Paragon Hotel, Jakarta - Day One 4 January 2014

Training Material
4G RF Planning & Optimization
 Our Product and Service

Learning Center
Research and Development
Industrial Product

www.floatway.com
3
1G to 4G
1G

2G

3G

4G
 Wireline and Wireless: Milestones

FTTH 100 Mbps

100 Mbps
3.9G
ADSL2+ 25 Mbps
LTE 10 Mbps
10 Mbps 3.5G

ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps 3.5G HSPA+ 5 Mbps

ADSL 1 Mbps
1 Mbps 3G HSDPA 1 Mbps
2.5G
ISDN UMTS 350 Kbps
128 Kbps
100 Kbps 2G
EDGE 100 Kbps
GPRS 40 Kbps

10 Kbps
2000 2005 2010

Mobile throughput follows landline throughput by approx. factor 10

 Participant Introduction

• Name
• Current Job Profile
• Previous Experience
• Expectations, etc.

Alfin Hikmaturokhman.,MT 6
RADIO CELLULAR
TECHNOLOGY

7
2G & 3G Radio Technology
from GSM to UMTS Evolution: Data rates

EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution
•8PSK instead of GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
•Bundling 1-8 channels

GPRS General Packet Radio Services

•Packet-switched
•New infrastructure
(new protocol architecture: prerequisite for UMTS!)
•Bundling 1-8 channels

UMTS (WCDMA)
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data Terrestrial Radio Access
•Circuit-switched
•No new network elements: SW modifications
•Bundling 1-8 channels
Wireless Broadband Technology Evolution .

HSPA HSPA+ HSPA+ 4G

WCDMA HSDPA HSDPA (WiMAX
Rel 6 Rel 7 Rel 8 and LTE)
3G R99 Rel 4 Rel 5 DL up to 14 DL up to 35
DL up to 21 DL up to 48
DL up to 384 DL up to 3.6 DL up to 7.2 Mbps, Mbps, Mbps, Mbps,
Kbps Mbps Mbps UL up to 5.8 UL up to 8.3 UL up to 8.3 UL up to 24
Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps
Towards to 4G

10
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

11
3GPP architecture evolution towards flat architecture

Release 6 Release 7 Release 7 Release 8

Direct Tunnel Direct Tunnel and SAE and LTE
RNC in NB

GGSN GGSN GGSN SAE GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME

RNC RNC

NB NB RNC
eNB
NB

Control Plane User Plane

 LTE Network Architecture
UMTS 3G: UTRAN
EPC

GGSN MME MME

S-GW / P-GW S-GW / P-GW

SGSN

RNC RNC

eNB eNB
eNB eNB
NB NB NB NB E-UTRAN

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network MME : Mobility Management Entity
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node S-GC : Serving Gateway
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service P-GW : PDN Gateway
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node PDN : Packet Data Network
RNC: Radio Network Controller eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
NB: Node B E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN
Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces
3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture

EPC eNB = All radio interface-related functions

MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and
MME MME security parameters.
S-GW / P-GW S-GW / P-GW S-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards E-UTRAN.
P-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards PDN
S1

Simple Architecture
eNB eNB Flat IP-Based Architecture
X2
Reduction in latency and cost
eNB eNB Split between EPC and E-UTRAN
E-UTRAN
Compatibility with 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies
EPC ; Evolved Packet Core
MME : Mobility Management Entity
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN
System architecture for E-UTRAN only network
System architecture for 3GPP access networks
CELLULAR
FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION

17
2G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia

GSM 900

DCS 1800
3G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia
Frequency Spectrum Update March 2013
3G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia
Frequency Spectrum Plan September 2013
21
 OFDM
 Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM Concept: Mengapa OFDM
 Sinyal OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) dapat mendukung kondisi NLOS
(Non Line of Sight) dengan mempertahankan
efisiensi spektral yang tinggi dan memaksimalkan
spektrum yang tersedia.
 Mendukung lingkungan propagasi multi-path.
 Scalable bandwidth : menyediakan fleksibilitas
dan potensial mengurangi CAPEX (capital
expense).

23
OFDM Concept: NLOS Performance

24
OFDM Concept : Mutipath Propagation

 Sinyal-sinyal multipath datang pada waktu yang berbeda dengan amplitudo dan pergeseran
fasa yang berbeda, yang menyebabkan pelemahan dan penguatan daya sinyal yang diterima.
 Propagasi multipath berpengaruh terhadap performansi link dan coverage.
 Selubung (envelop) sinyal Rx berfluktuasi secara acak.
25
 OFDM Concept: FFT

• Multi-carrier modulation/multiplexing technique

• Available bandwidth is divided into several subchannels
• Data is serial-to-parallel converted
• Symbols are transmitted on different subcarriers
26
 OFDM Concept: IFFT

Basic ideas valid for various multicarrier techniques:

• OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

27
 OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM

Single-Carrier Mode: OFDM Mode:

• Serial Symbol Stream Used to Modulate a • Each Symbol Used to Modulate a Separate
Single Wideband Carrier Sub-Carrier
• Serial Datastream Converted to Symbols
(Each Symbol Can Represented 1 or More
Data Bits) 28
 OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM

Single-Carrier Mode OFDM Mode

• Dotted Area Represents Transmitted Spectrum
• Solid Area Represents Receiver Input

• OFDM mengatasi delay spread, multipath dan ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) secara efisien
sehingga dapat meningkatkan throughput data rate yang lebih tinggi.
• Memudahkan ekualisasi kanal terhadap sub-carrier OFDM individual, dibandingkan terhadap
sinyal single-carrier yang memerlukan teknik ekualisasi adaptif lebih kompleks.
29
OFDM Concept: Motivation for Multi-carrier Approaches

 Multi-carrier transmission offers various

advantages over traditional single carrier
approaches:
◦ Highly scalable
◦ Simplified equalizer design in the frequency domain,
also in cases of large delay spread
◦ High spectrum density
◦ Simplified the usage of MIMO
 Weakness of multi-carrier systems:
◦ Increased peak to average power ratio (PAPR)

30
OFDM Concept: Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR)
 Tipe Sub-Carrier OFDM

Data Sub-carriers
• Membawa simbol BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Pilot Sub-carriers
• Untuk memudahkan estimasi kanal dan demodulasi koheren pada receiver.
Null Subcarrier
• Guard Sub-carriers
• DC Sub-carrier
32
 Guard Interval (Cyclic Prefix)

• Untuk mengatasi multipath delay spread

• Contoh pada WiMAX Guard Interval (cyclic prefix) : 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 33
OFDM Transceiver

34
 OFDM & OFDMA
OFDM OFDMA
• Semua subcarrier dialokasikan untuk satu • Subcarrier dialokasikan secara fleksibel
user untuk banyak user tergantung pada kondisi
• Misal : 802.16-2004 radio.
• Misal : 802.16e-2005 dan 802.16m

35
Difference between OFDM and OFDMA

 OFDM allocates users in time  OFDMA allocates users in

domain only time and frequency domain
OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing
 LTE Downlink Physical Layer Design: Physical
Resource
The physical resource can be seen as
a time-frequency grid

• LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) as its radio technology in
downlink
• In the uplink LTE uses a pre=coded version of OFDM, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access) to reduced power consumption
38
LTE Downlink Resource Grid

• Suatu RB (resource block) terdiri dari 12 subcarrier pada

suatu durasi slot 0.5 ms.

• Satu subcarrier mempunyai BW 15 kHz, sehingga menjadi 180

kHz per RB.

39
Parameters for DL generic frame structure

Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 2.5 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Subcarrier bandwidth (kHz) 15

Physical resource block (PRB)

180
bandwidth (kHz)

Number of available PRBs 6 12 25 50 75 100

40
Parameters for DL generic frame structure
Transmission BW 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Sub-frame duration 0.5 ms

Sub-carrier spacing 15 kHz

192 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz
Sampling frequency (1/2x3.84 3.84 MHz (2x3.84 (4x3.84 (6x3.84 (8x3.84
MHz) MHz) MHz) MHz) MHz)

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048

OFDM sym per slot

7/6
(short/long CP)

(4.69/9) x 6, (4.69/18) x 6, (4.69/36) x 6, (4.69/72) x 6, (4.69/108) x 6, (4.69/144) x 6,

Short (5.21/10) x 1 (5.21/20) x 1 (5.21/40) x 1 (5.21/80) x 1 (5.21/120) x 1 (5.21/160) x 1
CP length
(usec/
samples)
Long (16.67/32) (16.67/64) (16.67/128) (16.67/256) (16.67/384) (16.67/512)

41
LTE – Spectrum Flexibility
 LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4
MHz to 20 MHz in steps of 180 kHz (resource block).
 Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6
different system bandwidths.
 All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20
MHz.
E-UTRA channel bandwidth
 Case Study
LTE Signal Spectrum (20 MHz case)

• The LTE standard uses an over-sized LTE. The actual used bandwidth is controlled by the
number of used subcarriers. 15 kHz subcarrier spacing is the constant factor!
• 18 MHz out of 20 MHz is used for data, 1 MHz on each side is used as guard band.
• LTE used spectrum radio = 90%
• WiMAX used spectrum radio = 82%
44
 TDD & FDD

• Time Division Duplex (TDD)

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
• Durasi Frame : 2.5 - 20ms 45
 Generic LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

• Untuk struktur generik, frame radio 10 ms dibagi dalam 20 slot yang sama berukuran 0.5 ms.
• Suatu sub-frame terdiri dari 2 slot berturut-turut, sehingga satu frame radio berisi 10 sub-
frame.
• Ts menunjukkan unit waktu dasar yang sesuai dengan 30.72 MHz.
• Struktur frame tipe-1 dapat digunakan untuk transmisi FDD dan TDD. 46
 LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

• 2 slots form one subframe = 1 ms

• For FDD, in each 10 ms interval, all 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and uplink
transmissions.
• For TDD, a subframe is either located to downlink or uplink transmission. The 0 th and 5th subframe in a
radio frame is always allocated for downlink transmission. 47
Downlink LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
 Generic LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

• Struktur frame tipe-2 hanya digunakan untuk transmisi TDD.

• Slot 0 dan DwPTSdisediakan untuk transmisi DL, sedangkan slot 1 dan UpPTS disediakan
untuk transmisi UL.
49
LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

50
Mobile WiMAX Frame Structure

51
LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)
DL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD
frame structure type 1
Downlink
64 QAM
Assumptions Signal overhead for reference signals and
control channel occupying one OFDM symbol
Unit Mbps in 20 MHz b/s/Hz
Requirement 100 5.0
2x2 MIMO 172.8 8.6
4x4 MIMO 326.4 16.3
 UL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD
frame structure type 1
Uplink
Single TX UE
Assumptions Signal overhead for reference signals and control
channel occupying 2RB
Unit Mbps in 20 MHz b/s/Hz
Requirement 50 2.5
16QAM 57.6 2.9
64QAM 86.4 4.3
Peak rates for E-UTRA TDD
frame structure type 2
Downlink Uplink
Single TX UE,
Assumptions 64 QAM, R=1
64 QAM, R=1
Mbps Mbps
Unit b/s/Hz b/s/Hz
in 20 MHz in 20 MHz
Requirement 100 5.0 50 2.5
2x2 MIMO in DL 142 7.1
62.7 3.1
4x4 MIMO in DL 270 13.5
Quiz : LTE DL Peak Rate
Hitunglah maksimum Peak untuk cell eNodeB dengan
Bandwith 1.4 MHz dengan modulasi QPSK, normal/short CP

14 OFDM symbols per 1 ms subframe

QPSK = ..... bits per symbol
..... X ..... = ..... bits per 1 ms subframe

..... bits / ..... ms = ..... Kbps per subcarrier

...... X ..... kbps = ...... Mbps per Scheduling Block
...... Scheduling Blocks in ..... Mhz
....... X ...... Mbps = ...... Mbps per antenna
Quiz : LTE DL Peak Rate
Hitunglah maksimum Peak Rate dari masing-masing Konfigurasi
Lte dibawah ini dengan menggunakan extended/long CP.

Modulation
Bandwidth (MHz)
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
SC-FDMA

58
LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme: SC-FDMA
 Pemilihan OFDMA dianggap optimum untuk memenuhi persyaratan
LTE pada arah downlink, tetapi OFDMA memiliki properti yang
kurang menguntungkan pada arah Uplink.
 Hal tsb terutama disebabkan oleh lemahnya peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) dari sinyal OFDMA, yang mengakibatkan buruknya
coverage uplink.
 Oleh karena itu, skema transmisi Uplink LTE untuk mode FDD
maupun TDD didasarkan pada SC-FDMA, yang mempunyai properti
PAPR lebih baik.
 Pemrosesan sinyal SC-FDMA memiliki beberapa kesamaan dengan
pemrosesan sinyal OFDMA, sehingga parameter-parameter DL dan
UL dapat diharmonisasi.
 Untuk membangkitkan sinyal SC-FDMA, E-UTRA telah memilih
DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).

59
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
 The symbol mapping
in OFDM happens in
the frequency
domain.
 In SC-FDMA, the
symbol mapping is
done in the time
domain.
 Appropriate
subscriber mapping in
the frequency domain
allows to control the
PAPR.
 SC-FDMA enable
frequency domain
equalizer approaches
like OFDMA

60
How does a SC-FDMA signal look like?
 Similar to OFDM signal, but…
◦ …in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries
information related to one specific symbol,
◦ …in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information
of ALL transmitted symbols.
 SC-FDMA parameterization (FDD and
TDD)
LTE FDD
•Same as in downlink

TD-LTE
•Usage of UL depends on the selected UL-DL configuration (1 to 8), each
configuration offers a different number of subframes (1ms) for uplink
transmission,
•Parameterization for those subframes, means number of SC-FDMA symbols
same as for FDD and depending on CP,

62
 Improved UL Performance
SC-FDMA compared to ordinary OFDM

Single-carrier transmission in uplink enables low PAPR that gives more 4 dB

better link budget and reduced power consumption compared to OFDM

63
LTE Uplink SC-FDMA Physical Layer
Parameters

64
Quiz : LTE DL Peak Rate
Hitunglah maksimum Peak Rate dari masing-masing
Konfigurasi Antenna berikut.
Antenna
Bandwidth (MHz)
SISO MIMO 2 x 2 MIMO 4 x 4
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
66
A Game of Avoiding Extremes
Pendimensian Jaringan dalam Analisis Techno-Economics

Cakupan
sel

Dimensi suatu
jaringan

Kapasitas
sel
Memaksimalkan Coverage dan Capacity
Memaksimalkan coverage Memaksimalkan kapasitas
 Pilih teknologi akses  Pilih teknologi akses
 Gunakan band frekuensi yang  Perbesar band frekuensi
rendah  Gunakan re-use frequency
 Tingkatkan tinggi antena  Kurangi persyaratan C/I
 Naikan daya pancar  Rendahkan tinggi antena
 Kurangi persyaratan kualitas  Gunakan fitur software
 Gunakan antena adaptif
LTE Dimensioning Definition
LTE Spectrum Usage

Parameters Value
LTE Duplex FDD
Frequency 2100 MHz (BAND 1)
Frequency DL 2110-2170 MHz
Frequency UL 1920-1980 MHz
Bandwidth 10 MHz (50 Resource Block)
Modulation &Coding AMC (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM)
Schemes & ½ ,¾
Scheduling Proportional Fair
LTE Dimensioning Definition
LTE eNodeB Configuration

Parameters Value

PTx (dbm) 46 dbm

Gain Antena Tx 18 dbi
Jumper Cable 0.2 db/m
Feeder Cable 0,4db/km
Rx Sensitivity (dbm) -100 dbm
Gain Antena Rx 18 dbi
TMA / MHA 13 db
Sector 3
Sistem Antena Base Station (BTS)

Gain antenna,
Beam antenna

Feeder
Loss

Tx Power
Receiver
Sensitivity
Noise Figure, dll
LTE Nominal Planning
COVERAGE PLANNING

74
Link Budget

path loss
TXer RXer
Txer Rxer
component component

link budget component

LINK BUDGET
Gain Margin Radius
Sistem Sistem Sel
Daya Pancar Fading Margin Model Propagasi

Interference
Gain Antena Frekuensi Operasi
Margin
Sensitivitas Loss penetrasi Tinggi Antena
pemancar/
Penerima bangunan penerima

SNR threshold Gain/loss Jarak Referensi

tiap modulasi sistem lainnya
Dasar Pemahaman Link Budget
 Link Budget: Up Link
 Frequency range, MHz
 Mobile parameters
- Tx PA output (max)
- Cable loss
- Antenna gain
-------- (Subsc. ERP max, dB)
 Environmental margins
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
-------------------- (dB)
• Base station parameters
- Rx ant. gain Rx jumper loss
- Rx tower top amp gain (net)
- Rx cable loss
- Rx ligthning arrester loss
- Rx duplexer loss
- Rx diversity gain
- Rx coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
------- Up-link budget, dB
 Link Budget: Down Link
• Frequency range, MHz
• Base station parameters
- Tx PA output power
- Tx combiner loss
- Tx duplexer loss
- Tx ligthning arrester loss
- Tx cable loss
- Tx jumper loss
- Tx tower top amp gain
- Tx antenna gain
(Cell ERP, dB)
• Environmental margins
- Tx diversity gain
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
(dB)
• Mobile parameters
- Antenna gain
- Rx diversity gain
- Antenna cable loss
- Coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
---------- Down-link budget, dB
Maximum Allowed Path Loss
Uplink Budget
MAPL Calculation (Uplink Link)
Maximum Allowed Path Loss
Uplink Link Budget LTE
Unit Value Info
Data Rate Kbps 1024 • MAPL = 147.67
Transmitter - UE
a. Tx Power dBm 23 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain
c. Body Loss
dB
dB
0
0
b
c
• Radius = 0.99 Km
d. EIRP dBm 23 a+b+c

Receiver - eNodeB
e. Noise Figure dB 2.2 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -107.13 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -1.95 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -106.88 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 1.81 i
j. TMA Gain dB 2 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 18 k
l. Loss System dB 0.4 l

MAPL dB 147.67 d-h-i+j+k-l

MAPL Calculation (Downlink Link)
Maximum Allowed Path Loss
Downlink Link Budget LTE
Unit Value Info
Data Rate kbps 1000
Transmitter - eNodeB
a. Tx Power dBm 46 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain dB 18 b
c. Loss System dB 3 c
d. EIRP dBm 61 a+b+c

Receiver - UE
e. Ue Noise Figure dB 7 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -102.7 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -5 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -100.7 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 3 i
j. Control Channel Overhead dB 1 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 0 k
l. Body Loss dB 0 l

MAPL dB 157.7 d-h-i-j+k-l

ENGINEERING MODEL
Example of WCDMA RLB for Voice
Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)
Example of WCDMA RLB for Data
Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user
covered by outdoor BS, Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)
Link Budget Tipikal
Link Budget Tipikal
Contoh Perhitungan Link Budget
Quiz : Uplink Link Budget
Hitunglah MAPL Masing-masing sistem berikut
Uplink Link Budget
GSM Voice HSPA LTE
Data Rate (kbps) 12.2 64 64
Transmitter - UE
a. Tx Power (dBm) 33 23 23
b. Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 0 0 0
c. Body Loss (dB) 3 0 0
d. EIRP (dBm)

Receiver – BTS/NodeB/eNodeB
e. Noise Figure (dB) - 2 2
f. Thermal Noise (dB) - -108.2 -118.4
g. Receiver Noise (dBm) - -106.2 -116.4
h. SINR (dB) - -17.3 -7
i. Receiver Sensitivity -114
j. Interference Margin (dB) 0 3 1
k. Cable Loss (dB) 0 0 0
l. Rx antenna gain (dBi) 18 18 18
m. Fast Fade margin (dB) 0 1.8 0
n. Soft Handover gain (dB) 0 2 0
MAPL
Quiz : Downlink Link Budget
Hitunglah MAPL Masing-masing sistem berikut
Downlink Link Budget
GSM Voice HSPA LTE
Data Rate (kbps) 12.2 1024 1024
Transmitter - BTS/NodeB/eNodeB
a. Tx Power (dBm) 44.5 46 46
b. Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 18 18 18
c. Cable Loss (dB) 2 2 2
d. EIRP (dBm)

Receiver – UE
e. UE Noise Figure (dB) - 7 7
f. Thermal Noise (dB) -119.7 -108.2 -104.5
g. Receiver Noise floor (dBm) - -101.2 -97.5
h. SINR (dB) - -5.2 -9
i. Receiver Sensitivity -104
j. Interference Margin (dB) 0 4 4
k. Control channel overhead (%) 0 20 20
l. Rx antenna gain (dBi) 0 0 0
m. Body Loss(dB) 3 0 0

MAPL
COVERAGE PLANNING
MODEL PROPAGASI

91
Model Propagasi
 Suatu model propagasi menggambarkan
hubungan redaman jarak rata-rata yang
terjadi yang sekaligus dapat digunakan untuk
perhitungan radius/jangkauan sel.
 Model propagasi bergantung pada:
◦ Enironment: urban, rural, dense urban, suburban,
open, forest, sea…
◦ Jarak
◦ Frequency
◦ Kondisi atmosfer
◦ Indoor/outdoor
 Contoh Model Propagasi
 Free space
 Wakfish-Ikegami
 Okumura-Hatta
 Longley-Rice
 Lee
Propagation Model
 LTE – 700 MHz
◦ Okumura-Hatta
Lp  69,55  26,16 log f – 13,82 log hB - CH  [44,9 – 6,55 log hB] log d

 LTE – 2100 MHz

◦ Cost 231-Hatta
Lp  46,3  33,9 (logfc )  13,82 loghT  a(hR )  (44,9  6,55loghT )logd CM

 LTE – 2600 MHz

◦ SUI
Lp  109.78  47.9 log (d/100)
 Nominal Planning By Coverage
 PROPAGATION MODEL : COST231-Hata
L  46,3  33,9 logfc  13,82 loghT  a(hR )  (44,9  6,55loghT )logd CM

 Element:
Frequency A B
150 - 1500 MHz 69.55 26.16

1500 - 2000 MHz 46.3 33.9

0 dB For Rural and suburban

CM =
3 dB For Dense Urban and Urban
Pathloss SUI
Lp = 109.78 + 47.9 log (d/100)

47.9 log( d / 100)  Lp  109.78

log( d / 100)  ( Lp  109.78) / 47.9
(d / 100)  10( Lp109.78) / 47.9
d  100 x10( Lp109.78) / 47.9
(157.7 109.78) / 47.9
d  100 x10
d  100x10 1.00042

d  1000.966 meters
Quiz : Model Propagasi
Temukan jarak d jarak maksimum antara eNodeB
dengan MS apabila sebuah operator menggunakan
frekuensi Lte pada 700 MHz, 1800 MHz dan 2300
MHz. Tinggi antenna = 30 meter, tinggi MS = 1,7
meter dan nilai MAPL sudah diketahui pada Quiz
sebelumnya.
COVERAGE PLANNING
CELL RADIUS

98
Radius Calculation

L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,3 . 2,6 . d2

For 2-sectoral

L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2
For 3-sectoral
Radius Calculation
For Omni directional For trisectoral

L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2

L  2.6 x (1) 2
L  1.95 x 2.6 x (1) 2

L  2.6 km2 L  5.07 km2

Number of eNodeB

 Urban Area (3 sector)

◦ total area 242.928 km2
◦ NeNodeB  242.928 / 5.07
◦ N eNodeB  48
Nominal Planning By Coverage
Balance Site Radius
R = 0.98 km
Coverage Site = 4.98 KM²
• 25 Site
Coverage Area = 125 KM²

L = 2,6 d2 L = 1,3. 2.6 . d2

For 2-sectoral

L = 1,95 . 2.6 . d2
For 3-sectoral
Quiz : LTE Nominal Planning
Sebuah operator seluler berencana untuk menggelar jaringan
Lte di 5 kota besar di Indonesia yaitu : Jakarta, Bandung,
Yogyakarta, Surabaya dan Denpasar. Apabila diketahui
luas daerah kota besar tersebut, hitung berapa
jumlah eNodeB 3 sektor yang dibutuhkan pada
setiap kota? (f = 1800 MHz)

Kota Luasan*
Jakarta 662,33 km2
Bandung 167,67 km2
Yogyakarta 32,5 km2
Surabaya 374,78 km2
Denpasar 123,98 km2

*Sumber : wikipedia
CAPACITY PLANNING

104
Nominal Planning By Capacity:
Number of user
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n
Uou = u x UoN
Uosub = sub x UoN
Uo is Uou or Uosub

Where:

UoN = a x b x d x N
• Un : num of user on year ‘n’
• Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
• a : percent of cellular user (%)
• b : penetration of operator A (%)
• d : Percent of LTE user
• N : num of civilian in the object area
• gf : num of user growth factor
• n : planned year
• u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)
Nominal Planning By Capacity:
Number of user
Ex :
• Population = 1445892 people
• Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
• LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
• LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %

Population 1445892 people

Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user

User prediction in 5th years

• U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user
Nominal Planning By Capacity:
User Density

Lu = L x u Cu = Un/ Lu

• Lu : urban area wide • Cu : Urban area density

• L : object area wide • Csub : sub-urban area density

Ex :
• urban area penetration = assumption 40 %

=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km2
=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km2
Nominal Planning By Capacity:
Traffic user prediction
Nominal Planning By Capacity :
Traffic user prediction
- Avg.Traffic user / BH
= 10 MB
- Avg.Traffic user /
Sub
= 10 MB / 3600 s *8 bit
= 22.75 Kbps
- Total Offered Traffic
= 73814 * 22.75
= 1679268.5 Kbps
= (1680 Mbps)
Nominal Planning By Capacity
 Calculate Cell by Capacity
Element Value Unit
Cell Capacity 18 Mbps
Sector 3 sector
enodeB Capacity 54 Mbps
Congestion Control 80 %
Total Offered Traffic 1680 Mbps
No. Of Site 24.88889 Site
 No. Of Site = 25 Site
Nominal Planning By Capacity
Number of User
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n
Uou = u x UoN
Uosub = sub x UoN
Uo is Uou or Uosub

UoN = a x b x d x N
Where:

 Un : num of user on year ‘n’

 Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
 a : percent of cellular user (%)
 b : penetration of operator A (%)
 d : Percent of LTE user
 N : num of civilian in the object area
 gf : num of user growth factor
 n : planned year
 u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)
Customer Prediction Parameter
Nominal Planning By Capacity
Ex :
 Population = 1445892 people
 Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
 LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
 LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %

Population 1445892 people

Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user

User prediction in 5th years

 U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user
Example User Calculation

Ex :
 urban penetration = assumption 60 %
 suburban penetration = assumption 40 %
 Urban user = 73814 x 60 % = 44288 user
 Suburban user = 73814 x 40 % = 29525 user
User Density

Lu = L x u Lsub = L x sub

 Lu : urban area wide

 Lsub : sub-urban area wide
 L : object area wide

Cu = Un/ Lu Csub = Un/Lsub

 Cu : Urban area density

 Csub : sub-urban area density
Example User Density Calculation
Ex :
 urban area penetration = assumption 40 %
 suburban area penetration = assumption 40 %
 Openarea = assumption 20 %
=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km2
Sub-urban area wide (Lsub) : 242,928 km2

=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km2

Csub = 29525 / 242,928 = 121,54155 user/km2

Services and Type
 Services (Rb)
◦ VoIP : 64 kbps
◦ FTP : 1000 kbps
◦ Video : 384 kbps

 Type (c)
◦ Building : 50 %
◦ Vehicular : 30 %
◦ Pedestrian : 20 %
 Penetration (p) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.5
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.4
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.3

 BHCA (B) per type per service

e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.008
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.009
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.008

 Call duration (h) per type per service (ms)

e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 60
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 50
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 50
 Penetrasi User (p)
Vehicula
Building Pedestrian r
Voip 0,5 0,5 0,2
Video 0,3 0,3 0,2
FTP 0,4 0,4 0,3

net user bit rate

call duration (h) service (Rb)
type
voip video ftp VoIP 64000
building 60 40 50
FTP 1000000
pedestrian 60 50 70
Video 384000
vehicular 60 40 80

BHCA (B)
Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 0,008 0,008 0,009
Video 0,007 0,008 0,009
FTP 0,009 0,008 0,008
OBQ (Offered Bit Quantity)
 VoIP
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbVoIP x BT x hT

 FTP
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbFTP x BT x hT

 Video
OBQT = cT x Cu; T x pT x RbVid x BT x hT

Note: if T= pedestrian, then “OBQT “ is

pedestrian OBQ, “BT “ is pedestrian BHCA, etc.
T : Type (Building; Vehicular; Pedestrian)
 OBQ cont’d
OBQ total = OBQVoIP + OBQFTP + OBQVideo
Where:
OBQVoIP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQFTP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQVideo = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
 OBQ cont’d
OBQ

Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular

Voip 1,400158616 0,5600634 0,252029

Video 2,940333094 5,2505948 1,008114
FTP 16,40810878 8,1675919 7,000793

∑ 20,74860049 13,97825 8,260936

OBQtotal= 20,74860049 + 13,97825 + 8,260936 = 42,98779

Site Calculation
 Site (L)
L = (50.4 x 3) / OBQtotal
= (50.4 x 3) / 42,98779 = 3,5172778 km2
50.4 Mbps ---> (asumption: using 64 QAM 1/1, BW = 10 MHz)

 Radius (d)
d = (L / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5
= (3,5172778 / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5 = 0,832912489 km
Site Calculation Con’t
 Number of eNodeB (M)
M = Lu / L
= 242,928 km2 / 3,5172778 km2
= 69,06704366

We use “Lu” JUST IN

CASE we count urban
capacity only
Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach
 Hitung dimensioning capacity
(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan traffic
volume pada sistem LTE dengan 3 sector/site
dengan performansi minimum (a) dan sistem
LTE dengan performansi maksimum(b);
dengan kondisi:
◦ Busy hour average loading is 50%.
◦ Busy hour is assumed to carry 15% of the daily
traffic
◦ Offering Monthly Package to subscriber: 5 GBps

124
Contoh Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach
 Cell capacity (biasanya dalam Mbps)
 Rubah cell capacity ke GBps (1k = 1024,
1Byte = 8 bits).
 Rubah ke satuan waktu (detik, jam, waktu)
 Perhatikan statistic/prediksi/asumsi traffic
volume yang ada, seperti:
 Busy hour average loading is 50%.
 Busy hour is assumed to carry 15% of the
daily traffic
 Hitung kemampuan dalam setiap sector dan
site.

125
Contoh Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach

126
Quiz 1
 Hitung dimensioning capacity
(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan
traffic volume pada sistem LTE pada
kondisi di contoh perhitungan dengan
performansi minimum (a) dan sistem LTE
dengan performansi maksimum(b)

127
Contoh Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity Data rate based approach

128
Quiz 2
 Hitung dimensioning capacity
(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan data
rate pada sistem LTE pada kondisi di
contoh perhitungan sebelumnya dengan
performansi minimum (a) dan sistem LTE
dengan performansi maksimum(b)

129
Peak capacity of LTE
 LTE cell will provide 100 Mbps of throughput
while in reality can only do 50 Mbps, the operator
will be short by 50% of capacity in the access
network resulting in poor user experience (e.g.
slow download, blocking, etc.) and will be 50%
over the required capacity for backhaul in which
case it’s investment in capacity that’s sitting idle.
This is why it is important to get capacity
expectations right.
 Peak capacity of LTE is the maximum possible
capacity which in reality can only be achieved in
lab conditions.To understand the calculations
below, one needs to be familiar with the
technology
130
Review on Data Rate (MIMO 2X2)
2×5 MHz LTE system.:
 Number of resource elements (RE) in a subframe (a
subframe is 1 msec):
 12 Subcarriers x 7 OFDMA Symbols x 25 Resource
Blocks x 2 slots = 4,200 REs

Calculate the data rate assuming 64 QAM with no

coding (64QAM is the highest modulation for
downlink LTE):
 6 bits per 64QAM symbol x 4,200 Res / 1 msec =
25.2 Mbps
 The MIMO data rate is then 2 x 25.2 = 50.4 Mbps.

131
Overhead
 Overhead related to control signaling such
as channels, reference & synchronization
signals, and coding.
 The channels such as:
◦ PSS (primary synchronization signal)
◦ SSS (secondary synchronization signal)
◦ PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
◦ PBCH(Physical Broadcast Channel)
◦ PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator
Channel)
◦ PHICH (Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel)
132
Overhead Estimation (1/2)
 20MHz band, so the number of PRBs in the frequency
domain is: PRB no = 100
 1 OFDM symbol for control region (for PHICH,
PCFICH and PDCCH) in each subframe,
◦ number of OFDM symbols per subframe for user plane
data (PDSCH) is: No OFDMSymbols = 13 (for normal CP)
 SISO case (one antenna),
◦ number of Cell RS for the PDSCH per 2PRBs is: NoRS = 6
 the number of subcarriers per PRB is: NoSubcarriers
= 12
 The number of RE (resource elements) available for
carrying PDSCH per 2PRBs is: NoREs =
NoOFDMSymbols * NoSubcarriers – NoRS = 13 *
12 – 6 = 150

133
Overhead Estimation (2/2)
 The number of RE (resource elements) : 150
 The number of REs for subframe is: NoREPDSCH = NoREs *
PRBno = 150 * 100 = 15000
 For peak datarate we use 64QAM, which gives the number of bits
per RE: bitsRE = 6
 The number of bits for the whole subframe is: NoBitsPDSCH =
NoREPDSCH * bitsRE = 15000 * 6 = 90 000
 The number of subframes in one sec is: NoSFs = 1000 [SFs/Sec]
 The max throughput then (raw, ie. without FEC) is: RawThrpt =
NoBitsPDSCH [bits/SF] * NoSFs [SFs/Sec] = 90 000 * 1000 = 90
000 000 bits/sec = 90 Mbits/s
 If we add then the typical FEC rate for good channel conditions of:
FECrate = 5/6
 We end up at: PHYThrpt = RawThrpt * FECrate = 90 Mbits/s * 5/6
= 75Mbit/s

134
Overhead Estimation in percentage
(MIMO 2X2)
 PDCCH channel can take 1 to 3 symbols out of 14 in a
subframe. Assuming that on average it is 2.5 symbols, the
amount of overhead due to PDCCH becomes 2.5/14 = 17.86
%.
 Downlink RS signal uses 4 symbols in every third subcarrier
resulting in 16/336 = 4.76% overhead for 2×2 MIMO
configuration
 The other channels (PSS, SSS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH) added
together amount to ~2.6% of overhead
 The total approximate overhead for the 5 MHz channel is
17.86% + 4.76% + 2.6% = 25.22%.
 The peak data rate is then 0.75 x 50.4 Mbps = 37.8 Mbps.
 Note that the uplink would have lower throughput because
the modulation scheme for most device classes is 16QAM in
SISO mode only.

135
Overhead Estimation in percentage
(MIMO 4X4)
 There is another technique to calculate the peak
capacity which I include here as well for a 2×20
MHz LTE system with 4×4 MIMO configuration
and 64QAM code rate 1:
 Overhead at Downlink:
◦ Pilot overhead (4 Tx antennas) = 14.29%
◦ Common channel overhead (adequate to serve 1
UE/subframe) = 10%
◦ CP overhead = 6.66%
◦ Guard band overhead = 10%
 Downlink data rate = 4 x 6 bps/Hz x 20 MHz x
(1-14.29%) x (1-10%) x (1-6.66%) x (1-10%) =
298 Mbps

136
Quiz: Overhead at Uplink
 Tx antenna (no MIMO), 64 QAM (Note
that typical UEs can support only
16QAM)
◦ Pilot overhead = 14.3%
◦ Random access overhead = 0.625%
◦ CP overhead = 6.66%
◦ Guard band overhead = 10%
 Uplink Data Rate Estimation ?

137
DEPLOYMENT
PLANNING

138
LTE Deployment Options: Backhaul
Bandwidth Efficiency

700 MHz LTE

Available Licensed Bandwidth (MHz) 6+6
Usable Bandwidth (MHz) 5+5
Spectral efficiency, downlink (bps/Hz) 1.67
Spectral efficiency, uplink (bps/Hz) 0.89
Average Throughput per 3-sector site, downlink (Mbps) 25.05
Average Throughput per 3-sector site, uplink (Mbps) 13.35
Loading Factor, downlink 70%
Loading Factor, uplink 60%

* Performance data is averaged from various vendors’ claims as of 2011.

Traffic Forecasting: Subscriber Traffic
Model
700 MHz LTE
Traffic per Subscriber per Month (GB) 30
Downlink Traffic (%) 70%
Uplink Traffic (%) 30%
Hours in the Busy Period per Day 4
Percent of Daily Traffic Carried in Busy Period 25%
Downlink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber 97 kbps
Uplink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber 42 kbps
Subscribers Supported per Sector 60
Subscribers Supported per Base Station (3 sectors) 180

* Performance data is averaged from various vendors’ claims as of 2011.

Estimate of Investment
700 MHz LTE
Access Network
3-Sector Single-5MHz-Carrier Macro Cell $55,000
Investment per Subscriber $306
Core Network
Broadband Data-Only Core Network $3,000,000
Incremental for VoIP Core Network $1,400,000
CPE Terminals
Desktop/Fixed CPE $395
USB Dongle $200
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors’ proposals as of 2011.
Pricing - Example Network #1
700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 50
Subscribers Supported 9000
Total Investment $9,827,500
Investment per Subscriber $1,092
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors’ proposals as of 2011.
Pricing - Example Network #2
700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 100
Subscribers Supported 18,000
Total Investment $15,255,000
Investment per Subscriber $848
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors’ proposals as of 2011.
Pricing - Example Network #3
700 MHz LTE
Base Stations 200
Subscribers Supported 36,000
Total Investment $26,110,000
Investment per Subscriber $725
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors’ proposals as of 2011.
LTE Deployment Business Consideration: When &
How?
Relative Adoption of Technologies

3.9G

3G

2G

Rysavy Research projection based on historical data.

The reuse of existing 2G and 3G sites for NGMN will
keep site cost flat
LTE Deployment Scenario
Femtocell @ LTE

150
Femtocell Motivation

151
 Most Mobile Data Use Occurs Indoors

Source: Informa’s Mobile Access at Home Report

152
End of Training
Day One