Sie sind auf Seite 1von 51

Protection Application Transformer

Handbook Protection
© ABB Group - 1 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Power transformers in a power system

400 kV AC Transmission

130 kV Subtransmission

Generation

MV Distribution

LV
© ABB Group - 2 -

M
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
General

A Power Transformer is a very valuable and vital


link in a Power Transmission system

Many sizes and types of power transformer

Transformer faults may cause substantial losses


.The repair time may be long
© ABB Group - 3 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
General

A fast protection system for transformer is


essential to minimize the damage in case of an
internal fault with suitable back-up protection
scheme to take care of uncleared system faults

Faults in a Transformer occur due to insulation


breakdown, ageing of insulation, overheating due
to over excitation, oil contamination and leakage
or reduced cooling
© ABB Group - 4 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Different vector group connections and ways of neutral connection

Yy Yd Dy Yd+z
YN yn0 (d1) YN d1 D yn11 YN d11 + zn
© ABB Group - 5 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Different winding arrangements

Autotransformer 2-winding transf.


+ tertiary + Auxiliary
e.g.. YN Auto d1 transformer
© ABB Group - 6 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Particular power transformer applications

x x

U
V

Generator- On- load Static VAR Double breaker


transformer tap-changer Compensator Motor drive
unit
HVDC
© ABB Group - 7 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Overload Capability

It is possible to overload power transformers

Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously

Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating


© ABB Group - 8 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Withstand capabilty for External Faults
System Shunt Faults

Transformer Fault current Permitted fault


reactances duration
% multiple of rated seconds
current
4 25 2
5 20 3
6 16.6 4
7 14.2 5
© ABB Group - 9 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Types of Internal Faults

Earth faults
Short-circuits
Inter turn Faults
Core Faults
Tank Faults
Reduced cooling
© ABB Group - 10 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Abnormal Conditions
Overload

Over voltage

Reduced system voltage

Overexcitation
© ABB Group - 11 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Differential Protection
Classical application of differential protection
Interposing current transformers for phase shift and
transformation ratio correction
Protection zone, bushing CTs
Influence from OLTC
Harmonic restrained differential protections
© ABB Group - 12 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Transformer differential protection. Current bias characteristics

Differential current |I1+I2 |


10

I1

< 25
I
High Unrestrained
5

Trips

I2
1 Blocks
I d min
© ABB Group - 13 -

Irestrain
1 5 10 (|I1 |+ |I2 |)/2
26-Jun-10
© ABB Group - 14 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Transformer protection
Inrush Current

Inrush currents flow in connection with energisation


Inrush currents may also flow at voltage recovery
Sympathy inrush current
© ABB Group - 15 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Inrush Current
© ABB Group - 16 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Factors that Affect the Inrush Current

The source impedance


The size of the transformer
The location energized winding
The point of wave when the switch closes
The magnetic properties of the core
The remanence of the core
The use of pre-insertion resistors
© ABB Group - 17 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Consequences of Inrush Current

The inrush current has a large DC component that may


saturate the CTs
DC saturation of phase and neutral CTs may cause a
false residual current and a false differential current
There is a risk that sensitive differential protections,
residual overcurrent protections and neutral point
overcurrent protections may operate incorrectly
© ABB Group - 18 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Magnetizing current at overexcitation
© ABB Group - 19 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Differential protection for
Autotransformer
© ABB Group - 20 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Ground Fault Currents
© ABB Group - 21 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Earth Fault Protection
Restricted earth fault protection
High-impedance restricted earth fault protections
Low-impedance restricted earth fault protections
© ABB Group - 22 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Restricted Earth fault protection
© ABB Group - 23 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Thermal overload protection

Rise of temperature

0,63

τ
© ABB Group - 24 -

Time
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Over excitation protection

Overexcited transformers become overheated


and damaged

Especially required for Generator Transformers


© ABB Group - 25 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Overexcitation Protection

Ei = 4.44fNA Bmax

f= the system frequency [Hz],


N= the number of turns on the core leg [1],
A= the area of the core leg [m2] and
Bmax = the peak value of the flux density [T]
© ABB Group - 26 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Over excitation Protection

V/ f
( Bmax / Bn) =
Vn / f n

Bn = the rated peak value of the flux density [T],


V= the RMS value of the terminal voltage [V],
Vn = the rated RMS value of the terminal voltage [V], and
fn = the rated system frequency [Hz]
© ABB Group - 27 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Over excitation protection
t

Definite

V/Hz inverse
© ABB Group - 28 -

V/Hz
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Time overcurrent relays

Used on all feeding circuits of transformer


Provide back up for internal faults
Also provide back up for system faults
Instantaneous high element
© ABB Group - 29 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Residual Overcurrent relays
Used on all feeding circuits of transformer
Provide back up for internal faults
Also provide back up for system faults
Instantaneous high element used
© ABB Group - 30 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Impedance Protection

Back-up protection of the local busbars

Back-up protection of the outgoing feeders

Back-up protection of the busbar at the remote end

Plain underimpedance protection/Distance protection


© ABB Group - 31 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Monitors

Monitors are very important devices which detect faults and


abnormal service conditions which may develop into fault.
© ABB Group - 32 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Oil and Gas Monitoring
Sudden gas pressure protection
Buchholz protection
Oil level monitoring
© ABB Group - 33 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Temperature Monitoring
The oil thermometer
The winding thermometer
© ABB Group - 34 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5
MVA)
Gas detector relay ( Buchholz)
Over load protection
Thermal relays
Temperature monitoring relays
Over current protection
Ground fault protection
Differential protection
Interturn faults
Pressure relay for tap changer
© ABB Group - 35 -

Oil level monitor


26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers <
5 MVA)

Gas detector relay


Overload protection
Overcurrent protection
Ground fault protection
© ABB Group - 36 -
26-Jun-10
CBIP manual on Protection
of Generators, generator Transformer
transformers and 220kV Protection
and 400 kV networks
© ABB Group - 37 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
1.0
1.0 GENERAL
GENERAL

• A Power Transformer is a very valuable and vital link in a Power


Transmission system

• Fast protection system for transformer is essential to minimize the


damage in case of an internal fault with suitable back-up protection
scheme to take care of uncleared system faults.

• Faults in a Transformer occur due to insulation breakdown, ageing of


of insulation, overheating due to overexcitation, oil contamination and
leakage or reduced cooling.
© ABB Group - 38 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
• Recommendations for provision of protective and monitoring
equipment for transformers of 400kV and 220kV class are as follows:

(a) Transformer differential protection

(b) Overfluxing protection

(c) Restricted earth-fault protection

(d) Back-up directional O / C + E / F protection on HV side

(e) Back-up directional O / C + E / F protection on LV side

(f) Protection and monitors built in to Transformer (Buchholz relay,


Winding and Oil Temperature Indicators, Oil Level Indicator and
Pressure Relief Device)
© ABB Group - 39 -

(g) Protection for Tertiary winding


26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
2.0
2.0 SPECIAL
SPECIALCOMMENTS
COMMENTS
2.1
2.1

• Protection and monitors shall be divided in two groups viz. Gr A and


Gr B at 400kV.

• Given below is the way of grouping these protections:

Group A Group B

• Transformer biased R.E.F Protection


differential relay Buchholz Protection

• Back up Protection(HV) Back up Protection(MV)

• Overfluxing protection(HV) Overfluxing protection(MV)


© ABB Group - 40 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Group A Group B

• Oil temperature high tripping Overload protection (Alarm only)


winding, temperature high tripping

• Pressure relief tripping OLTC Buchholz tripping

• Delta winding protection Oil level high/low tripping

• Group A and B protections shall be connected to separate DC source/


separately fused supplies.

• DC sources shall be supervised

• Both Gr A and Gr B protections shall give out tripping impulses to HV,


MV AND LV (if applicable), circuit breakers.
© ABB Group - 41 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
2.2
2.2
• Transformer overfluxing protection recommended on both sides for
interconnecting transformers.

• Overfluxing relay shall be provided on the untapped winding of the


Transformer

2.3
2.3
• In case of breaker and half switching schemes, the differential protection
schemes, the differential protection C.T’s associated with Main and Tie
breakers should be connected to separate bias windings and these
should not be paralleled in order to avoid false operation due to dissimilar
C.T. transient response.
2.4
2.4
• Triple pole high impedance relay may be provided instead of single
© ABB Group - 42 -

pole R.E.F relay


26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
3.0
3.0 SETTING
SETTINGCRITERIA
CRITERIA
3.1
3.1

• The current setting of the back up O/C relay shall be set above the
expected maximum load current so as to allow possible overload on
account of loss of one of the parallel transformers
3.2
3.2

• Overload relay shall be set at 110% of rated current with dely of 5


seconds.

• This shall be connected to give only alarm and not for tripping.
© ABB Group - 43 -
26-Jun-10
CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Back- Power Transformers
UP Protection for EHV
and UHV Transmission
Network
© ABB Group - 44 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Power Transformers
In the above paragraphs some important application
aspects connected with the transformer protection
and some recommendations have been brought out
and these should be considered. Few of these are
brought out below
© ABB Group - 45 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Power Transformers
A true Main-2 protection scheme is usually not
provided in case of transformers. But as operating
requirements change and single contingency limits
are pressed the level of Main-2 protection may need
to be re-evaluated in future.
Numerical relays offer the best characteristic since
digital filters remove harmonics and DC offset
currents from the inrush. Numerical back-up over
current relays can therefore be set much more
sensitive than conventional types and are
recommended to be used
© ABB Group - 46 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Power Transformers
Harmonic restraint may be required to obtain
sensitive settings in case of zero sequence over
current relays.
Sometimes security is a problem In case of Buchholz
relays. The addition of an over current blocking relay,
which blocks or slows down the tripping, may be
used to improve security of the devices
In case of of mechanical type of fault detectors like
Buchholz and PRDs, for higher reliability, duplicating
of the initiating contacts may be considered on a
© ABB Group - 47 -

case-to-case basis.
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection
Power Transformers
For grid transformers, application of over excitation
protection not considered necessary and present
practice of providing it should be reviewed.
The power transformers have a large thermal heat
sink and can withstand overloads for certain limited
time. Selective protection and monitoring and load
management is necessary. The tripping of the
transformer should be the last action
Fast clearance of faults in the transformer is
important for stability of the system and therefore
adequate protections should be provided.
© ABB Group - 48 -

Requirement of through fault withstand is also


26-Jun-10

important and should be considered.


Transformer protection
Power Transformers
As per the current practice, it is common to group
various main 1, main 2 and back-up transformer
protections at 765 kV, 400kV and 220 kV in two
groups of protections (Group A and Group B)
connected to separate DC sources and separate
master trip relays. This should cover, to some
degree, the need for maintenance of protective
equipment with the transformer energized. No
change is proposed in this practice. Reference may
be made to CBIP Manual No 274 “Protection of
Generators, Transformers and 220kV and 400kV
© ABB Group - 49 -

Networks”. Which gives details of current practices


26-Jun-10

being followed.
Transformer protection
Power Transformers
Where Fire protection is provided the contacts
should be wired to trip both Group-A and Group-B
trip relays
For 132 kV level transformer where two separate DC
sources are not provided, it is recommended that the
protections be grouped in two groups connected to
separately fused DC sources. One gets to use two
trip relays in this case, which is advantageous
© ABB Group - 50 -
26-Jun-10
© ABB Group - 51 -
26-Jun-10
Transformer protection

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen