Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DNV-RP-C201
BUCKLING STRENGTH OF
PLATED STRUCTURES
OCTOBER 2002
Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and
consultancy services.
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Offshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.
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CONTENTS
6.8 Buckling of unstiffened plates with varying transverse
Part 1. Buckling Strength of Plated stress ...........................................................................14
Structures - Conventional Buckling 6.9 Buckling of unstiffened plate with longitudianal and
transverse varying stress and with shear stress ...........14
Code ......................................................5 7 Buckling of stiffened plates ......................................16
7.1 General........................................................................16
1 Introduction ................................................................ 5 7.2 Forces in the idealised stiffened plate .........................16
1.1 General ......................................................................... 5 7.3 Effective plate width...................................................17
1.2 Symbols........................................................................ 5 7.4 Resistance of plate between stiffeners ........................17
2 Safety format .............................................................. 6 7.5 Characteristic buckling strength of stiffeners .............18
3 General design considerations for flat plate 7.6 Resistance of stiffened panels to shear stresses ..........19
structures..................................................................... 7 7.7 Interaction formulas for axial compression and lateral
3.1 Introduction .................................................................. 7 pressure .......................................................................20
3.2 Definitions.................................................................... 7 7.8 Check for shear force..................................................21
3.3 Failure modes ............................................................... 7 8 Buckling of girders....................................................22
3.4 Tolerance requirements ................................................ 7 8.1 General........................................................................22
3.5 Serviceability limit states ............................................. 7 8.2 Girder forces ...............................................................22
3.6 Validity......................................................................... 7 8.3 Resistance parameters for girders ...............................23
4 Analysis Strategies.................................................... 10 8.4 Effective widths of girders..........................................23
4.1 General ....................................................................... 10 8.5 Torsional buckling of girders......................................24
4.2 Plated structure assumed to resist shear only ............. 10 9 Local buckling of stiffeners, girders and brackets .25
4.3 Consideration of shear lag effects .............................. 10 9.1 Local buckling of stiffeners and girders .....................25
4.4 Determination of buckling resistance based upon linear 9.2 Buckling of brackets ...................................................25
elastic buckling stress ................................................. 10 10 Commentary..............................................................26
5 Lateral loaded plates ................................................ 10
6 Buckling of unstiffened plates ................................. 11
6.1 General ....................................................................... 11
Part 2. Buckling Strength of Plated
6.2 Buckling of unstiffened plates under longitudinally Structures - PULS Buckling Code .. 29
uniform compression.................................................. 11
6.3 Buckling of unstiffened plates with transverse 1 Introduction...............................................................29
compression................................................................ 11 1.1 General........................................................................29
6.4 Buckling of unstiffened plate with shear .................... 12 1.2 Purpose .......................................................................30
6.5 Buckling of unstiffened biaxially loaded plates with 1.3 Theoretical background ..............................................30
shear ........................................................................... 12 1.4 Code principles ...........................................................30
6.6 Buckling of unstiffened plates with varying 1.5 Safety formats .............................................................30
longitudinal stress. Internal compression elements .... 13 1.6 PULS VB program features ........................................32
6.7 Buckling of outstand compression elements .............. 14 1.7 References...................................................................32
Introduction
This document describes two different, but equally acceptable methods, for buckling and ultimate strength assessment of
plated structures.
The first method, as given in Part 1, is a conventional buckling code for stiffened and unstiffened panels of steel. It is an
update and development of the stiffened flat plate part of previous DNV Classification Note No. 30.1 “Buckling Strength
Analysis”. Recommendations are given for plates, stiffeners and girders.
The second method, as given in Part 2, is a computerised semi-analytical model called PULS (Panel Ultimate Limit State). It
is based on a recognized non-linear plate theory, Rayleigh-Ritz discretizations of deflections and a numerical procedure for
solving the equilibrium equations. The method is essentially geometrically non-linear with stress control in critical positions
along plate edges and plate stiffener junction lines for handling material plasticity. The procedure provides estimates of the
ultimate buckling capacity to be used in extreme load design (ULS philosophy). The buckling limit is also assessed as it may
be of interest in problems related to functional requirements, i.e. for load conditions and structural parts in which elastic
buckling and thereby large elastic displacements are not acceptable (SLS philosophy). The PULS code is supported by official
stand alone DNV Software programs. It is also implemented as a postprocessor in other DNV programs.
Part 1.
Buckling Strength of Plated Structures - Conventional Buckling Code
NE Euler buckling strength
Nks,Rd design stiffener induced axial buckling
1 Introduction resistance
Nkp,Rd design plate induced axial buckling resistance
1.1 General NSd design axial force
This document gives design recommendations to flat steel PSd design lateral force
plate structures intended for marine structures. The RP is Q Factor
intended to supplement the DNV Offshore standards DNV- VRd design shear resistance
OS-C101 and is intended to be used for design of structures VSd design shear force
according to this standard. W elastic section modulus
3.6 Validity
This Recommended Practice is best suited to rectangular
plates and stiffened panels with stiffener length being larger
than the stiffener spacing ( l > s ). It may also be used for
girders being orthogonal to the stiffeners and with the girder
having significant larger cross-sectional dimensions than the
stiffeners.
s
l
Unstiffened
plate
Transverse
compression σy,Sd 6.3 s<l
Buckling check not
necessary if
s
-t- ≤ 5.4ε
s
t
σy,Sd
l
Unstiffened Shear stress τ Sd 6.4 s<l
plate Buckling check not
necessary if
s -t- s
≤ 70 ε
t
l
Unstiffened Linear varying 6.6 s<l
plate longitudinal Buckling check not
compression σx,Sd σx,Sd
necessary if
s
≤ 42 ε
t
s
-t-
ψ σx,Sd ψ σx,Sd
l
σy,Sd
s
and shear t
Sd
l
Longitudinal Longitudinal σy,Sd 7
stiffened plate and
panel transverse τ Sd σx,Sd PSd
compression -t-
LG
combined
with shear
and lateral
load
l
panel compression
combined LG -t-
with shear
and lateral
load
l l
compression
combined s ll
with shear
and lateral
load
Brackets 9.2
stiffness.
4.3 Consideration of shear lag effects This formula for the design of a plate subjected to lateral
If the stresses are determined from beam theory, the effect of pressure is based on yield-line theory, and accounts for the
shear deformations of wide flanges need to be considered. reduction of the moment resistance along the yield-line due
See also Commentary to 7 in Chapter 10. to applied in-plane stresses. The reduced resistance is
calculated based on von Mises’ equivalent stress. It is
emphasised that the formulation is based on a yield pattern
4.4 Determination of buckling resistance based
assuming yield lines along all four edges, and will give
upon linear elastic buckling stress uncertain results for cases where yield-lines can not be
The buckling resistance may be based on linear elastic developed along all edges. Furthermore, since the formula
buckling stress provided the following effects are accounted does not take account of second-order effects, plates
for: subjected to compressive stresses shall also fulfil the
requirements of Chapter 6 and 7 whichever is relevant.
• Material non-linearities
• Imperfections
• Residual stresses
• Possible interaction between local and global buckling
modes
in which
s
is expressed by a reduced (effective) width of the plate which
is multiplied by the design yield strength to obtain the design
resistance, see Figure 6-1 .
l
See also Commentary Chapter 0.
Figure 6-2 Plate with longitudinal compression
.
Effective
stress distribution σ y, R (6.5)
σ y, Rd =
γM
S
Se
S
1.3 ⋅ t (6.6)
1.3 ⋅ t E
σ y,R = + κ ⋅ 1 −
E
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ fy ⋅ kp
l fy l fy
Cx = 1 when λp ≤ 0.673
(6.2) and λc is:
(λ − 0.22 ) when λp > 0.673
Cx =
p
λ p2 s fy (6.8)
λc = 1.1 ⋅ ⋅
t E
where λp is the plate slenderness given by: and µ is:
λp =
fy
= 0.525
s fy (6.3) µ = 0.21 ⋅ (λc − 0.2 ) (6.9)
f cr t E
t = plate thickness
s fy (6.16)
l = plate length λ w = 0.795 ⋅ ⋅
t E ⋅ kl
s = plate width
2
s (6.17)
The reduction factor due to lateral load kp may, in lieu of k l = 5.34 + 4 , for l ≥ s
l
more accurate results, be calculated as: 2
s
= 5.34 + 4, for l < s
2 (6.10) l
t
k p = 1.0 for p Sd ≤ 2 ⋅ ⋅ f y
s 6.5 Buckling of unstiffened biaxially loaded plates
otherwise with shear
p t
2
A plate subjected to biaxially loading with shear should fulfil
k p = 1.0 − h α ⋅ Sd − 2 ⋅ , but k p ≥ 0
fy s the following requirement:
2
σ x,Sd
2
σ σ x,Sd σ y,Sd τ Sd
2 (6.18)
where + y,Sd − ci ⋅ ⋅ + ≤ 1.0
σ x, Rd σ y, Rd σ x,Rd σ y, Rd τ Rd
s but hα ≥ 0 where if both σx,Sd and σy,Sd is compression (positive) then
h α = 0.05 ⋅ − 0.75 (6.11)
t s s
ci = 1 − for ≤ 120
The resistance of the plate is satisfactory when: 120 ⋅ t t
s
ci = 0 for > 120
t
σ y,Sd ≤ σ y,Rd (6.12)
If either of σx,Sd and σy,Sd or both is in tension (negative), then
σy,Sd ci = 1.0.
σy,Sd C τe f y (6.19)
τ Rd = ⋅
l γM 3
6.4 Buckling of unstiffened plate with shear Cτe = 1.0 for λw ≤ 0.8 (6.20)
Shear buckling of a plate can be checked by
( )
Cτe = 1.0 − 0.8 ⋅ λw − 0.8 , for 0.8 < λw ≤ 1.25
1.0
τ Sd ≤ τ Rd (6.13) C τe = , for λw > 1.25
λw 2
y,Sd
Cτ f y (6.14) x,Sd
τ Rd = ⋅
γM 3
where -t-
s
σx,Sd σx,Sd
where λp is the plate slenderness given by:
(6.24)
s
fy s 1 -t-
λp = = ⋅
f cr t 28.4 ε kσ
ψ σx,Sd ψ σx,Sd
in which l
s = plate width
Figure 6-5 Plate with varying longitudinal stress
ψ = σ2/ σ1 Stress ratio. σ1 is largest stress with
compressive stress taken as positive. In order to perform cross sectional checks for members
subjected to plate buckling the local buckling effects can be
t = plate thickness accounted for by checking the resistance by using the
effective width according to Table 6-1.
fcr = critical plate buckling strength
ψ=1 b eff = C x ⋅ b
σ1 σ2
b e1 = 0.5 b eff
b e2 = 0.5 b eff
b e1 b e2
b
1> ψ > 0 b eff = C x ⋅ b
σ1
σ2 b e1 =
2
b eff
5-ψ
be1 b e2 b e2 = b eff − b e1
b
bc bt ψ<0 Cx ⋅ b
b eff = C x ⋅ b c =
1− ψ
σ1 b e1 = 0.4 b eff
σ2 b e2 = 0.6 b eff
be1 b e2
b
fy s 1 (6.29)
λp = = ⋅
f cr t 28.4 ε kσ
in which l1 -t- s
s = plate width
0.578
kσ = when 0 ≤ ψ ≤1
0.34 + ψ
Table 6-2 Effective width for outstand compression plate elements with largest stress at free edge
Stress distribution (compression positive) Effective width beff
b eff
0< ψ ≤ 1 b eff = C x ⋅ c
σ1
σ2
c
ψ<0 Cx ⋅ c
bt bc b eff = C x ⋅ b c =
1- ψ
σ1
σ2
b eff
Table 6-3 Effective width for outstand compression plate elements with largest stress at supported edge
σ1
σ2
c
beff ψ<0 Cx ⋅ c
b eff = C x ⋅ b c =
1- ψ
σ1
σ2
bc bt
There are different formulas for stiffeners being continuous τcrl = critical shear stress for the plate panel between two
(or connected to frames with their full moment resistance) stiffeners, according to eq. (7.6).
and simple supported (sniped) stiffeners.
t
2
(7.4)
An example of a stiffened plate panel is shown in Figure 3-1. τ crg = k g ⋅ 0.904 ⋅ E ⋅
l
The stiffener cross section needs to fulfil requirements to where :
avoid local buckling given in Chapter 9.
2
For shear lag effects see Commentary Chapter 10. l (7.5)
k g = 5.34 + 4 ,
for l ≤ L G
LG
The plate between stiffeners will normally be checked 2
l
implicitly by the stiffener check since plate buckling is = 5.34 + 4,
for l > L G
accounted for by the effective width method. However, in LG
cases where σy,Sd stress is the dominant stress it is necessary LG = Girder length see Figure 3-1
to check the plate resistance according to eq. (7.19).
2
For slender stiffened plates the load carrying resistance in the t (7.6)
τ crl = k l ⋅ 0.904 ⋅ E ⋅
direction transverse to the stiffener may be neglected. Then s
σy,Sd stresses may be assumed to be carried solely by the
girder. In such cases the effective girder flange may be where:
determined by disregarding the stiffeners, and the stiffener
with plate may be checked by neglecting σy,Sd stresses s
2
(7.7)
(method 2 in sec. 8.4). See also Commentary to 8 in Chapter k l = 5.34 + 4 , for l ≥ s
l
10. 2
s
= 5.34 + 4, for l < s
7.2 Forces in the idealised stiffened plate l
Stiffened plates subjected to combined forces, see Figure 7-1 The equivalent lateral line load should be taken as:
should be designed to resist an equivalent axial force
according to eq. (7.1) and an equivalent lateral load q Sd = (p Sd + p 0 ) s (7.8)
according to eq. (7.8).
p0 shall be applied in the direction of the external pressure
The equivalent axial force should be taken as: pSd. For situations where pSd is less than p0, the stiffener need
to be checked for p0 applied in both directions (i.e. at plate
N Sd = σ x,Sd (A s + st ) + τ tf st (7.1) side and stiffener side).
se (7.13)
= C xs C ys 7.4 Resistance of plate between stiffeners
s
The plate between stiffeners shall be checked for:
The reduction factor due to stresses in the longitudinal
direction, Cxs, is
fy (7.18)
τ Rdy =
λ p − 0.22 (7.14) 3 ⋅ γM
C xs = , if λ p > 0.673
λ p2
σ y,Sd ≤ k sp ⋅ σ y,Rd (7.19)
= 1.0, if λ p ≤ 0.673
where:
where
τ
2 (7.20)
s fy (7.15) k sp = 1.0 − 3 ⋅ Sd
λ p = 0.525 fy
t E
and the reduction factor for compression stresses in the and σy,Rd is determined from eq. (6.5).
transverse direction, Cys, is found from:
fk
=1 when λ ≤ 0.2 (7.21) c tf
fr zt
B
hw hw
A
(1 + µ + λ )
e tw
(7.22)
fk 1+ µ + λ 2 − 2 2
− 4λ 2 tw
= zp
fr 2λ 2
i e f T 1 + µ + λT − 1 + µ + λ T
=
2 2
( )
2
− 4λT2 (7.28)
fy 2λT2
for check at stiffener side
(7.26)
z
µ = 0.34 + 0.08 t (λ − 0.2 ) when λ T > 0.6
ie
where
where:
fT may be calculated according to sec. 7.5.2 Generally fET may be calculated as:
h
2
t
2
(7.34) f ep =
fy (7.39)
f ET = β + 2 w ⋅ G w 4
lT h w 1+ λ e
where 1 (7.40)
f y σ x,Sd c
c c c
σ y,Sd τ Sd
+ +
2
β = 1.0, λ =
σ j,Sd f Epx f τ
e
36 ⋅ E 4 (7.48)
3C + 0.2 (7.35) τ crs = ⋅ I p ⋅ I 3s
β= s⋅ t ⋅l2
C + 0.2
with:
3
h t (7.36)
C = (1 − η)
s tw
t3 ⋅s (7.49)
Ip =
where: 10.9
and Is= moment of inertia of stiffener with full plate width.
7.7 Interaction formulas for axial compression qsd is given in eq. (7.8)
and lateral pressure
l = span length
7.7.1 Continuous stiffeners
z* is the distance from the neutral axis of the effective section
For continuous stiffeners the following four interaction to the working point of the axial force. z* may be varied in
equations need to be fulfilled in case of: order to optimise the resistance. z* should then be selected so
Lateral pressure on plate side: the maximum utilisation found from the equations (7.50) to
(7.53) or (7.54) to (7.57) is at its minimum, see also
N Sd M1,Sd − N Sd ⋅ z * (7.50) Commentary Chapter 0. The value of z* is taken positive
+ +u ≤ 1
N ks, Rd N towards the plate. The simplification z* = 0 is always
M s1,Rd 1 − Sd
NE allowed.
N Sd N M1,Sd − N Sd ⋅ z *
− 2 ⋅ Sd + +u ≤ 1 (7.51)
N kp, Rd N Rd N
M p,Rd 1 − Sd
NE 7.7.2 Simple supported stiffener (sniped stiffener)
N Sd N M 2,Sd + N Sd ⋅ z * Simple supported stiffener (sniped stiffener):
− 2 ⋅ Sd + +u ≤ 1 (7.52)
N ks, Rd N Rd N
M st,Rd 1 − Sd
NE Lateral pressure on plate side:
N Sd M 2,Sd + N Sd ⋅ z *
q Sd l 2 (7.59)
+ +u ≤ 1 (7.53) + N Sd ⋅ z *
N kp,Rd N N Sd N 8
M p,Rd 1 − Sd − 2 ⋅ Sd + +u≤ 1
NE N ks, Rd N Rd N
M st, Rd 1 − Sd
Lateral pressure on stiffener side: NE
N Sd N M1,Sd + N Sd ⋅ z* (7.54)
− 2 ⋅ Sd + +u ≤ 1 q Sd l 2 (7.60)
N ks, Rd N Rd N + N Sd ⋅ z *
M st, Rd 1 − Sd N Sd 8
NE + +u ≤ 1
N kp, Rd N
M p, Rd 1 − Sd
N Sd M1,Sd + N Sd ⋅ z* NE
+ +u ≤ 1 (7.55)
N kp, Rd N
M p, Rd 1 − Sd
NE
Lateral pressure on stiffener side:
N Sd M 2,Sd − N Sd ⋅ z *
+ +u ≤ 1 (7.56) q Sd l 2
N ks, Rd N if ≥ N Sd ⋅ z * then:
M s2,Rd 1 − Sd
NE 8
N Sd N M 2,Sd − N Sd ⋅ z* q Sd l 2 (7.61)
− 2 ⋅ Sd + +u ≤ 1 (7.57) − N Sd ⋅ z *
N kp, Rd N Rd N 8
M p,Rd 1 − Sd N Sd
+ +u ≤1
NE N ks, Rd N
M s2, Rd 1 − Sd
where NE
2
τ (7.58)
u = Sd q Sd l 2
− N Sd ⋅ z *
(7.62)
τ Rd N Sd N 8
− 2 ⋅ Sd + +u ≤ 1
When tension field action is assumed according to eq. (7.2) N kp, Rd N Rd N
M p,Rd 1 − Sd
then u = 0. NE
For resistance parameters see sec. 7.7.3 for stiffener and sec.
q Sd l 2
8.3 for girders. if ≥ N Sd ⋅ z * then:
8
M1,Sd = q Sd l 2 for continuous stiffeners with equal spans (7.63)
q Sd l 2
12 N Sd ⋅ z * −
N Sd N 8
and equal lateral pressure in all spans − 2 ⋅ Sd + +u ≤ 1
N ks, Rd N Rd N
= absolute value of the actual largest support M st,Rd 1 − Sd
NE
moment for continuous stiffeners with unequal spans
and/or unequal lateral pressure in adjacent spans
q Sd l 2 (7.64)
N Sd ⋅ z * −
q Sd l 2 N Sd 8
M2,Sd = for continuous stiffeners with equal spans + + u ≤1
N kp, Rd N
24 M p, Rd 1 − Sd
and equal lateral pressure in all spans NE
= absolute value of the actual largest field moment l = span length is given in eq. (7.58)
for continuous stiffeners with unequal spans and/or
unequal lateral pressure in adjacent spans
12 W f y (7.75)
N ks, Rd = A e
fk (7.66) pf =
γM l 2 ⋅s γM
where fk is calculated from sec. 7.5 using eq. (7.26) W = the smaller of Wep and Wes
l = span length
fk (7.67)
N kp,Rd = A e
γM In case of varying lateral pressure, pSd in eq. (7.74) should be
taken as the minimum of the value in the adjoining spans.
where fk is calculated from sec. 7.5 using eq. (7.25)
For simple supported stiffener lk = l.0·l.
f (7.68)
M s1,Rd = Wes r
γM
where fr is calculated from sec. 7.5 for stiffener side using lT 7.8 Check for shear force
= 0.4 l or distance between lateral support if this is less.
The stiffener should in all sections satisfy:
fr (7.69)
M s2,Rd = Wes fy (7.76)
γM VSd ≤ VRd = A net ⋅
γM 3
where fr is calculated from sec. 7.5 for stiffener side using lT
= 0.8 l or distance between lateral support if this is less. where:
fy (7.71) Anet = net shear area (shear area minus cut outs)
M p,Rd = Wep
γM If VSd > 0.5 VRd then the stiffener section modulus and
effective area need to be reduced to account for the
Wep = Ie , effective elastic section modulus on interaction of the shear with the moment and axial force in
zp the stiffener.
plate side, see Figure 7-3.
As Stiffener
t+
But not less than 0.02 s (σ + Cτ )
x,Sd Sd
l
LG
where Girder
s τ Sd − τ crg
2
2
(8.4)
C = Q 7 − 5 for τSd > τcrg
s
l τ crl
l
C=0 for τSd ≤ τcrg (8.5)
Q = λG − 0.2 , but not less than 0 and not greater than 1.0 Figure 8-1 Panel geometry definitions
where where
C xG = 1 −
with fr calculated using lt = 0.4 LG or distance between lateral f kx
support if this is less.
where:
fr (8.13)
M s2,Rd = WeG f kx = C xs f y (8.20)
γM
with fr calculated using lt = 0.8 LG or distance between lateral Cxs is found from eq. (7.14).
support if this is less.
If the σy stress in the girder is in tension due to the combined
girder axial force and bending moment over the total span of
the girder CyG may be calculated as:
LG
C yG = (8.21) fy (8.28)
λ TG =
2
L
l⋅ 4− G CyG ≤ 1 f ETG
l
τ
2 (8.22) (8.30)
π 2 EI z
CτG = 1 − 3 Sd f ETG =
f A
y A f + w L2GT
3
le should not be taken larger than 0.3 LG for continuous
LGT = distance between lateral supports
girders and 0.4 LG for simple supported girders when
calculating section modules Wep and WeG. Af, Aw = cross sectional area of flange and web of girder
f TG = f y if λ TG ≤ 0.6 (8.27)
1 + µ + λTG
f TG = f y ⋅
2
− (1 + µ + λ )
2 2
TG
2
− 4λTG
2λ TG
2
Figure 8-2 Definitions for tripping brackets
if λ TG > 0.6
s
For definition of c see Figure 7-3 .
hw ≤ 42 tw ε (9.2)
Figure 9-2 Definitions for longitudinal web stiffeners
ε = 235
fy
9.2 Buckling of brackets
In lieu of more refined analysis such as in Chapter 7, web Brackets should be stiffened in such a way that:
stiffeners should satisfy the requirements given in sec. 9.1.2
and sec. 9.1.3. E (9.5)
d 0 ≤ 0.7t b
fy
9.1.2 Transverse web stiffeners:
l s fy (9.3) E (9.6)
I s > 0.3l t s 2 t W 2.5 t − 2 d 1 ≤ 1.65t b
fy
s lt E
Figure 9-1 Definitions for transverse web stiffeners Figure 9-3 Definitions for brackets
2.0
Check point 1
Maximum capacity Check point 2
1.5
Check point 3
Check point 4
Utilisation ratio
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
l/2 l/2 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
z* (mm)
Figure 10-1 Check points for interaction equations
Figure 10-3 Utilisation ratios for the four interaction
With the lateral load on the stiffener side, the stresses change equations with varying z*
sign and the equations (7.54) to (7.57) shall be used. The
sections to be checked remain the same.
The eccentricity z* is introduced in the equations to find the Commentary to 8 Buckling of girders
maximum resistance of the stiffened panel. In the ultimate
limit state a continuos stiffened panel will carry the load in When a stiffened panel supported by girders is subjected to
lateral loads the moments from this load should be included
the axis giving the maximum load. For calculation of the
in the check of the girder. If the girder is checked according
forces and moments in the total structure, of which the
to method 1, the stiffener and plate should also be checked
stiffened panel is a part, the working point for the stiffened
panel should correspond to the assumed value of z*. In most for the σy stresses imposed by the bending of the girder. In
cases the influence of variations in z* on global forces and method 2, the σy stresses imposed by the bending of the
moments will be negligible. See also Figure 10-2. girder can be neglected when checking plate and stiffener.
Part 2.
Buckling Strength of Plated Structures - PULS Buckling Code
1.1.4 Application to other metallic materials than steel and
aluminium is possible. Special care is needed with respect to
1 Introduction welding effects, heat affected zone effects etc.
Stiffened panels
1.5.2 For combined loads the usage factor is defined as the 1.5.3 For a single load cases the definition of usage factor
ratio between the radius vector to the applied load point in 1.5.2 becomes
load space and the corresponding radius vector to the ULS
collapse boundary, Figure 2. η = σ i 0 / σ iu i = axial load, transverse load etc.
The usage factor is defined as 1.5.4 The ULS acceptance criterion is
η = L0 / L u η < η allow
where the radius vectors L0 and Lu in load space are defined
as ηallow (= η max ) is the acceptable usage factor specified in
the rules. It will vary depending on the probability level of
L 0 = (σ10 + σ 20 + L + σ i 0 + L + σ K 0 )
2 2 2 2 the loads, consequence of failure and global redundancy of
the construction.
L u = (σ1u + σ 2 u + L + σ iu + L + σ Ku )
2 2 2 2
3D - view
2D - view
Figure 2 Definition of safety margin/usage factor; example for bi-axial loading on a plate
1.5.5 In the DNV Offshore Standards the LRFD format is 1.6 PULS VB program features
used. This implies that the acceptance criterion is on the form 1.6.1 The PULS VB program supporting the PULS code is
described in the User’s Manual, Ref.[3]. It gives the user the
Sd < R d possibility to evaluate the buckling strength in two different
ways, see 1.6.2 and 1.6.3 respectively.
Sd is the load effect including relevant problem dependent
load factors. Rd is the design resistance, which is related to 1.6.2 The PULS VB program gives a buckling control under
the characteristic resistance as a given load combination (nominal external stresses) as
specified by the user. This load combination is used to define
Rd = Rk / γm a proportional load history for the in-plane loads and
constant lateral pressure if any. The output is the elastic
The factor γm is the material parameter given in the buckling stresses, the ULS capacities and the safety margin
respective offshore standards. presented as the usage factor.
1.5.6 The LRFD offshore strength format in the PULS 1.6.3 The PULS VB program also provides capacity curves
terminology is under combined loads. Capacity curves are given for either
ideal elastic buckling or ULS condition. They are illustrated
Sd 1 in two-dimensional load-spaces and gives information about
η < η allow where η= and η allow = the strength with respect to the selected load components.
Rk γm Capacity curves are generated by running automatically the
program in a loop scanning the interesting range in selected
The following definitions for Sd and Rk in case of combined 2D load spaces. It runs from a separate menu on the tool
loads apply: bars.
Load effect Sd ≡ L 0 (design load effect 1.6.4 The PULS VB program provides 3D plots of
inclusive load factors) eigenmodes, imperfection modes and ULS modes with
redistributed ULS membrane stress distributions. Animation
Characteristic resistance R k ≡ Lu (ultimate strength of buckling modes can also be generated.
exclusive safety factors)
1.7 References
The ratio S d / R k is the same as the usage factor η. It gives /1/ Washizu, K. (1975). “Variational methods in
a consistent measure of the safety margin. The material elasticity and plasticity”, Pergamon Press, Second
factor γm is the inverse of the acceptable usage factor ηallow. Edition, Bath, Great Britain.
1.5.7 The ratio ( η / η allow ) can be used as a measure of the /2/ Brush.D.O. and Almroth. B.O. “Buckling of Bars,
Plates and Shells”, McGraw-Hill 1975
safety margin relative to the required strength margin, i.e.
/3/ DNV Report no. 2001-0420, PULS User’s manual,
η E.Steen, T.K. Østvold, K.G. Vilming and E.
<1
η allow Byklum.