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 Research Background
Contraception was the surprise issue of the 2012 election campaign. It became relevant because
ObamaCare requires that employers provide health insurance for employees, including
contraceptives. At issue is when the employer is a church or other organization morally opposed to
contraception. Conservatives call this a ‘freedom of religion’ issue; liberals call it a ‘war on
women.’Burwell v. Hobby Lobby is a landmark Supreme Court decision, made on June 30 2014,
allowing corporations to be exempt from providing contraception in their healthcare plan, if its
owners religiously object, and there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest. It is
the first time that the court has recognized a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief. The
decision is an interpretation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. he details of abortion legislation
focus on what the states can regulate and what they can ban in later trimesters:

‘Partial-Birth Abortion’ refers to a late-term abortion method which induces a breech delivery and
collapses the fetal skull before completing delivery. This procedure is banned in 24 states, but pro-choice
advocates, including President Clinton, have sought to overturn state laws with a federal ruling.
- In April 2000, the Supreme Court rejected a Nebraska law banning partial birth abortions.
- In June 2000, the Court said that the Nebraska ban was unconstitutional because it had no exceptions
and barred second trimester abortions.

Each state decides if ‘Parental Consent’ is required for teenagers seeking abortions. The Supreme Court
ruled in 1992 that spousal consent cannot be required by the states.

Each state also determines rules about ‘informed consent’, about 24-hour waiting periods, and about
when viability occurs after the 1st trimester.

In Nov. 2005, the Supreme Court heard the case ‘Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood,’ on the issue of parental
consent (its first abortion case since 2000). They ruled in 2006 that states may require parental
involvement, but not when it risks the health of the minor. No precedents were overturned nor set.

In April 2007, the Supreme Court upheld the ban, but allowed for future cases about how it is applied.

he “Casey” decision refers to the 1992 Supreme Court case, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern
Pennsylvania v. Casey. The Supreme Court upheld the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision which
established the right to an abortion, but allowed restrictions on abortion. The Court cited the right
to privacy, as well as “stare decisis,” which means that a longstanding legal precedent should not
be overturned without a good reason. The debate on abortion generally focuses on when human
life begins. The courts often focus on ‘viability’, the point at which the fetus could survive outside
the womb.
- Viability naturally begins at about 6 months of pregnancy, but with modern medical advances
the age of viability is pushed back substantially.
- Strong pro-life advocates believe that the fetus should be protected from the moment of
conception.
 Bibliography
Defending Life A Moral and Legal Case against Abortion Choice
• AUTHOR: Francis J. Beckwith
• DATE PUBLISHED: August 2007
• AVAILABILITY: Available
• FORMAT: Paperback
• ISBN: 9780521691352

Description Contents Resources Courses About the Authors • Defending Life is the most
comprehensive defense of the prolife position on abortion ever published. It is sophisticated,
but still accessible to the ordinary citizen. Without high-pitched rhetoric or appeals to religion,
the author offers a careful and respectful case for why the prolife view of human life is correct.
He responds to the strongest prochoice arguments found in law, science, philosophy, politics,
and the media. He explains and critiques Roe v. Wade, and he explains why virtually all the
popular prochoice arguments fail. There is simply nothing like this book.

By a masterful marshalling of the pertinent arguments and a civil engagement with the
counter-arguments, Beckwith makes a convincing case for law and social policy based on
reason and natural rights rather than the will to power." Reverend Richard John Neuhaus,
Editor-in-Chief, First Things