil nutrient and finally make the soil to become erode. But fertile
made from human urine have large amount of nutrients, which is very organic and only small
amount of process in needed to remove the unwanted and harmful materials. Due to this making
fertile from human urine is very preferable. Not only in our project we have proved that the plant
can be designed and it is cost effective. The equipment purchased and total manufacturing cost
needed for designing this plant is affordable. Beside to this re using already waste matter will

REFERENCE
Richert Stintzing et al., 2002
Granelli, 1995
India (Bhatt, 1998
Lindén, 1997
Palmquist et al., 2003
wolgast, 1993
Johnson et al., 2004
Hellstrom and Johansson, 1999
Berndtsson, 2006
Hellstrom et al. (1999
Alexander, 1977
Hoglund et al. (2002)
Etter et al., 2011
U Etter et al., 2011; Antonini et al., 2011; Winkler et al., 2013
dert and Wächter, 2012; Etter et al., 2013
Wilsenach et al., 2007
Anglada et al., 2009
(Udert and Wächter, 2012
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/eutrophication-causes-equence