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Technical Language for Power Electric Technician Students
Research · October 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17658.70084
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Mahdi Eslamian-Koupaie
Islamic Azad University, harand,isfahan,iran
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Technical Language for Power Electric Technician
Students
Compiled by
Mahdi Eslamian Koupaie
(Lecturer of Islamic Azad University, Harand Branch)
September 26, 2016
0
Compiled by Mahdi Eslamian Koupaie
eslamian.koupayi@yahoo.com
‫‪Unit 1‬‬
‫‪Active and Passive Verbs in English‬‬
‫آؿ‪ٙ‬ا‪ ٣٤‬تا د‪ ٚ‬فشْ ‪٤ Passive ٚ Active‬ا ٔؼّ‪ٔ ٚ ْٛ‬د‪ َٟٛ‬دس صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣ٔ ،٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ وٕه ؿا‪٤‬ا٘‪ ٣‬ت‪ٝ‬‬
‫س‪ٚ‬اٖ كحثت وشدٖ‪ ،‬دسن ٔغاِة ‪ٕٞ ٚ‬چ‪ ٗ٥ٙ‬اسائ‪٤ ٝ‬ه تشخٕ‪ٙٔ ٝ‬اػة‪ٕ٘ ،‬ا‪٤‬ذ‪ .‬دس ص‪٤‬ش ت‪ ٝ‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬د‪ ٚ‬فشْ اص‬
‫خٕالت‪ٕٞ ،‬شا‪ ٜ‬تا ٔثاَ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٣٤‬تشا‪ ٢‬دسن ت‪ٟ‬تش اؿاس‪ ٣ٔ ٜ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د ]‪.[1‬‬
‫تا اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص فشْ ‪ Active‬ت‪ ٝ‬واس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٣٤‬و‪ ٝ‬فاػُ ا٘داْ داد‪ ٜ‬اػت اؿاس‪ ٣ٔ ٜ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د‪.‬‬
‫تغ‪ٛ‬س ٔثاَ‪:‬‬
‫ٔٗ ‪ٞ‬ش س‪ٚ‬ص ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬كحثت ٔ‪ ٣‬و‪I speak English every day. ٓٙ‬‬
‫ٔٗ تا‪٤‬ش ٔاؿ‪ ٗ٥‬سا تؼٕ‪٥‬ش وشدْ ‪I repaired the tire on the car.‬‬
‫تا اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص ؿىُ ‪ ٣ٔ Passive‬ت‪ٛ‬اٖ واس ‪٤‬ا ػّٕ‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬تش س‪ ٢ٚ‬ؿخل‪٤ ٣‬ا چ‪٥‬ض‪ ٢‬ا٘داْ ؿذ‪ ٜ‬اػت ‪ ،‬ت‪٥‬اٖ‬
‫ٕ٘‪ٛ‬د‪.‬‬
‫تغ‪ٛ‬س ٔثاَ‪:‬‬
‫‪English is spoken here.‬‬ ‫ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬دس ا‪ٙ٤‬دا ػخٗ ٌفت‪ ٝ‬ؿذ‪ ٜ‬اػت‬
‫‪The car is being repaired.‬‬ ‫ا‪ ٗ٤‬خ‪ٛ‬دس‪ ٚ‬دس حاَ تؼٕ‪٥‬ش اػت‬
‫‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬اص ٔ‪ٛ‬اسد اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص فشْ ‪ Passive‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬اػت و‪ ، ٝ‬ػُٕ ا٘داْ ؿذ‪ ٜ‬اص ا‪٥ٕٞ‬ت ت‪٥‬ـتش‪٘ ٢‬ؼثت ت‪ ٝ‬فاػُ‬
‫ا٘داْ د‪ٙٞ‬ذ‪ ٜ‬واس داسد ‪ ٚ‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬ا‪٥ٕٞ‬ت دس حذ‪ ٢‬اػت و‪٥٘ ٝ‬اص‪ ٢‬ت‪ ٝ‬روش فاػُ ٘‪٥‬ؼت‪.‬‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬ع‪ٛ‬س ٔثاَ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ٞ‬فت‪ٌ ٝ‬زؿت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ػظ خش‪ ٢‬تل‪٤ٛ‬ة ؿذ‪It was approved by Gerry last week. .‬‬
‫‪I was informed by the Human Resources Manager only two days ago.‬‬
‫ٔٗ اص ت‪ٟٙ‬ا د‪ ٚ‬س‪ٚ‬ص پ‪٥‬ؾ اصعش‪٤‬ك ٔذ‪٤‬ش ٔ‪ٙ‬اتغ ا٘ؼا٘‪ٔ ٣‬غّغ ؿذْ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬د‪ٍ٤‬ش اص ٔ‪ٛ‬اسد اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص فشْ ‪ Passive‬ا‪ٙ٤‬ؼت و‪ٔ ٝ‬ا فاػُ ا٘داْ د‪ٙٞ‬ذ‪ ٜ‬واس سا ٕ٘‪ ٣‬ؿ‪ٙ‬اػ‪ٔ ٚ ٓ٥‬ـخق‬
‫٘‪٥‬ؼت و‪ ٝ‬چ‪ ٝ‬ؿخل‪ ٣‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬ػُٕ سا ا٘داْ داد‪ ٜ‬اػت‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Compiled by Mahdi Eslamian Koupaie‬‬
‫‪eslamian.koupayi@yahoo.com‬‬
‫‪The car was damaged while it was parked on the street.‬‬
‫ا‪ ٗ٤‬خ‪ٛ‬دس‪ ٚ‬آػ‪٥‬ة د‪٤‬ذ‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬د دس حاِ‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬آٖ سا دس خ‪٥‬اتاٖ پاسن وشد‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬د٘ذ‬
‫پ‪٥‬شا‪ ٗٞ‬دس تشو‪ ٝ٥‬ػاخت‪ ٝ‬ؿذ‪ ٜ‬اػت ‪The shirts were made in Turkey.‬‬
‫وحوه تبدیل جمالت معلوم به مجهول ]‪[2‬‬
‫تشا‪ ٢‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬واس اتتذا فاػُ سا اص اتتذا‪ ٢‬خّٕ‪ ٝ‬حزف ٔ‪ ٣‬و‪ٔ ٚ ٓ٥ٙ‬فؼ‪ َٛ‬سا ت‪ ٝ‬خا‪ ٢‬آٖ ٔ‪ ٣‬آ‪ٚ‬س‪ .ٓ٤‬ػپغ تا دس ٘ظش‬
‫ٌشفتٗ ا‪ٙ٤‬ى‪ ٝ‬آ‪٤‬ا ٔفؼ‪ َٛ‬خّٕ‪ٔ ٝ‬ا خٕغ اػت ‪٤‬ا ٔفشد ‪ٕٞ ٚ‬چ‪ ٗ٥ٙ‬صٔاٖ )‪ (tense‬آٖ‪٤ ،‬ى‪ ٣‬اص فؼُ ‪ٞ‬ا‪to ٢‬‬
‫‪ be‬سا تىاس ٔ‪ ٣‬تش‪ ٚ ٓ٤‬تؼذ اص آٖ‪ ،‬اص اػٓ ٔفؼ‪ َٛ‬فؼُ اػتفاد‪ ٣ٔ ٜ‬و‪ ٚ ٓ٥ٙ‬دس ك‪ٛ‬ست‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬خّٕ‪ٔ ٝ‬ا ادأ‪ ٝ‬داؿت‬
‫ادأ‪ ٝ‬آٖ سا ٔ‪٤ٛ٘ ٣‬ؼ‪.ٓ٥‬‬
‫وکته ‪:‬تشا‪ ٢‬ػاخت اػٓ ٔفؼ‪ َٛ‬اٌش فؼُ ٔا ‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬اص افعال بی قاعده تاؿذ تا‪٤‬ذ ؿىُ ػ‪ ْٛ‬آٖ سا تىاس تثش‪،ٓ٤‬‬
‫‪ ٣ِٚ‬اٌش فؼُ ٔا اص افعال بی قاعده ٘ث‪ٛ‬د فمظ ‪٤ d‬ا ‪ ed‬سا ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘ت‪ٟ‬ا‪ ٢‬آٖ اضاف‪ ٣ٔ ٝ‬و‪.ٓ٥ٙ‬‬
‫‪Ali ate the apple‬‬ ‫ٔؼّ‪ :ْٛ‬ػّ‪ ٣‬ػ‪٥‬ة سا خ‪ٛ‬سد‬
‫ٔد‪ :َٟٛ‬ػ‪٥‬ة خ‪ٛ‬سد‪ ٜ‬ؿذ ‪The apple was eaten‬‬
‫تشا‪ ٢‬تثذ‪ ُ٤‬خّٕ‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼّ‪ ْٛ‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬د‪ٔ ،َٟٛ‬ا اتتذا فاػُ )‪ (Ali‬سا حزف وشد‪ٔ ٚ ٓ٤‬فؼ‪ (the apple) َٛ‬سا‬
‫خا‪ٍ٤‬ض‪ ٗ٤‬آٖ وشد‪ ،ٓ٤‬ػپغ ‪٤‬ه فؼُ ‪ٙٔ to be‬اػة )‪ (was‬سا ا٘تخاب وشد‪ ٚ .ٓ٤‬دس ا٘ت‪ٟ‬ا اػٓ ٔفؼ‪ eat َٛ‬سا‬
‫دس خّٕ‪ ٝ‬تىاس تشد‪( ٓ٤‬ا‪ٙ٤‬دا چ‪ ٖٛ‬فؼُ ‪ eat‬ت‪ ٣‬لاػذ‪ ٜ‬اػت ٔا اص ؿىُ ػ‪ ْٛ‬آٖ اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬وشد‪)ٓ٤‬‬
‫فشا٘ه ا‪ٔ ٗ٤‬اؿ‪ ٗ٥‬سا دس ػاَ ‪ 7891‬خش‪٤‬ذ ‪Frank bought this car in 1987‬‬
‫ا‪ٔ ٗ٤‬اؿ‪ ٗ٥‬دس ػاَ ‪ 7891‬خش‪٤‬ذ‪ ٜ‬ؿذ ‪This car was bought in 1987‬‬
‫*تشا‪ ٢‬تثذ‪ ُ٤‬خّٕ‪ ٝ‬د‪ ْٚ‬ت‪٤ ٝ‬ه خّٕ‪ٔ ٝ‬د‪ٔ َٟٛ‬ا تمش‪٤‬ثا واس ٔـات‪ ٣ٟ‬سا ا٘داْ داد‪ٓ٤‬؛ فاػُ )‪ (Frank‬سا حزف‬
‫وشد‪ٔ ٚ ٓ٤‬فؼ‪ (this car) َٛ‬سا خا‪ٍ٤‬ض‪ ٗ٤‬آٖ وشد‪ .ٓ٤‬تؼذ اص آٖ ‪٤‬ه فؼُ ‪ٙٔ to be‬اػة ا٘تخاب وشد‪ ٚ ،ٓ٤‬دس‬
‫آخش ‪ ٓٞ‬ؿىُ ػ‪ ْٛ‬فؼُ خّٕ‪ ٝ‬سا تىاس تشد‪.ٓ٤‬‬
‫اٌش ٔا تخ‪ٛ‬ا‪ ٓ٥ٞ‬ا٘داْ د‪ٙٞ‬ذ‪ ٜ‬واس )‪ (agent‬سا ٘‪٥‬ض دس خٕالت ٔد‪ َٟٛ‬تىاس تثش‪ ٓ٤‬تا‪٤‬ذ اص حشف‬
‫اضاف‪ by ٝ‬اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬و‪:ٓ٥ٙ‬‬
‫ٔا‪٤‬ه وتاب سا ت‪ٙٞ ٝ‬ش‪ ٢‬داد ‪Mike gave the book to Henry‬‬
‫وتاب ت‪ٛ‬ػ‪ٔ ّٝ٥‬ا‪٤‬ه ت‪ٙٞ ٝ‬ش‪ ٢‬داد‪ ٜ‬ؿذ ‪The book was given to Henry by Mike‬‬
‫تشا‪ ٢‬تثذ‪ ُ٤‬خّٕ‪ٔ ٝ‬د‪ َٟٛ‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼّ‪ ْٛ‬تشػىغ ا‪ ٗ٤‬لض‪ ٝ٥‬كادق اػت‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
:[3] ‫ذ‬٥ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ ٔالحظ‬keep ُ‫ فؼ‬٢‫ا سا تشا‬ٟ٘‫َ آ‬ٟٛ‫ ٔؼادَ ٔد‬ٚ ّْٛ‫شػت افؼاَ ٔؼ‬ٟ‫ذ ف‬٥٘‫ا‬ٛ‫ت‬٣ٔ ‫ش‬٤‫َ ص‬ٚ‫دس خذ‬
‫مجهول‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫زمان‬
is kept keeps ٜ‫حاَ ػاد‬

‫د‬ٛ‫ؿ‬٣ٔ ٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫داسد‬٣ٔ ٍٝ٘
is being kept is keeping ٢‫حاَ اػتٕشاس‬

‫ ؿذٖ اػت‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ َ‫دس حا‬ ‫داسد‬٣ٔ ٍٝ٘ ‫داسد‬
was kept kept ٜ‫ ػاد‬ٝ‫ٌزؿت‬

‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫ داؿت‬ٍٝ٘
was being kept was keeping ٢‫ اػتٕشاس‬ٝ‫ٌزؿت‬

‫د‬ٛ‫ ؿذٖ ت‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ َ‫دس حا‬ ‫داؿت‬٣ٔ ٍٝ٘ ‫داؿت‬
has been kept has kept ُٔ‫حاَ وا‬

‫ اػت‬ٜ‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫ اػت‬ٝ‫ داؿت‬ٍٝ٘
had been kept had kept ُٔ‫ وا‬ٝ‫ٌزؿت‬

‫د‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٜ‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫د‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ داؿت‬ٍٝ٘
will be kept will keep ٜ‫ذ‬ٙ٤‫آ‬

‫ذ ؿذ‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ خ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫ذ داؿت‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ خ‬ٍٝ٘
would be kept would keep ٣‫ؿشع‬

‫ؿذ‬٣ٔ ٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫داؿت‬٣ٔ ٍٝ٘
would have been kept would have kept ُٔ‫ وا‬٣‫ؿشع‬

‫د‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٜ‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ‫د٘ذ‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ داؿت‬ٍٝ٘
to be kept to keep ‫ٔلذس‬

ٖ‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ٗ‫ داؿت‬ٍٝ٘
to have been kept to have kept ُٔ‫ٔلذس حاَ وا‬

ٖ‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ٗ‫ داؿت‬ٍٝ٘
being kept keeping ‫ اػٓ ٔلذس‬٢‫ ٔلذس‬ٝ‫خ‬ٚ

ٖ‫ ؿذ‬٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘ ٢‫ذاس‬ٍٟ٘
ٗ٤‫تٕش‬
:‫ذ‬٥ٙ‫ُ و‬٤‫َ تثذ‬ٟٛ‫ ٔد‬ٝ‫ش سا ت‬٤‫ْ ص‬ّٛ‫ خٕالت ٔؼ‬.7
They ate the pizza

Mike wrote a book
The mechanic repaired my car
Paul took Stephan to France
3
.[4] ‫ذ‬٥‫ح خظ تىـ‬٥‫ كح‬ٝٙ٤‫ش ٌض‬٤‫ ص‬.2
1.The film ………………… at school two days ago .

a.showed b.is showed c.was showed d.shows
2………………. the car be washed ?

a.Is b.Will c.Does d.Did
3.A new school will be ……………… near our house next year .
a.build b.builds c.building d.built
4.This car ……………. repeired every day .

a.will b.will be c.is d.was
5.They ……………… seen in the park last week .

a.aren‘t b.weren‘t c.will d.will be
.[4] ‫ذ‬٥‫ؼ‬٤ٛٙ‫ٗ ت‬٥‫ چ‬ٝ‫ح افؼاَ داخُ پشا٘تض سا دس ٘مغ‬٥‫ ؿىُ كح‬.3
1.This house …………………….. ( build ) two years ago .

2.Two men ……………………… ( kill ) in the accident .
3.The sick man …………………… ( take ) to the hospital .
4.Many people will be …………………… ( invite ) to the party .
5.A letter was …………………. ( write ) yesterday .
.[4] ‫ذ‬٥ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ اػتفاد‬to be ُ‫ح فؼ‬٥‫ٗ اص ؿىُ كح‬٥‫ چ‬ٝ‫ ٘مغ‬٢‫ تدا‬.4
1.The tickets ……………. bought last night .

2……………. the rooms be cleaned tomorrow .
3.The dishes …………….. not washed every day .
‫مىابع‬
[1] http://daneshkar.ir/?p=219
[2] http://www.languagecentre.ir/english/grammer/active-passive-voice
[3] http://www.zabanamoozan.com/learning/passive.htm
[4] http://davari55.blogfa.com
4
Unit 2
Theory of Magnetism
To understand the magnetic behavior of materials, it is necessary to take a

microscopic view of matter. A suitable starting point is the composition of the
atom, which Bohr described as consisting of a heavy nucleus and a number of
electrons moving around the nucleus in specific orbits. Closer investigation reveals
that the atom of any substance experiences a torque when placed in a magnetic
field; this is called a magnetic moment. The resultant magnetic moment of an atom
depends upon three factors-the positive charge of the nucleus spinning on its axis,
the negative charge of the electron spinning on its axis, and the effect of the
electrons moving in their orbits. The magnetic moment of the spin and orbital
motions of the electron far exceeds that of the spinning proton. However, this
magnetic moment can be affected by the presence of an adjacent atom.
Accordingly, if two hydrogen atoms are combined to form a hydrogen molecule, it
is found that the electron spins, the proton spins, and the orbital motions of the
electrons of each atom oppose each other so that a resultant magnetic moment of
zero should be expected. Although this is almost the case, experiment reveals that
the relative permeability of hydrogen is not equal to 1 but rather is very slightly
less than unity. In other words, the molecular reaction is such that when hydrogen
is the medium there is a slight decrease in the magnetic field compared with free
space. This behavior occurs because there is a precessional motion of all rotating
charges about the field direction, and the effect of this precession is to set up a field
opposed to the applied field regardless of the direction of spin or orbital motion.
Materials in which this behavior manifests itself are called diamagnetic for obvious
reasons. Besides hydrogen, other materials possessing this characteristic are silver
and copper.
Continuing further with the hydrogen molecule, let us assume next that it is
made to lose an electron, thus yielding the hydrogen ion. Clearly, complete
neutralization of the spin and orbital electron motions no longer takes place. In
fact, when a magnetic field is applied, the ion is so oriented that its net magnetic
moment aligns itself with the field, thereby causing a slight increase in flux
density. This behavior is described as paramagnetism. Paramagnetic materials have
a relative permeability slightly in excess of unity.
So far we have considered those elements whose magnetic properties differ only
very slightly from those of free space. As a matter of fact the vast majority of
materials fall within this category. However, there is one class of materials-
principally iron and its alloys with nickel, cobalt, and aluminum-for which the
relative permeability is very many times greater than that of free space. These
5
materials are called ferromagnetic and are of great importance in electrical
engineering. We may ask at this point why iron (and its alloys) is so very much
more magnetic than other elements. Essentially, the answer is provided by the
domain theory of magnetism. Like all metals, iron is crystalline in structure with
the atoms arranged in a space lattice. However, domains are subcrystalline
particles of varying sizes and shapes containing about 10 atoms in a volume of
approximately cubic centimeters. The distinguishing feature of the domain is that
the magnetic moments of its constituent atoms are all aligned in the same direction
Thus in a ferromagnetic material, not only must there exist a magnetic moment due
to a nonneutralized spin of an electron in an inner orbit, but also the resultant spin
of all neighboring atoms in the domain must be parallel.
Figure (1): Magnetized and Unmagnetized Material
It would seem by the explanation so far that, if iron is composed of completely

magnetized domains, then the iron should be in a state of complete magnetization
throughout the body of material even without the application of a magnetizing
force.
Actually, this is not the case, because the domains act independently of each
other, and for a specimen of unmagnetized iron these domains are aligned
haphazardly in all directions so that the net magnetic moment is zero over the
specimen. Figure 1 illustrates the situation diagrammatically in a simplified
fashion. Because of the crystal lattice structure of iron the ‗easy‘ direction of
domain alignment can take place in any one of six directions-left, right, up, down,
out, or in-depending upon the direction of the applied magnetizing force. Figure l-l
(a) shows the unmagnetized configuration. Figure l-l (b) depicts the result of
applying a force from left to right of such magnitude as to effect alignment of all
the domains. When this state is reached the iron is said to be saturated-there is no
further increase in flux density over that of free space for further increases in
magnetizing force.
6
Large increases in the temperature of a magnetized piece of iron bring about a
decrease in its magnetizing capability. The temperature increase enforces the
agitation existing between atoms until at a temperature of 750°C the agitation is so
severe that it destroys the parallelism existing between the magnetic moments of
the neighboring atoms of the domain and thereby causes it to lose its magnetic
property. The temperature at which this occurs is called the curie point [1].
Part I. Comprehension Exercises
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements. Justify your answers.
…….1. With his atomic theory, Bohr contributed to the understanding of the
magnetic behavior of materials.
…….2. The atoms of a substance, if placed in a magnetic field, are subject to a
torque.
…….3. Platinum is a diamagnetic material.
…….4. In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic moments of large groups
…….5. In an unagnetized ferromagnetic material, the domains are aligned in
different direction.
…….6. The magnetic properties of iron increase with an increase in temperature.
B. Choose a, b, c, or d which best completes each item.

1. Permeability of silver is less than unity .......... .
a. because of its atoms setting up a field against the applied field
b. because of its molecules rotating about the applied field
c. due to the precessional spin of its positive charges
d. due to the orbital motions of its negative charges
2. It is true that .......... .

a. paramagnetic materials provide a small penetration of the magnetic field
b. paramagnetic materials provide a great penetration of the magnetic field
c. the resultant magnetic moment of an atom depends on its spinning axis
d. the resultant magnetic moment of an atom depends on the nucleus spinning on
its axis
3. According to the text, .......... .

a. two atoms of hydrogen, if combined, pronounce a permeability greater than 1
b. two atoms of hydrogen, if combined, give rise to a high magnetic moment
c. diamagnetic materials have magnetic properties more than those of free space
d. diamagnetic materials have magnetic properties less than those of free space
4. Paramagnetism is based on the fact that the magnetic moment of a paramagnetic

material, when placed in a magnetic field, .......... .
a. results in a decrease in flux density
7
b. lines up with the field
c. is equal to 1
d. is low compared with free space
5. The magnetic properties of diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials .......... those

of free space.
a. are greater than
b. are smaller than
c. differ slightly from
d. differ greatly from
6. The abnormal magnetic properties of iron may be caused by ,.......... .

a. the magnetic moment resulting from an inner orbital spin of a nonneutralized
electron
b. the parallelism of the resultant spin of all neighboring atoms in the domain
c. the domains oriented at random with their axes pointing in various directions
d. both a and b
C. Answer the following questions

1. What is called a magnetic moment?
2. What does the resultant magnetic moment of an atom depend on?
3. How do adjacent atoms affect the magnetic moment of each other?
4. How does the magnetic behavior of materials differ?
5. Why does platinum have the characteristic of paramagnetism?
6. What forms the domains in a ferromagnetic material?
7. What causes the alignment of the magnetic domains in iron?
8. What is called the curie point?
Part II. Language Practice

A. Choose a, b, c, or d which best completes each item.
1. Copper is .......... material, therefore, it exhibits a relative permeability slightly
less than unity.
a. a paramagnetic b. a diamagnetic
c. a permeable d. a neutral
2. Iron provides a great penetration of the magnetic field, that is, its .......... is many
times greater than that of free space.
a. magnetic flux b. atomic composition
c. relative permeability d. magnetic moment
3. Elements and metals which have slight magnetic properties are called ..........
materials.
a. magnetic b. metallic
c. diamagnetic d. paramagnetic
8
4. Iron and some of its alloys have an appreciable magnetic permeability. These
materials are called .......... .
a. ferromagnetic b. diamagnetic
c. paramagnetic d. magnetic
5. The state of .......... is reached when all the magnetic domains are aligned in one
direction.
a. magnetization b. saturation
c. flux density d. neutralization
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the words given.
1. Magnet
a. Maxwell showed that some of the properties of .......... may be compared to a
flow.
b. Lines of flux are conventionally said to leave a .......... material at the north pole
and re-enter at the south pole,
c. If the .......... field is produced by a solenoid, we will have the same
representation of lines of flux, but with the solenoid taking the place of a ......... .
2. Permeate
a. Relative ..........is a pure number that is the same in all unit systems; the value
and dimension of absolute ..........depend upon the system of units employed.
b. A .......... is an apparatus used for determining corresponding values of
magnetizing force and flux density in a test specimen.
3. Move
a. When a conductor is .......... through a magnetic field in such a way as to cut the
magnetic lines, an emf is generated in the conductor.
b. A moving - conductor microphone is a microphone the electric output of which
results from the .......... of a conductor in a magnetic field.
c. In a moving - conductor loudspeaker, the .......... conductor is in the form of a
coil connected to the source of electric energy.
4. Rotate
a. The most important parts of a dc motor are the ..........., the stator, and the
brushgear .
b. A .......…converter combines both motor and generator action in one
armature winding connected to both a commutator and slip rings, and is exited by
one magnetic field.
c. A rotary generator is an alternating-current generator adapted to be .......... by a
motor or prime mover.
5. Saturate
9
a. A magnetic-core reactor operating in the region of saturation without
independent control means is known as .......... reactor.
b. A .......... sleeve is a flexible tubular product made from cotton and coated with
an electrical insulating material.
Part III. Translate Practice
A. Translate the following passage into Persian.
Weber's Theory
A popular theory of magnetism considers the molecular alignment of the
material. This is known as Weber's theory. This theory assumes that all
magnetic substances are composed of tiny molecular magnets. Any
unmagnetized material has the magnetic forces of its molecular magnets
neutralized by adjacent molecular magnets, thereby eliminating any magnetic
effect. A magnetized material will have most of its molecular magnets lined up
so that the north pole of each molecule points in one direction, and the south
pole faces the opposite direction. A material with its molecules thus aligned will
then have one effective north pole, and one effective south pole. An illustration
of Weber's Theory is shown in figure 2, where a steel bar is magnetized by
stroking. When a steel bar is stroked several times in the same direction by a
magnet, the magnetic force from the north pole of the magnet causes the
molecules to align themselves [2].
Figure 2. Weber's Theory
10
MAGNETIC FIELDS
The space surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces act is known as the
magnetic field. A pattern of this directional force can be obtained by performing
an experiment with iron filings. A piece of glass is placed over a bar magnet and
the iron filings are then sprinkled on the surface of the glass. The magnetizing
force of the magnet will be felt through the glass and each iron filing becomes a
temporary magnet. If the glass is now tapped gently, the iron particles will align
themselves with the magnetic field surrounding the magnet just as the compass
needle did previously. The filings form a definite pattern, which is a visible
representation of the forces comprising the magnetic field. Examination of the
arrangements of iron filings in figure 3 will indicate that the magnetic field is
very strong at the poles and weakens as the distance from the poles increases. It
is also apparent that the magnetic field extends from one pole to the other,
constituting a loop about the magnet [2].
Figure 3. Magnetic fields
References
٣٘‫ش حما‬ٟ‫چ‬ٛٙٔ ‫ف‬٥ِ‫ تشق تأ‬٣‫[ صتاٖ تخلل‬1]
[2] http://www.tpub.com/neets/book1/chapter1/1h.htm
11
Unit 3
Relationship Between Voltage, Current and
Resistance
All materials are made up from atoms, and all atoms consist of protons,
neutrons and electrons. Protons, have a positive electrical charge. Neutrons have
no electrical charge while Electrons, have a negative electrical charge. Atoms
are bound together by powerful forces of attraction existing between the atoms
nucleus and the electrons in its outer shell.
When these protons, neutrons and electrons are together within the atom they
are happy and stable. But if we separate them from each other they want to
reform and start to exert a potential of attraction called a potential difference.
Now if we create a closed circuit these loose electrons will start to move
and drift back to the protons due to their attraction creating a flow of electrons.
This flow of electrons is called an electrical current. The electrons do not flow
freely through the circuit as the material they move through creates a restriction
to the electron flow. This restriction is called resistance.
Then all basic electrical or electronic circuits consist of three separate but very
much related electrical quantities called: Voltage, ( V ), Current, ( I ) and
Resistance, ( Ω ) [1].
A. Voltage
We define voltage as the amount of potential energy between two points on
a circuit. One point has more charge than another. This difference in charge
between the two points is called voltage. It is measured in volts, which,
technically, is the potential energy difference between two points that will
impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it (don‘t
panic if this makes no sense, all will be explained). The unit ―volt‖ is named
after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who invented what is considered the
first chemical battery. Voltage is represented in equations and schematics by the
letter ―V‖ [2].
When describing voltage, current, and resistance, a common analogy is a
water tank. In this analogy, charge is represented by the water amount, voltage
is represented by the water pressure, and current is represented by the
water flow. So for this analogy, remember:
 Water = Charge
12
 Pressure = Voltage
 Flow = Current
Consider a water tank at a certain height above the ground. At the bottom of this
tank there is a hose.
The pressure at the end of the hose can represent voltage. The water in the
tank represents charge. The more water in the tank, the higher the charge, the
more pressure is measured at the end of the hose.
We can think of this tank as a battery, a place where we store a certain
amount of energy and then release it. If we drain our tank a certain amount, the
pressure created at the end of the hose goes down. We can think of this as
decreasing voltage, like when a flashlight gets dimmer as the batteries run
down. There is also a decrease in the amount of water that will flow through the
hose. Less pressure means less water is flowing, which brings us to current [2].
B. Current
We can think of the amount of water flowing through the hose from the
tank as current. The higher the pressure, the higher the flow, and vice-versa.
With water, we would measure the volume of the water flowing through the
hose over a certain period of time. With electricity, we measure the amount of
charge flowing through the circuit over a period of time. Current is measured in
Amperes (usually just referred to as ―Amps‖). An ampere is defined as
6.241*1018 electrons (1 Coulomb) per second passing through a point in a
circuit. Amps are represented in equations by the letter ―I‖.
Let‘s say now that we have two tanks, each with a hose coming from the
bottom. Each tank has the exact same amount of water, but the hose on one tank
is narrower than the hose on the other.
13
We measure the same amount of pressure at the end of either hose, but when the
water begins to flow, the flow rate of the water in the tank with the narrower
hose will be less than the flow rate of the water in the tank with the wider hose.
In electrical terms, the current through the narrower hose is less than the current
through the wider hose. If we want the flow to be the same through both hoses,
we have to increase the amount of water (charge) in the tank with the narrower
hose.
This increases the pressure (voltage) at the end of the narrower hose, pushing
more water through the tank. This is analogous to an increase in voltage that
causes an increase in current.
Now we‘re starting to see the relationship between voltage and current. But
there is a third factor to be considered here: the width of the hose. In this
analogy, the width of the hose is the resistance. This means we need to add
another term to our model [2]:
14
 Water = Charge (measured in Coulombs)
 Pressure = Voltage (measured in Volts)
 Flow = Current (measured in Amperes, or ―Amps‖ for short)
 Hose Width = Resistance
C. Resistance
Consider again our two water tanks, one with a narrow pipe and one with a
wide pipe.
It stands to reason that we can‘t fit as much volume through a narrow pipe than
a wider one at the same pressure. This is resistance. The narrow pipe ―resists‖
the flow of water through it even though the water is at the same pressure as the
tank with the wider pipe.
In electrical terms, this is represented by two circuits with equal voltages

and different resistances. The circuit with the higher resistance will allow less
15
charge to flow, meaning the circuit with higher resistance has less current
flowing through it.
This brings us back to Georg Ohm. Ohm defines the unit of resistance of ―1
Ohm‖ as the resistance between two points in a conductor where the application
of 1 volt will push 1 ampere, or 6.241×1018 electrons. This value is usually
represented in schematics with the greek letter ―Ω‖, which is called omega, and
pronounced ―ohm‖ [2].
D. Ohm's Law
Georg Ohm found that, at a constant temperature, the electrical current
flowing through a fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across it, and also inversely proportional to the resistance. This
relationship between the Voltage, Current and Resistance forms the basis of
Ohms Law and is shown below [1].
( )
( ) ( )
( )
By knowing any two values of the Voltage, Current or Resistance quantities we
can use Ohms Law to find the third missing value. Ohms Law is used
extensively in electronics formulas and calculations so it is ―very important to
understand and accurately remember these formulas‖.
To find the Voltage, ( V )

[V=IxR] V (volts) = I (amps) x R (Ω)
To find the Current, ( I )

[I=V÷R] I (amps) = V (volts) ÷ R (Ω)
To find the Resistance, ( R )

[ R = V ÷ I ] R (Ω) = V (volts) ÷ I (amps)
It is sometimes easier to remember this Ohms law relationship by using
pictures. Here the three quantities of V, I and R have been superimposed into a
triangle (affectionately called the Ohms Law Triangle) giving voltage at the
top with current and resistance below. This arrangement represents the actual
position of each quantity within the Ohms law formulas.
D.1 Ohms Law Triangle
16
Transposing the standard Ohms Law equation above will give us the following
combinations of the same equation:
…….1. The relationship between voltage and current is a crucial point in
electronics [3].
…….2. By knowing any two values of the Voltage, Current or Resistance
quantities we can use Ohms Law to find the third missing value [1].
…….3. The ―V‖ symbol used for resistance value.
…….4. Ohm defines the unit of resistance of ―1 Ohm‖ as the resistance between
two points in a conductor.
…….5. We can think of the amount of water flowing through the hose from the
tank as Voltage.
…….6. The formula for finding voltage when resistance and current are known is
V = I/R.
…….7. Ohm's law describes how current is related to voltage and resistance [4].
…….8. The ampere is the unit of resistance.

1. Ohm‘s law states that the current in a circuit is ..........[3] .
a. inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit and is directly proportional to
the Voltage in the circuit
b. directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit and is inversely proportional to
the Voltage in the circuit
c. directly proportional to the resistance and the Voltage in the circuit
d. inversely proportional to the resistance and the Voltage in the circuit
2. It is true that Resistors .......... .

a. separate signals b. generate waves
c. dissipate power d. store energy

17
a. The circuit with the higher resistance will allow less charge to flow
b. An ampere is defined as 6.241*1024 electrons
c. The higher the pressure is the lower the flow, and vice-versa.
d. Protons, have a positive electrical charge and Neutrons have negative charge.
4. If voltage is 6 volt and resistance is 2 ohm, then .

a. Current is 0.5 ampere
b. Current is 3 ampere
c. Current is 12 ampere
d. Current is 0 ampere

1. How can you find the resistance when Voltage and Current is known?
2. Define the Ohm‘s Low.
3. What is unit of resistance?
4. What is the formula for finding resistance when current and voltage are known?
Part II. Translate Practice

Resistor color-coding
The electronic color code is used to indicate the values or ratings of electronic
components, usually for resistors, but also for capacitors, inductors, diodes and
others.
To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the C, G and D bands.
 band A is the first significant figure of component value (left side)

 band B is the second significant figure (some precision resistors have a third
significant figure, and thus five bands).
 band C is the decimal multiplier
 band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means
20%)
18
For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold has first digit
4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros:
4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is ±5%, so the real resistance
could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.
Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth band which
indicates component failure rate (reliability); refer to MIL-HDBK-199 for
further details.
Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant figures rather than
two, or an additional band indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppm/K.
All coded components have at least two value bands and a multiplier; other
bands are optional [5].
The colors brown, red, green, blue, and violet are used as tolerance codes on 5-
band resistors only. All 5-band resistors use a colored tolerance band. The blank
(20%) ―band‖ is only used with the ―4-band‖ code (3 colored bands + a blank
―band‖) [6].
B. Test yourself
1. A resistor colored Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold would be ………. with a
tolerance of +/- ……%.
2. Color codes for 4700Ω, 5% is:
3. A resistor colored Brown-Green-Grey-Silver-Red would be …….. with a
tolerance of +/- ……%.
4. What s resistance in following picture?
References
[1] http://www.electronics-tutorials
[2] https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and-ohms-law
٣٘‫ش حما‬ٟ‫چ‬ٛٙٔ ‫ف‬٥ِ‫ تشق تأ‬٣‫[ صتاٖ تخلل‬3]
[4] http://www.indiabix.com
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org
[6] http://www.allaboutcircuits.com
19
Unit 4
Electric Motors Basics
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. The reverse of this would be the conversion of mechanical
energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator.
In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the

interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to
generate force within the motor. In certain applications, such as in the
transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both
motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy
from mechanical energy.
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps,

machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric
motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries,
motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from
the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric
watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and
characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The
largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and
pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric
motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction,
application, type of motion output, and so on.
Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force (torque), and
should be distinguished from devices such as magnetic solenoids and
loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable
mechanical powers, which are respectively referred to as actuators and
transducers [1].
There are different types of motor have been developed for different
specific purposes.
The very basic principal of functioning of an electrical motor lies on the
fact that force is experienced in the direction perpendicular to magnetic field
and the current, when field and current are made to interact with each other [2].
20
Motor construction
Figure 1 shows the construction of an AC electric motor.
Fig 1. AC motor construction [3]
A. Rotor
In an electric motor the moving part is the rotor which turns the shaft to deliver
the mechanical power. The rotor usually has conductors laid into it which carry
currents that interact with the magnetic field of the stator to generate the forces
that turn the shaft. However, some rotors carry permanent magnets, and the
stator holds the conductors.
B. Stator
The stator is the stationary part of the motor‘s electromagnetic circuit and
usually consists of either windings or permanent magnets. The stator core is
made up of many thin metal sheets, called laminations. Laminations are used to
reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used.
C. Air gap
The distance between the rotor and stator is called the air gap. The air gap has
important effects, and is generally as small as possible, as a large gap has a
strong negative effect on the performance of an electric motor. It is the main
source of the low power factor at which motors operate. The air gap increases
the magnetizing current needed. For this reason air gap should be minimum .
Very small gaps may pose mechanical problems in addition to noise and losses.
21
D. Windings
Windings are wires that are laid in coils, usually wrapped around a laminated
soft iron magnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized with
current.
Electric machines come in two basic magnet field pole configurations: salient-
pole machine and nonsalient-pole machine. In the salient-pole machine the
pole's magnetic field is produced by a winding wound around the pole below
the pole face. In the nonsalient-pole, or distributed field, or round-rotor,
machine, the winding is distributed in pole face slots. A shaded-pole motor has
a winding around part of the pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for
that pole.
Some motors have conductors which consist of thicker metal, such as bars or
sheets of metal, usually copper, although sometimes aluminum is used. These
are usually powered by electromagnetic induction [1].
Classification or Types of Motor

The primary classification of motor or types of motor can be tabulated as shown
below [4]:
Fig 2. Types of Motor [4].
22
A. DC Motors
1. Shunt DC motor: The rotor and stator windings are connected in
parallel.
2. Sparately Excited motor: The rotor and stator are each connected from
a different power supply, this gives another degree of freedom for controlling
the motor over the shunt.
3. Series motor: the stator and rotor windings are connected in series.
Thus the torque is proportional to I2 so it gives the highest torque per current
ratio over all other dc motors. It is therefore used in starter motors of cars and
elevator motors.
4. Permanent Magnet (PMDC) motors: The stator is a permanent
magnet, so the motor is smaller in size but it has lower torque.
Disadvantages of DC motors
1. Brush wear: Since they need brushes to connect the rotor winding. Brush
wear occurs, and it increases dramatically in low‐pressure environment. So they
cannot be used in artificial hearts. If used on aircraft, the brushes would need
replacement after one hour of operation.
2. Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains
explosive materials.
3. RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby t.v. sets, or electronic
devices, etc.
B. AC Motors
1. Induction Motor: So called because voltage is induced in the rotor (thus no
need for brushes), but for this to happen, the rotor must rotate at a lower speed
than the magnetic field to allow for the existance of an induced voltage.
Therefore a new term is needed to describe the induction motor: the slip.
2. Synchronous Motor: So called because rotor tries to line up with the
rotating magnetic field in the stator. It has the stator of an induction motor, and
the rotor of a dc motor.
Synchronous Motors are specifically designed to maintain constant speed, with
the rotor synchronous to the rotating field. Synchronous motors require
modification (such as squirrel-cage windings) to be self-starting.
23
C. Other Motors
1. Reluctance motor: A synchronous‐induction motor. The rotor has salient
poles and a cage so that it starts like an induction motor, and runs like a
synchronous motor.
2. Hysteresis motor: hysteresis produces the torque, can be very tiny, used as
the driver for electric clocks.
3. Stepper motor: a special type of synchronous motors. Rotates a number of
degrees with each electric pulse.
4. Brushless DC motor: a close cousin of a permanent magnet stepper motor
with electronic controllers.
5. Universal motor: If a seried dc motor has a laminated stator frame, it can run
effectively from an AC supply as well as DC, this is the universal motor.
…….1. Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains
explosive materials.
…….2. The stator is the rotational part of the motor‘s electromagnetic circuit.
…….3. In shunt DC motor the stator and rotor windings are connected in series.
…….4. In certain applications, electric motors can operate in both motoring and
generating or braking modes.
…….5. Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force.
…….6. The distance between the rotor and stator is called the bearing.
1. According to the text, ............
a. Synchronous Motors hasn‘t high torque in starting time.
b. Synchronous Motors are specifically designed to maintain constant speed.
c. Universal motor is a special type of synchronous motors.
d. Reluctance motor used as the driver for electric clocks.
2. It is true that .......... .

a. PMDC is a synchronous motor.
b. RF noise from the brushes not harmful.
c. DC motors are very good if the environment contains explosive materials.
d. . Reluctance motor is a synchronous‐induction motor.
3. ……………… rotates a number of degrees with each electric pulse.

a. Stepper motor
b. Hysteresis motor
c. Reluctance motor
24
d. Brushless DC motor
4. The distance between the rotor and stator is called the...........

a. winding
b. rotor
c. air gap
d. bearing
5. In the ............ the pole's magnetic field is produced by a winding wound around
the pole below the pole face. .
a. synchronous machine
b. salient-pole machine
c. nonsalient-pole machine
d. both b and c

1. What is a reluctance motor?
2. Why air gap is important in electric motors?
3. Why stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets?

1. A generator forces electrons to ……… through an external electrical circuit [1].
a. flowed b. flows
c. flowing d. flow
2. An AC generator converts mechanical energy into …………current electricity.
a. alternating b. atomic composition
c. alternate d. magnetic moment
3 The …….. DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied
to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and
rotating electrical magnets [1].
a. brushed b. brushless
c. brush d. brushing
4. A ……….is a static device that converts alternating current from one voltage
level to another level (higher or lower), or to the same level, without changing the
frequency.... .
a. transformer b. motor
c. generator d. capacitor
5. For optimized or practical operation of electric machines, today's electric
machine systems ……….with electronic control [1].
a. is complemented b. was complemented
c. are complemented d. have complemented
25
Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between
two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction [1]. Electromagnetic
induction produces an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed
to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease
the alternating voltages in electric power applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying field impinging on
the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the
secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in
the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use
of Faraday's Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with high magnetic
permeability core properties, transformers can be designed to efficiently
change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.
Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in 1885,
transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and
utilization of alternating current electrical energy.[3] A wide range of
transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in
volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.
References
[2] http://www.electrical4u.com
[3] http://electrical-engineering-portal.com
[4] www.ece.uah.edu/courses
26
Unit 5
Understanding motor’s nameplate
Motor nameplate is normally located on all produced electric motors.
Understanding nameplate information can be hard sometimes, but is essential.
In most countries it is a requirement for manufacturers to display all information
on the motor‘s nameplate, but often this is not the case [1].
1. Voltage
This data tells you at which voltage the motor is made to operate. Nameplate-
defined parameters for the motor such as power factor, efficiency, torque and
current are at rated voltage and frequency. When the motor is used at other
voltages than the voltage indicated on the nameplate, its performance will be
affected.
Fig 1.Voltage on motor nameplate

2. Frequency
Usually for motors, the input frequency is 50 or 60 Hz. If more than one
frequency is marked on the nameplate, then other parameters that will differ at
different input frequencies have to be indicated on the nameplate as well.
27
Fig 2.Frequency on motor nameplate
3. Phase
This parameter represents the number of AC power lines that supply the
motor. Single-phase and three-phase are considered as the standard.
Fig 3.Phase on nameplate

4. Current
Current indicated on the nameplate corresponds to the rated power output
together with voltage and frequency. Current may deviate from the nameplate
amperes if the phases are unbalanced or if the voltage turns out to be lower than
indicated.
28
Fig 4.Current on nameplate
5. Type
Some manufacturers use type to define the motor as single-phase or poly-phase,
single-phase or multi-speed or by type of construction. Nevertheless, there are
no industry standards for type. Grundfos uses the following type designation:
MG90SA2-24FF165-C2.
Fig 5.Motor type designation

6. Power factor
Power factor is indicated on the nameplate as either “PF” or “P .F” or cos φ .
Power factor is an expression of the ratio of active power (W) to apparent power
(VA) expressed as a percentage.
Numerically expressed, power factor is equal to cosine of the angle of lag of the
input current with respect to its voltage.
The motor‘s nameplate provides you with the power factor for the motor at full-
load.
29
Fig 6. Power factor
7. kW or horsepower
kW or horsepower (HP) is an expression of the motor‘s mechanical output
rating – that is it‘s ability to deliver the torque needed for the load at rated
speed.
8. Full-load speed
Full-load speed is the speed at which rated full-load torque is delivered at rated
power output. Normally, the full-load speed is given in RPM. This speed is
sometimes called slip-speed or actual rotor speed.
9. Efficiency
Efficiency is the motor‘s output power divided by its input power multiplied by
100. Efficiency is expressed as a percentage. Efficiency is guaranteed by the
manufacturer to be within a certain tolerance band, which varies depending on
the design standard, e.g IEC or NEMA.
Therefore, pay attention to guaranteed minimum efficiencies, when you
evaluate the motor‘s performance.
30
Fig 7. Mechanical Input and performance
10. Duty
This parameter defines the length of time during which the motor can carry its
nameplate rating safely. In many cases, the motor can do it continuously, which
is indicated by an S1 or “Cont” on the nameplate. If nothing is indicated on the
nameplate, the motor is designed for duty cycle S1.
Fig 8. Motor duty

11. Insulation class
Insulation class (INSUL CLASS) is an expression of the standard
classification of the thermal tolerance of the motor winding. Insulation class is a
letter designation such as “B” or “F”, depending on the winding‘s ability to
survive a given operating temperature for a given life. The farther in the
alphabet, the better the performance.
For instance, a class ―F‖ insulation has a longer nominal life at a given
operating temperature than a class ―B‖.
31
Fig 9.Insulation class. CI.F(B) = class F with temperature rise B
12. Maximum ambient temperature

The maximum ambient temperature at which a motor can operate is sometimes
indicated on the nameplate. If not the maximum is 40°C for EFF2
motors and normally 60°C for EFF1 motors. The motor can run and still be
within the tolerance of the insulation class at the maximum rated temperature.
Fig 10.The power output reduction curve shows the performance reduction with increased
ambient temperature or increased installation height above sea
13. Altitude
This indication shows the maximum height above sea level at which the motor
will remain within its design temperature rise, meeting all other nameplate data.
If the altitude is not indicated on the nameplate, the maximum height above sea
is 1000 meters.
14. Enclosure
Enclosure classifies a motor as to its degree of protection from its environment
and its method of cooling. Enclosure is shown as IP or ENCL on the
nameplate.
32
15. Frame
The frame size data on the nameplate is an important piece of information. It
determines mounting dimensions such as the foot hole mounting pattern and
the shaft height. The frame size is often a part of the type designation which
can be difficult to interpret because special shaft or mounting configurations are
used.
16. Bearings
Bearings are the component in an AC motor that requires the most
maintenance. The information is usually given for both the drive-end (DE)
bearing and the bearing opposite the drive-end, non drive- end (NDE).
Fig 11. Frame, enclosure and bearing characteristic
Fig 12. The frame size data on the nameplate
33
17. Letter code
A letter code defines the locked rotor current kVA on a per horsepower
basis. The letter code consists of letters from A to V. The farther away from the
letter code A, the higher the inrush current per horsepower.
18. Design letter
Design letter covers the characteristics of torque and current of the
motor. Design letter (A, B, C or D) defines the different categories. Most
motors are design A or B motors.
A design A motor torque characteristic is similar to the characteristic of a
design B motor; but there is no limit in starting inrush current. With a design B
motor, the motor manufacturer has to limit the inrush current on his products to
make sure that users can apply their motor starting devices.
So, when replacing a motor in an application, it is important to check the
design letter, because some manufacturers assign their products with letters that
are not considered industry standard which may lead to starting problems.
19. Service factor
A motor designed to operate at its nameplate power rating has a service factor
of 1.0. This means that the motor can operate at 100% of its rated power.
Some applications require a motor that can exceed the rated power. In these
cases, a motor with a service factor of 1.15 can be applied to the rated power. A
1.15 service factor motor can be operated at 15% higher than the motor’s
nameplate power.
…….1. The Phase parameter represents the number of AC power lines that supply
the motor. Single-phase and three-phase are considered as the standard..
…….2. The service factor shows the maximum height above sea level at which the
motor will remain within its design temperature rise, meeting all other nameplate
data.
…….3. Nameplate-defined parameters for the motor are at rated voltage and
frequency.
…….4. Power factor is an expression of the ratio of reactive power (Var) to
apparent power (VA) expressed as a percentage.
…….5. Enclosure classifies a motor as to its degree of protection from its
environment and its method of cooling.
34
1. The frame data determines mounting dimensions such as……….
a. the foot hole mounting pattern and the shaft height.
b. the diameter of stator.
c. both a,b
d. the length of rotor.
2. It is true that .......... .

a. The frame size data on the nameplate is an unimportant piece of information.
b. A letter code defines as characteristic of torque and current of the motor.
c. Bearings are the component in an AC motor that requires the most maintenance.
d. Enclosure shows the maximum height above sea level at which the motor will
remain within its design temperature rise.

a. The service factor 1.15 means that the motor can operate at 100% of its rated
power.
b. The service factor 1.0 means that the motor can operate at 100% of its rated
power.
c. The service factor 1.0 means that the motor can operate at 90% of its rated
power.
d. The service factor 1.0 means that the motor can operate at 110% of its rated
power.
4. Enclosure classifies a motor as to its degree of .......... .

a. its environment
b. its method of cooling
c. its insulation
d. both a,b
5. a class ―F‖ insulation has ……….nominal life at a given operating temperature

than a class ―B‖..
a. a longer
b. a shorter
c. very shorter
d. very longer

1. What is insulation class in electrical motors?
2. Why voltage, frequency and current are important on nameplate of electric
motors?
3. Which part of motor requires the most maintenance?
35
4. What does show IP parameter?

1. This parameter defines the length of time during which the motor can carry its
nameplate rating safely.
a. service factor b. duty
c. design letter d. letter code
2. The locked rotor current kVA on a per horsepower basis is related to….. ..on
motor nameplate.
a. magnetic flux b. torque
c. letter code d. current
3. It determines mounting dimensions such as the foot hole mounting pattern and
the shaft height.
a. frame parameter b. voltage parameter
c. altitude parameter d. enclosure parameter
4. If the altitude is not indicated on the nameplate, the maximum height above sea
is…....
a. 1000 feet b. 1000 meters
c. 100 meters d. 100 feet
5.It is an expression of the standard classification of the thermal tolerance of the
motor winding.
a. letter code b. service factor
c. insulation class d. design letter
Power Inverter
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes
direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output
voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the
specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power
is provided by the DC source.
A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of
mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static
inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process [2].
36
An inverter can produce a square wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine
wave, pulse width modulated wave (PWM) or sine wave depending on circuit
design.
Some applications
1. DC power source usage: An inverter converts the DC electricity from
sources such as batteries or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at
any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for
mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.
2. Uninterruptible power supplies: An uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when mains power is not
available. When mains power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to
recharge the batteries.
3. Electric motor speed control: Inverter circuits designed to produce a
variable output voltage range are often used within motor speed controllers. The
DC power for the inverter section can be derived from a normal AC wall outlet
or some other source. Control and feedback circuitry is used to adjust the final
output of the inverter section which will ultimately determine the speed of the
motor operating under its mechanical load. Motor speed control needs are
numerous and include things like: industrial motor driven equipment, electric
vehicles, rail transport systems, and power tools. (See related: variable-
frequency drive ) Switching states are developed for positive, negative and zero
voltages as per the patterns given in the switching Table 1.The generated gate
pulses are given to each switch in accordance with the developed pattern and
thus the output is obtained.
4. HVDC power transmission: With HVDC power transmission, AC power is
rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the
receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back
to AC. The inverter must be synchronized with grid frequency and phase and
minimize harmonic generation.
References
[1] http://electrical-engineering-portal.com
37
Unit 6
Renewable Energies
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from

resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as
sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.[1,2] Renewable energy
often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and
water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[1,3]
Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind,

tides, plant growth, and geothermal heat, as the International Energy Agency
explains [4]:
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished

constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat
generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat
generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources,
and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency

exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which
are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of
renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of
energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic
benefits. It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution
caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature
mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to
several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States [1].
Mainstream technologies
Wind power
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines
range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with
rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use;
the power available from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed,
so as wind speed increases, power output increases up to the maximum output
for the particular turbine. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant,
38
such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
Typically full load hours of wind turbines vary between 16 and 57 percent
annually, but might be higher in particularly favorable offshore sites.
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five
times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity
demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. This would
require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of
higher wind resources, such as offshore. As offshore wind speeds average ~90%
greater than that of land, so offshore resources can contribute substantially more
energy than land stationed turbines [1].
Fig 1. wind turbine construction [5].

Hydropower
Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of
water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There
are many forms of water energy [1]:
 Historically hydroelectric power came from constructing large

hydroelectric dams and reservoirs, which are still popular in third world
countries.
 Small hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically
produce up to 50 MW of power. They are often used on small rivers or as
a low impact development on larger rivers. China is the largest producer
of hydroelectricity in the world and has more than 45,000 small hydro
installations.
39
 Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plants derive kinetic energy from rivers
without the creation of a large reservoir. This style of generation may still
produce a large amount of electricity, such as the Chief Joseph Dam on
the Columbia river in the United States.
Fig 2. Hydropower: Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity [6].
Solar energy
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, concentrated
solar power (CSP), concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include
orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal
mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate
air. Active solar technologies encompass solar thermal energy, using solar
collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into electricity either
directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar
power (CSP).
A photovoltaic system converts light into electrical direct current (DC) by
taking advantage of the photoelectric effect. Concentrated solar power (CSP)
systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam [1].
40
Fig 3. A simple photovoltaic system [7].
Geothermal energy
High Temperature Geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and

stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines
the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the
original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of minerals (in
currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The geothermal
gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet
and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form
of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from
the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat.
The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within the Earth,
all the way down to Earth's core – 4,000 miles (6,400 km) down. At the core,
temperatures may reach over 9,000 °F (5,000 °C). Heat conducts from the core
to surrounding rock.
41
Fig 4. A simple photovoltaic system [8].
Bio energy
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms

[1].We have used biomass energy, or "bioenergy"—the energy from plants and
plant-derived materials—since people began burning wood to cook food and
keep warm. Wood is still the largest biomass energy resource today, but other
sources of biomass can also be used. These include food crops, grassy and
woody plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, oil-rich algae, and the
organic component of municipal and industrial wastes. Even the fumes from
landfills (which are methane, the main component in natural gas) can be used as
a biomass energy source [6].
Biomass can be used for fuels, power production, and products that would
otherwise be made from fossil fuels. In such scenarios, biomass can provide an
array of benefits. For example:
The use of biomass energy has the potential to greatly reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Burning biomass releases about the same amount of carbon dioxide
as burning fossil fuels. However, fossil fuels release carbon dioxide captured by
photosynthesis millions of years ago—an essentially "new" greenhouse gas.
Recent studies have found that clearing forests to grow biomass results in a
carbon penalty that takes decades to recoup, so it is best if biomass is grown on
previously cleared land, such as under-utilized farm land.
42
Fig 5. From biomass to electricity [9].
…….1. High Temperature Geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated
and stored in the Earth.
…….2. A photovoltaic system converts light into mechanical energy.
…….3. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant aren‘t preferred
locations for wind farms.
…….4. Renewable energy is derived from artifical processes that are replenished
constantly.
…….5. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living
organisms.

1. The use of biomass energy has the potential to. ……….
a. greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
b. greatly increase greenhouse gas emissions.
c. greatly reduce O3 emissions.
d. greatly increase Co2 gas emissions.
2. It is true that .......... .

a. the power available from the wind is a function of the square of the wind speed.
43
b. Renewable energy would increase environmental pollution.
c. Historically hydroelectric power came from constructing large hydroelectric
dams and reservoirs.
d. Biomass can‘t be used for fuels, power production, and products that would
otherwise be made from fossil fuels.

a. Passive solar technologies encompass solar thermal energy, using solar
collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into electricity.
b. Passive solar technologies encompass solar thermal energy, using solar
collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into electricity.
c. Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources
which are naturally replenished on a human timescale.
d. Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plants derive kinetic energy from rivers with
the creation of a large reservoir.
4. Wood is still the.......... .

a largest biomass energy resource
b. best item for heating
c. worst biomass energy resource
d. both a,b
5. A photovoltaic system converts light into electrical direct current (DC) by…...
a. using of a steam turbine
b. taking advantage of the photoelectric effect
c. setting of tower
d. using of wind turbine

1. What is renewable energy?
2. How do solar panels work?
3. How do wind turbines work?
4. What is a fossil fuel?
5. How can we use geothermal energy?

1. ………are still popular in third world countries.
a. Historically hydroelectric power b. Solar panel

c. Small hydro systems d. Wind turbine
44
2. ……….. can be used for fuels, power production, and products that would
otherwise be made from fossil fuels.
a. Sun light b. Biomass
c. Wind power d. pressure
3………. energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter.
a. Thermal b. Solar
c. Wind d. both a,c
4. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning …….,
and thermos, meaning …….
a. light, cold b. heat, earth
c. earth, heat d. clod, cold
5. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range are from around…………….
a. 5 MW to 500 MW b. 100 W to 50 kW
c. 6 kW to 20 kW d. 600 kW to 5 MW
B. Fill in the blanks with the following words.

coal fossil fuels generate power plants
green power monthly Mother Nature
wind resources sun
Renewable energy is made from ……..that can be renewed by………: wind,

water, sunshine and biomass. Renewable energy is also called "clean energy" or
"……….." because it doesn't produce harmful pollution. Unlike natural gas
and……., we can't store up wind and sunshine to use whenever we need to
make more electricity. If the ……..doesn't blow or the ……hides behind clouds,
there wouldn‘t be enough power for everyone. Another reason we use
………..like coal and natural gas is because they're cheaper. It costs more
money to make electricity from wind, and most people don't want to pay more
on their ……….utility bills. Fossil fuels are used to ………electricity because
they're widely available, inexpensive, easy to transport, easy to use, and the
………..can be located almost anywhere [10].
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org (Original reference)
[2] Ellabban, Omar; Abu-Rub, Haitham; Blaabjerg, Frede (2014). "Renewable energy resources:
Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology". Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews.
[3] REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report ,p. 15.
[4] IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (2002). Renewable Energy... into the mainstream, p. 9.
[5] http://jeffreysbaywindfarm.co.za
[6] http://www.nrel.gov
[7] http://www.synergyenviron.com
[8] http://www.rackcen.com
[9] http://convertnews.com
[10] http://www.alliantenergykids.com
45
‫‪Unit 7‬‬
‫‪Translation Principles‬‬
‫تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬ػثاست اػت اص تشٌشداٖ ٔت‪ ٣ٙ‬اص صتاٖ ٔثذا ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ ٔملذ تذ‪ ٖٚ‬و‪ٛ‬چىتش‪ ٗ٤‬افضا‪٤‬ؾ ‪٤‬ا وا‪ٞ‬ؾ دس‬
‫ك‪ٛ‬ست ‪ٔ ٚ‬ؼ‪ .٣ٙ‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬تؼش‪٤‬ف اٌشچ‪ ٝ‬دل‪٥‬ك اػت أا كشفا خ‪ٙ‬ث‪٘ ٝ‬ظش‪ ٢‬داسد‪ ،‬ص‪٤‬شا ‪٥ٞ‬چ پ‪٥‬أ‪ ٣‬سا ٕ٘‪ ٣‬ت‪ٛ‬اٖ تذ‪ٖٚ‬‬
‫تغ‪٥٥‬ش دس ك‪ٛ‬ست ‪ٔ ٚ‬ؼ‪ ٣ٙ‬اص صتا٘‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ د‪ٍ٤‬ش ٔ‪ٙ‬تمُ وشد‪.‬‬
‫ٔتشخٓ دسا٘ت‪ٟ‬ا‪ ٢‬فشا‪ٙ٤‬ذ تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ػاختاس‪ ٢‬اص صتاٖ ٔملذ دػت ٔ‪٤ ٣‬اتذ و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آٖ ٔ‪ٙ٤ٌٛ ٣‬ذ‪ٔ :‬ؼادَ‬
‫(‪ٙٔ .)equivalent‬ظ‪ٛ‬س اص ٔؼادَ دس ‪ٚ‬الغ ‪ٕٞ‬اٖ وّٕ‪ ،ٝ‬ػثاست ‪٤‬ا خّٕ‪ ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬دس صتاٖ ٔملذ اػت و‪ ٣ٔ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ‬
‫ٔؼ‪ٙ‬ا ‪ٔ ٚ‬ف‪ ْٟٛ‬وّٕ‪ ،ٝ‬ػثاست ‪٤‬ا خّٕ‪ٔ ١‬ثذأ‪٤ ،‬ؼ‪ٙٔ ٣ٙ‬ظ‪ٛ‬س ‪٤‬ا پ‪٥‬اْ ٌ‪ٙ٤ٛ‬ذ‪ ٠‬صتاٖ ٔثذأ سا تشػا٘ذ‪.‬‬
‫دس ا‪ٔ ٗ٤‬ماِ‪ ٝ‬فشا‪ٙ٤‬ذ تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬سا ت‪ٌ ٝ‬اْ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ٔ ٢‬دضا تمؼ‪ ٓ٥‬وشد‪ ٚ ٜ‬س‪ٚ‬ؿ‪ ٣‬اك‪ ٣ِٛ‬تشا‪ ٢‬تشخٕ‪٤ ٝ‬اد ٔ‪٥ٌ ٣‬ش‪ٓ٤‬‬
‫ٌاْ ا‪:َٚ‬‬
‫خّٕ‪ٙٔ ٝ‬اػة تش‪ٚ ٗ٤‬احذ ػاختاس‪ ٢‬دس تحث ٔمذٔات‪ ٣‬تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬اػت ص‪٤‬شا‪ ،‬تشخالف ‪ٚ‬اط‪ ٚ ٜ‬ػثاست‪ ،‬داسا‪ٟ٘ ٢‬اد ‪ٚ‬‬
‫ٌضاس‪ ٚ ٜ‬پ‪٥‬اْ (‪ٔ )message‬ـخل‪ ٣‬اػت‪ .‬تشسػ‪ ٣‬تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬تش ٔث‪ٙ‬ا‪ ٢‬خّٕ‪ ٝ‬دس ٔ‪ٛ‬الؼ‪ ٣‬واف‪٥٘ ٣‬ؼت و‪ٔ ٝ‬ف‪ْٟٛ‬‬
‫پ‪٥‬اْ آٖ ت‪ ٝ‬خٕالت لثّ‪ ٚ ٣‬تؼذ‪ ٚ ٢‬ت‪ ٝ‬ػ‪ٙ‬اكش غ‪٥‬ش صتا٘‪ٔ ٣‬ا٘‪ٙ‬ذ ٔ‪ٛ‬لؼ‪٥‬ت ٔىا٘‪ ٚ ٣‬صٔا٘‪ ،٣‬ساتغ‪ ١‬ت‪ٙ٤ٌٛ ٗ٥‬ذ‪ٚ ٜ‬‬
‫ٔخاعة‪ ،‬پ‪ٛ‬ؿ‪٥‬ذ‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬دٖ ٘‪٥‬ت اكّ‪٤ ٣‬ا دس ِفاف‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬دٖ ٔ‪ٙ‬ظ‪ٛ‬س اكّ‪ٙ٤ٌٛ ٣‬ذ‪ ٚ ٜ‬اػتؼاس‪٤ ٢‬ا ضٕ‪ ٣ٙ‬ت‪ٛ‬دٖ ٔؼا٘‪٣‬‬
‫تؼتٍ‪ ٣‬داؿت‪ ٝ‬تاؿذ‪.‬‬
‫ٌاْ د‪:ْٚ‬‬
‫تشا‪ ٢‬پ‪ ٣‬تشدٖ ت‪ ٝ‬پ‪٥‬اْ ظا‪ٞ‬ش‪ ٢‬خّٕ‪ ٝ‬اتتذا ػاختاس آٖ سا تحّ‪ ٣ٔ ُ٥‬و‪ .ٓ٥ٙ‬تشا‪ ٢‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬واس‪٘ ،‬خؼت تا‪٤‬ذ خّٕ‪ ٝ‬سا‬
‫ت‪ٟ٘ ٝ‬اد (‪ٌ ٚ )subject‬ضاس‪ ٜ‬تمؼ‪ ٓ٥‬وشد‪ .‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬تمؼ‪ ٓ٥‬ت‪ٙ‬ذ‪ ٢‬صٔا٘‪ ٣‬تؼ‪٥‬اس ٔ‪ ٟٓ‬اػت و‪ ٝ‬تا خّٕ‪ ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬تضسي ‪ٚ‬‬
‫ع‪ٛ‬ال٘‪ ،٣‬حت‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘ذاص‪ ٠‬د‪ ٚ‬ػ‪ ٝ‬ػغش ‪٤‬ا ت‪٥‬ـتش‪ٛٔ ،‬اخ‪ ٝ‬ؿذ‪ ٜ‬تاؿ‪ٓ٥‬‬
‫ٌاْ ػ‪: ْٛ‬‬
‫تؼذ اص ٔـخق وشدٖ ٘‪ٟ‬اد ‪ٌ ٚ‬ضاس‪ ،ٜ‬اٌش پ‪٥‬اْ خّٕ‪ ٝ‬تش اػاع ٔؼ‪ٞ ٣ٙ‬ائ‪ ٣‬و‪ ٣ٔ ٝ‬دا٘‪ ٓ٥‬س‪ٚ‬ؿٗ تاؿذ‪ ،‬تشخٕ‪١‬‬
‫خّٕ‪ ٝ‬سا ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ ٔملذ ٔ‪٤ٛ٘ ٣‬ؼ‪.ٓ٥‬‬
‫ٌاْ چ‪ٟ‬اسْ‪:‬‬
‫اغّة خ‪ٛ‬ا‪ ٓ٥ٞ‬د‪٤‬ذ‪ ،‬تشخٕ‪ ١‬خّٕ‪ ٝ‬تا ٔؼ‪ٞ ٣ٙ‬ا‪ ٣٤‬و‪ٔ ٝ‬ا اص لثُ ٔ‪ ٣‬دا٘‪ ،ٓ٥‬خ‪ٛ‬س دس ٕ٘‪ ٣‬آ‪٤‬ذ‪ .‬تؼض‪ٞ ٣‬ا حت‪ ٣‬اص‬
‫ا‪ٙ٤‬ى‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ا‪ٛٔ ٢‬خ‪ٛ‬د دس حافظ‪ ١‬ؿاٖ ت‪ ٝ‬دسد تشخٕ‪ ١‬ؿاٖ ٕ٘‪ ٣‬خ‪ٛ‬سد تؼدة ٔ‪ ٣‬و‪ٙٙ‬ذ‪ .‬دس ا‪ٛٔ ٍٝ٘ٛٙ٤‬اسد‪ ،‬ت‪ٟ‬تش‬
‫اػت ت‪ٛ‬خ‪ ٝ‬داؿت‪ ٝ‬تاؿ‪ ٓ٥‬و‪ ٝ‬آٖ ِغت ‪٤‬ا ػثاست ٕٔىٗ اػت ٔؼ‪ٙ‬ا ‪٤‬ا ٔؼا٘‪ ٣‬د‪ٍ٤‬ش‪٥٘ ٢‬ض داؿت‪ ٝ‬تاؿذ و‪ٔ ٝ‬ا اص آٖ‬
‫ت‪ ٣‬خثش‪.ٓ٤‬‬
‫‪46‬‬
‫ٌاْ پ‪ٙ‬دٓ‪:‬‬
‫دس ٔشحّ‪ ١‬خؼتد‪ٚ ٢ٛ‬اط‪ٞ ٜ‬ا‪ ٢‬خذ‪٤‬ذ ‪ ٚ‬تحم‪٥‬ك دس ٔ‪ٛ‬سد ٔؼا٘‪ ٣‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ‪ ٚ‬ت‪ٛ‬خ‪ ٝ‬ت‪٘ ٝ‬مؾ ‪ٔ ٚ‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ا‪ ٢‬خذ‪٤‬ذ تشخ‪ٚ ٣‬اط‪ٜ‬‬
‫‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬آؿ‪ٙ‬ا ‪٤ ٚ‬ادداؿت وشدٖ ٔؼ‪ٙ‬ا‪ ٢‬خذ‪٤‬ذ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا‪ٌ ،‬ا‪٥٘ ٣ٞ‬ض ت‪ ٝ‬ػثاست‪ٟ‬ائ‪ ٣‬تشٔ‪ ٣‬خ‪ٛ‬س‪ ٓ٤‬و‪ ٝ‬ظا‪ٞ‬شاً اص وّٕات وأال‬
‫آؿ‪ٙ‬ائ‪ ٣‬تـى‪ ُ٥‬ؿذ‪ ٜ‬ا٘ذ ‪ٕٙٞ ٣ِٚ‬ـ‪ ٣ٙ٥‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ت‪ ٝ‬ػ‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ‪٤‬ه ٌش‪٤ ٜٚ‬ا ػثاست خاف‪ٔ ،‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ا‪ ٢‬خاك‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا‬
‫تخـ‪٥‬ذ‪ ٜ‬اػت و‪ ٝ‬تا ٔؼا٘‪ ٣‬خ‪ٛ‬د آٖ ‪ٚ‬اط‪ٞ ٜ‬ا تؼ‪٥‬اس ٔتفا‪ٚ‬ت اػت‪ .‬دس ا‪ٙ٤‬دا ٔتشخٓ تا‪٤‬ذ ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼا٘‪ ٣‬تحت اِفظ‪٣‬‬
‫آٖ ‪ٚ‬اط‪ٞ ٜ‬ا‪ٕٙٞ ٢‬ـ‪ ٗ٥‬ؿه وشد‪ ٚ ٜ‬دػت ت‪ٌٕ ٝ‬ا٘‪ ٝ‬ص٘‪ ٣‬تض٘ذ‪.‬ت‪ ٝ‬ا‪ ٍٝ٘ٛٙ٤‬ػاختاس‪ٞ‬ا دس صتاٖ فاسػ‪ ،٣‬اكغالحات‬
‫‪ ٚ‬دس صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ٙ٤ٌٛ ٣ٔ )idioms( ٣‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫ٌاْ ؿـٓ‪:‬‬
‫تؼذ اص پ‪٥‬ذا وشدٖ ‪ ٚ‬پ‪ ٣‬تشدٖ ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼا٘‪ ٣‬ا‪ ٚ ٝ٥ِٚ‬ثا٘‪ِ ١٤ٛ‬غات ‪ ٚ‬تحم‪٥‬ك دس ٔ‪ٛ‬سد ٔؼا٘‪ ٣‬خذ‪٤‬ذ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ‪ٔ ٚ‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ا‪٢‬‬
‫ٔداص‪ ٚ ٢‬اػتؼاس‪ ٢‬اكغالحات ‪ ٚ‬ضشب إِثّ‪ٟ‬ا‪ ٢‬احتٕاِ‪ ٚ ٣‬د‪ٍ٤‬ش اعالػات ٘‪ٟ‬فت‪ ٝ‬دس ‪ٚ‬اط‪ٞ ٜ‬ا ‪ ٚ‬ػثاست‪ٟ‬ا‪ٛ٘ ،‬تت‬
‫ٔ‪ ٣‬سػذ ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼا٘‪ٟ٘ ٣‬فت‪ ٝ‬دس ٌشأش وّٕات ‪ ٚ‬خٕالت‪ ،‬و‪ ٝ‬تـخ‪٥‬ق ‪ ٚ‬تشخٕ‪ ١‬دسػت آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼّ‪ٔٛ‬ات دػت‪ٛ‬س‪٢‬‬
‫ٔتشخٓ ‪ ٚ‬ت‪ ٝ‬تؼّظ ا‪ ٚ‬ت‪ٌ ٝ‬شأش صتاٖ ٔثذأ تؼتٍ‪ ٣‬داسد ]‪.[1‬‬
‫ٔتشخٓ تا‪٤‬ذ ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼا٘‪ٕٞ ٚ ٣‬چ‪ٌ ٗ٥ٙ‬شأش ‪ ٚ‬چٍ‪ ٣ٍ٘ٛ‬خّٕ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٙ‬ذ‪ ٢‬دس صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ٔ ٣‬ؼّظ تاؿذ‪ .‬ا‪ٗ٤‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫تؼّظ تا‪٤‬ذ ت‪ ٌٝ٘ٛ ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬تاؿذ و‪ ٝ‬دس ك‪ٛ‬ست خ‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ‪ ٜ‬ؿذٖ ٔماِ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ػظ ‪٤‬ه ٘‪٥‬ت‪ ٛ٥‬ت‪ ٝ‬خ‪ٛ‬ت‪ ٣‬دسن ؿ‪ٛ‬د ‪ٚ‬‬
‫٘ى‪ٙ‬ذ‪.‬‬ ‫ات‪ٟ‬اْ‬ ‫دچاس‬ ‫سا‬ ‫فشد‬
‫ت‪ٟ‬تش اػت اص د‪٤‬ىـ‪ٙ‬ش‪ ٢‬تخلل‪ٔ ٣‬شت‪ٛ‬ط ت‪ ٝ‬سؿت‪ٛٔ ٝ‬سد ٘ظش دس تشخٕ‪( ٝ‬فاسػ‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬اٍ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪٤ ٚ ٣‬ا‬
‫اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬فاسػ‪ )٣‬اػتفاد‪ٌ ٜ‬شدد‪.‬‬
‫ٔتشخٓ تا‪٤‬ذ وّٕ‪ ٝ‬سا دس د‪٤‬ىـ‪ٙ‬ش‪ ٢‬خؼتد‪ ٛ‬و‪ٙ‬ذ‪ ،‬حت‪ ٣‬اٌش ٔؼ‪ ٣ٙ‬آٖ سا تذا٘ذ‪ .‬ص‪٤‬شا ٕٔىٗ اػت ٔؼ‪٣ٙ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وّٕ‪ٛٔ ٝ‬سد ٘ظش دس ‪ٞ‬ش ٔتٗ ٔتفا‪ٚ‬ت تاؿذ‪ ٟٓٔ .‬تش‪٘ ٗ٤‬ىت‪ٍٙٞ ٝ‬اْ تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬فاسػ‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ٚ ٣‬‬
‫اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ت‪ ٝ‬فاسػ‪ ٣‬ت‪ٛ‬خ‪ ٝ‬ت‪٤ٚ ٝ‬ظٌ‪ٟ٥‬ا‪ ٢‬فؼُ ٔا٘‪ٙ‬ذ صٔاٖ‪ ،‬ك‪٥‬غ‪ ،ٝ‬الصْ ‪٤‬ا ٔتؼذ‪ٔ،٢‬ؼّ‪٤ ْٛ‬ا ٔد‪٣ٔ َٟٛ‬‬
‫تاؿذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬خذاٖ واس‪ ٢‬دس أش تشخٕ‪٤ ٝ‬ى‪ ٣‬اص ٔ‪ٕٟ‬تش‪ّٔ ٗ٤‬ض‪ٔٚ‬ات اػت‪ٔ .‬تشخٓ أا٘ت داس ٔماالت ‪ ٚ‬افشاد دس ا‪ٗ٤‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫صٔ‪ ٝٙ٥‬اػت‪٤ .‬ه ٔتشخٓ ٔتؼ‪ٟ‬ذ ‪ ٚ‬تا ‪ٚ‬خذاٖ تا سػا‪٤‬ت اك‪ ٚ َٛ‬تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬تذ‪ ٖٚ‬وٓ ‪ ٚ‬واػت ػال‪ ٜٚ‬تش‬
‫فشا‪ ٓٞ‬آ‪ٚ‬سدٖ سضا‪٤‬ت ٔـتش‪ ،٢‬سػاِت خ‪ٛ‬د سا ت‪ ٝ‬خ‪ٛ‬ت‪ ٣‬ا٘داْ داد‪ ٜ‬اػت ]‪.[2‬‬
‫حتٕا تا‪٤‬ذ دلت وشد و‪٥ٕٞ ٝ‬ـ‪ ٝ‬تشخٕ‪ ٢ ٝ‬وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬وّٕ‪ٔ ٝ‬الن ٘‪٥‬ؼت ؿا‪٤‬ذ حت‪٤ ٣‬ه تشخٕ‪ ٢ ٝ‬د‪ٚ‬س‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اص ر‪ ٗٞ‬و‪ ٝ‬تت‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ ٔؼ‪ ٣ٙ‬سا ت‪ٟ‬تش تشػا٘ذ ا٘تخاب ت‪ٟ‬تش‪ ٢‬تاؿذ ]‪.[3‬‬
‫معرفی ورم افسار های کىترل گرامر برای ووشته یک مته اوگلیسی خوب‬
‫‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬اص ٔـىالت اػاػ‪ ٣‬دا٘ـد‪٤ٛ‬اٖ‪ ،‬اػات‪٥‬ذ‪ٔ ،‬حمم‪ ٚ ٗ٥‬افشاد‪ٔ ٢‬ا٘‪ٙ‬ذ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا و‪ ٝ‬دائٕاً تا‪٤‬ذ ت‪ ٝ‬تثادَ ٘ظش ‪ ٚ‬اسائ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ٔماِ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬تپشداص٘ذ ا‪ ٗ٤‬اػت و‪ٔ ٝ‬ت‪ ٖٛ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا پش اص اؿتثا‪ٞ‬ات ا٘ـا‪ ٣٤‬اػت ‪٤‬ا داسا‪ ٢‬خٕالت تؼ‪٥‬اس‬
‫‪47‬‬
‫ع‪ٛ‬ال٘‪ ٣‬ت‪ٛ‬د‪ ٚ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ػ‪٥‬اق فاسػ‪ٛ٘ ٣‬ؿت‪٣ٔ ٝ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د‪ ،‬ت‪٘ ٝ‬ح‪ ٢ٛ‬و‪ ٝ‬دا‪ٚ‬ساٖ ٔماالت ‪٤‬ا دس‪٤‬افتو‪ٙٙ‬ذٌاٖ ٘أ‪ٞٝ‬ا ٔؼٕ‪ٛ‬الً‬
‫تشداؿت اؿتثا‪ ٣ٞ‬اص آ٘چ‪ ٝ‬دس ر‪٤ٛ٘ ٗٞ‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ذ‪ٚ ٜ‬خ‪ٛ‬د داؿت‪ ٝ‬اػت ٔ‪٣‬و‪ٙٙ‬ذ‪ .‬وؼا٘‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬للذ ؿشوت دس‬
‫آصٔ‪ٖٞٛ‬ا‪ ٢‬صتاٖ ٔا٘‪ٙ‬ذ ‪ٔ ٚ TOEFL‬ا٘‪ٙ‬ذ آٖ سا داس٘ذ ٘‪٥‬ض حتٕاً تا‪٤‬ذ ا‪ ٗ٤‬اؿىاالت سا اص ػثه ٘‪ٛ‬ؿتٗ خ‪ٛ‬د‬
‫حزف و‪ٙٙ‬ذ تا تت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬ذ أت‪٥‬اص ٔ‪ٙ‬اػث‪ ٣‬دس ا‪ ٗ٤‬تخؾ دس آصٔ‪ ٖٛ‬صتاٖ دس‪٤‬افت ٕ٘ا‪ٙ٤‬ذ‪ .‬دس ‪ٍٙٞ‬اْ ٘‪ٛ‬ؿتٗ ٔت‪٤ ٖٛ‬ا‬
‫ٔماالت ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ٌ ،٣‬ا‪ ٜ‬پ‪٥‬ؾ ٔ‪٣‬آ‪٤‬ذ و‪ ٝ‬چٍ‪ ٣ٍ٘ٛ‬تىاسٌ‪٥‬ش‪٤ ٢‬ه ‪ٚ‬اط‪٤ ٜ‬ا ػثاست ‪٤‬ا خّٕ‪ ٝ‬دس صتاٖ‬
‫اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬سا ٕ٘‪٣‬دا٘‪ .ٓ٥‬دا٘ـد‪٤ٛ‬ا٘‪ ٣‬و‪ٔ ٝ‬ماالت خ‪ٛ‬د سا ت‪ ٝ‬صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪٤ٛ٘٣ٔ ٣‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ذ ٔؼٕ‪ٛ‬الً ت‪٥‬ـتش تا ا‪ٔ ٗ٤‬ـىُ‬
‫ٔ‪ٛ‬اخ‪٣ٔ ٝ‬ؿ‪٘ٛ‬ذ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬اص س‪ٚ‬ؽ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬اعالع اص ٘ح‪ ٜٛ‬تىاسٌ‪٥‬ش‪ ٢‬كح‪٥‬ح ػثاسات اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ،٣‬خؼتد‪ ٛ‬وشدٖ ػثاست ٔشت‪ٛ‬ع‪ ٝ‬دس ٔ‪ٛ‬ت‪ٛ‬س‬
‫خؼتد‪ ٌٌُٛ ٢ٛ‬اػت و‪٣ٔ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ س‪ٚ‬ؽ خ‪ٛ‬ت‪ ٣‬تشا‪ٍ٘ ٢‬اسؽ كح‪٥‬ح ٔت‪ٔ ٚ ٖٛ‬ماالت ػٕ‪ ٣ٔٛ‬تاؿذ‪ .‬تا ٔشاخؼ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬ػا‪٤‬ت }‪ {http://springerexemplar.com/index.aspx‬تخـ‪ ٣‬اص ػثاست ‪٤‬ا خّٕ‪٤ ٝ‬ا وّٕ‪ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬و‪ٝ‬‬
‫٘ح‪ ٜٛ‬اػتفاد‪ ٚ ٜ‬تىاسٌ‪٥‬ش‪ ٢‬آٖ سا ٕ٘‪٣‬دا٘‪٥‬ذ دس خؼث‪ٔ ٝ‬ت‪ٔ ٣ٙ‬شت‪ٛ‬ع‪ ٝ‬تا‪٤‬پ ٔ‪٣‬و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬ػپغ ٔ‪٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪٥‬ذ ٔ‪ٛ‬ض‪ٛ‬ع‬
‫وّ‪ٔ ٣‬تٗ ‪٤‬ا ٔدّ‪ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬و‪٣ٔ ٝ‬خ‪ٛ‬ا‪٥ٞ‬ذ دس ٔتٗ آٖ خؼتد‪ ٛ‬و‪٥ٙ‬ذ سا ٘‪٥‬ض ت‪ ٝ‬دِخ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٔ ٜ‬ـخق ٕ٘ا‪٥٤‬ذ (اِثت‪ ٝ‬ا‪ٗ٤‬‬
‫لؼٕت اخت‪٥‬اس‪ ٢‬اػت)‪ .‬تا وّ‪٥‬ه تش س‪ ٢ٚ‬دوٕ‪ ٝ‬خؼتد‪ ،ٛ‬ف‪ٟ‬شػت‪ ٣‬اص خٕالت ‪٤‬ا پاساٌشاف‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٣٤‬و‪ ٝ‬وّٕ‪ ،ٝ‬ػثاست‬
‫‪٤‬ا خّٕ‪ٛٔ ٝ‬سد خؼتد‪ ٢ٛ‬ؿٕا سا تىاس ٌشفت‪ ٝ‬تاؿ‪ٙ‬ذ تشا‪ ٢‬ؿٕا ٕ٘ا‪٤‬ؾ داد‪٣ٔ ٜ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د‪ .‬اص آ٘دا و‪ ٝ‬ا‪ٔ ٗ٤‬ماالت‪،‬‬
‫ٔؼٕ‪ٛ‬الً ت‪ ٝ‬خ‪ٛ‬ت‪ٛٔ ٣‬سد دا‪ٚ‬س‪ ٢‬لشاس ٌشفت‪ ٚ ٝ‬اص ٘ظش صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪٥٘ ٣‬ض دس ػغح تاال‪ ٣٤‬لشاس داس٘ذ‪٘ ،‬تا‪٤‬ح خؼتد‪ٛ‬‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬احتٕاَ ص‪٤‬اد ت‪ٟ‬تش‪٘ ٗ٤‬ح‪ ٢ٜٛ‬تىاسٌ‪٥‬ش‪ ٢‬ػثاست ٔ‪ٛ‬سد ٘ظش ؿٕا سا دس خ‪ٛ‬د داسد‪.‬‬
‫دس ادأ‪ ٝ‬د‪٘ ٚ‬شْافضاس ‪ StyleWriterٚ WhiteSmoke‬سا ٔؼشف‪ ٣ٔ ٣‬و‪ ٓ٥ٙ‬و‪ ٝ‬تشا‪ ٢‬تشسػ‪ٔ ٣‬تٗ ٔماِ‪ ٝ‬خ‪ٛ‬د‬
‫اص ٘ظش ٌشأش‪٘ ٚ ٢‬ح‪ٍ٘ ٜٛ‬اسؽ ٔ‪٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪٥‬ذ ت‪ ٝ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ٔشاخؼ‪ ٝ‬و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫الف‪ -‬ورم افسار ‪٤ :StyleWriter‬ى‪ ٣‬اص ٘شْافضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٣٤‬و‪٣ٔ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ دس ا‪ ٗ٤‬صٔ‪ ٝٙ٥‬تؼ‪٥‬اس ٔف‪٥‬ذ تاؿذ ٘شْافضاس‬
‫‪ StyleWriter‬اػت و‪ ٝ‬ػثه ٘‪ٛ‬ؿتٗ ؿٕا سا اكالح ٔ‪٣‬و‪ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬واس وشدٖ تا ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْافضاس تؼ‪٥‬اس ػاد‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬د‪ٚ ٜ‬‬
‫واف‪ ٣‬اػت آٖ سا ٘لة و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬پغ اص ٘لة‪ ،‬تش٘أ‪ ٝ‬تغ‪ٛ‬س خ‪ٛ‬دواس س‪ Microsoft Word ٢ٚ‬ؿٕا ٘‪٥‬ض فؼاَ‬
‫ٔ‪٣‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د‪ .‬ت‪ٙ‬اتشا‪ ٗ٤‬واف‪ ٣‬اػت پغ اص ٘‪ٛ‬ؿتٗ ٔتٗ خ‪ٛ‬د دس ٘شْافضاس ‪ ،Word‬تخؾ دِخ‪ٛ‬ا‪ ٣ٞ‬اص ٔتٗ ‪٤‬ا تٕاْ‬
‫ٔتٗ سا ا٘تخاب وشد‪ ٚ ٜ‬س‪ ٢ٚ‬آ‪٤‬ى‪ٔ ٖٛ‬شت‪ٛ‬ط ت‪ Plain English Style Check ٝ‬وّ‪٥‬ه و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬دس ا‪ٍٙٞ ٗ٤‬اْ‪،‬‬
‫٘شْافضاس ‪ StyleWriter‬اص ؿٕا خ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬ذ پشػ‪٥‬ذ و‪ ٝ‬آ‪٤‬ا ٔا‪٥ّ٤‬ذ فمظ ٔتٗ ٔ‪ٙ‬تخة ت‪ٛ‬ػظ ٘شْافضاس تشسػ‪ ٣‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د ‪٤‬ا‬
‫تٕاْ ٔتٗ‪ .‬ػپغ‪ ،‬پ‪ٙ‬دش‪ ٢ٜ‬اكّ‪ ٣‬تش٘أ‪ ٝ‬تاص ؿذ‪ٔ ٚ ٜ‬تٗ ؿٕا سا ٘ـاٖ خ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬ذ داد‪ .‬اٌش ت‪ ٝ‬لؼٕت پا‪ ٗ٥٤‬پ‪ٙ‬دش‪٢ٜ‬‬
‫تش٘أ‪ ٝ‬دلت و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ٕ٘ ،‬ش‪ ٢ٜ‬ؿٕا دس ػ‪ ٝ‬ح‪ٛ‬ص‪ٔ ٢ٜ‬ختّف ٘ـاٖ خ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬ذ داد‪٤ :‬ى‪ ٣‬ػثه ٘‪ٛ‬ؿتٗ (‪ٞ‬ش چ‪ ٝ‬ت‪٥‬ـتش‬
‫تاؿذ ت‪ٟ‬تش اػت)‪ ،‬د‪ٍ٤‬ش‪ٔ ٢‬ت‪ٛ‬ػظ ع‪ َٛ‬خٕالت (‪ٞ‬ش چ‪ ٝ‬وٕتش تاؿذ ت‪ٟ‬تش اػت) ‪ ٚ‬ػ‪٥ٔ ٣ٔٛ‬ضاٖ اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص‬
‫حاِت( ‪ passive‬و‪ٞ ٝ‬ش چ‪ ٝ‬وٕتش تاؿذ ت‪ٟ‬تش اػت)‪ٕٞ .‬چ‪ٛٔ ٗ٥ٙ‬اسد‪٥٘ ٢‬ض ٕٔىٗ اػت دس دس‪ٔ ٖٚ‬تٗ ت‪ٝ‬‬
‫سً٘‪ٞ‬ا‪ٔ ٢‬ختّف ٔـخق ؿذ‪ ٜ‬تاؿ‪ٙ‬ذ و‪ ٝ‬تا وّ‪٥‬ه وشدٖ س‪ ٢ٚ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ٔ‪٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪٥‬ذ ت‪ ٝ‬اكالحـاٖ تپشداص‪٤‬ذ‪ .‬تشا‪٢‬‬
‫ٔثاَ‪ :‬وّٕات‪ ٣‬و‪ٔ ٝ‬ؼٕ‪ٛ‬الً ت‪ ٝ‬اؿتثا‪ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬خا‪ ٢‬وّٕات د‪ٍ٤‬ش تىاس ٌشفت‪٣ٔ ٝ‬ؿ‪٘ٛ‬ذ‪ ،‬وّٕات صائذ‪ ،‬افؼاَ‪، passive‬‬
‫افؼاَ پ‪ٟٙ‬اٖ‪ ،‬وّٕات پ‪٥‬چ‪٥‬ذ‪ ،ٜ‬وّٕات‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬ت‪٥‬ؾ اص حذ اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬ؿذ‪ٜ‬ا٘ذ‪ ،‬وّ‪٥‬ـ‪ٞٝ‬ا‪ ،‬وّٕات‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬تذ ‪ٞ‬د‪ ٣‬ؿذ‪ٜ‬ا٘ذ‬
‫‪ٛٔ ٚ‬اسد تؼ‪٥‬اس د‪ٍ٤‬ش‪٘ .‬ىت‪ ٝ‬خاِث‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬دس ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْافضاس ‪ٚ‬خ‪ٛ‬د داسد آٖ اػت و‪٣ٔ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪٥‬ذ ٔت‪ٙ‬اػة تا ٘‪٥‬اص خ‪ٛ‬د‪،‬‬
‫ػثه‪ٞ‬ا‪ٍ٘ ٢‬اسؽ ٔختّف‪ ٣‬سا ا٘تخاب و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬تشا‪ٔ ٢‬ثاَ اٌش دس حاَ ٘‪ٛ‬ؿتٗ ‪٤‬ه ٔتٗ تثّ‪٥‬غات‪ٞ ٣‬ؼت‪٥‬ذ اص ٔ‪٢ٛٙ‬‬
‫‪48‬‬
‫‪ٌ Task‬ض‪ Advertisement ٢ٝٙ٤‬سا ا٘تخاب و‪٥ٙ‬ذ ‪ ٚ‬اٌش ٔماِ‪ ٢ٝ‬ػّٕ‪٤ٛ٘٣ٔ ٣‬ؼ‪٥‬ذ ٌض‪Academic ٢ٝٙ٤‬‬
‫‪ Paper‬سا ا٘تخاب و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬ا‪ ٗ٤‬تش٘أ‪ ٝ‬اص ‪ 73‬ػثه ٍ٘اسؽ ٔختّف پـت‪٥‬ثا٘‪٣ٔ ٣‬و‪ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬تشا‪٘ ٢‬لة ٘شْافضاس‪ ،‬ا‪ٗ٤‬‬
‫فا‪ ُ٤‬فـشد‪ٞ‬شا داّ٘‪ٛ‬د وشد‪ ٚ ٜ‬آٖ سا اص حاِت فـشد‪ ٜ‬خاسج وشد‪ ٚ ٜ‬دس ٔحُ دِخ‪ٛ‬ا‪ ٜ‬خ‪ٛ‬د ٘لة و‪٥ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬تذ‪٣ٟ٤‬‬
‫اػت د‪ٚ‬ػتا٘‪ ٣‬و‪ ٝ‬تٕا‪ ُ٤‬ت‪ ٝ‬اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص ٘شْافضاس تذ‪ ٗ٤‬ؿىُ ٘ذاؿت‪ ٝ‬تاؿ‪ٙ‬ذ ٔ‪٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬ذ ت‪ ٝ‬ػا‪٤‬ت ا‪ٗ٤‬‬
‫٘شْافضاسٔشاخؼ‪ ٝ‬وشد‪٘ ٚ ٜ‬ؼخ‪ Demo ٢ٝ‬سا ٔـا‪ٞ‬ذ‪ ٚ ٜ‬اػتفاد‪ٕ٘ ٜ‬ا‪ٙ٤‬ذ ‪ ٚ‬دس ك‪ٛ‬ست تٕا‪ ُ٤‬ت‪ ٝ‬خش‪٤‬ذ آٖ الذاْ‬
‫و‪ٙٙ‬ذ ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ورم افسار ‪٘ :WhiteSmoke‬شْافضاس ‪٤ WhiteSmoke‬ى‪ ٣‬اص ٘شْافضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬پ‪٥‬ـش‪ ٚ‬دس ك‪ٙ‬ؼت‬
‫٘شْافضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬ت‪ٟ‬ث‪ٛ‬د ٍ٘اسؽ دس صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬اػت‪ .‬ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْافضاس ٔدٕ‪ٛ‬ػ‪ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬وأُ اص ت‪ٛ‬إ٘‪ٙ‬ذ‪ٞ٢‬ا اص لث‪ُ٥‬‬
‫غّظ‪٤‬اب أال‪ ،٣٤‬اتضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪٤ٚ ٢‬شا‪٤‬ـ‪ ،٣‬و‪ٙ‬تشَو‪ٙٙ‬ذ‪ٌ ٢ٜ‬شأش‪ ،‬تشسػ‪٣‬و‪ٙٙ‬ذ‪ ٢ٜ‬ػثه ٍ٘اسؽ‪ ،‬فش‪ِ ًٙٞ‬غت‬
‫اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ،٣‬فش‪ٔ ًٙٞ‬تشادفات اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٚ ٣‬تؼ‪٥‬اس‪ ٢‬اتضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬د‪ٍ٤‬ش سا دس ‪٤‬ه خا خٕغ وشد‪ ٜ‬اػت تا ت‪ ٝ‬واستشاٖ‬
‫خ‪ٛ‬د وٕه و‪ٙ‬ذ تا ٍ٘اسؽ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ت‪ٟ‬تش‪ ٢‬داؿت‪ ٝ‬تاؿ‪ٙ‬ذ‪ .‬ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْافضاس تا تٕأ‪٘ ٣‬شْافضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬پشداصؽ ٔتٗ‬
‫(‪ ٚ Word‬غ‪٥‬ش‪ )ٜ‬ػاصٌاس ٔ‪٣‬تاؿذ و‪ ٝ‬ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬ىت‪٥٘ ٝ‬ض اص ت‪ٛ‬إ٘‪ٙ‬ذ‪ٞ٢‬ا‪ ٢‬خ‪ٛ‬ب ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْافضاس ت‪ ٝ‬ؿٕاس ٔ‪٣‬س‪ٚ‬د ]‪.[4‬‬
‫دس ا‪ٙ٤‬دا تشخ‪ ٣‬اص ‪٤ٚ‬ظٌ‪ٞ٣‬ا‪ ٢‬ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْافضاس ل‪ ٚ ٢ٛ‬خذ‪٤‬ذ سا تغ‪ٛ‬س ٔختلش اسائ‪٣ٔ ٝ‬و‪:ٓ٥ٙ‬‬
‫*تشسػ‪ ٣‬ػثه ٍ٘اسؽ‪ :‬و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬و‪٥‬ف‪٥‬ت ٍ٘اسؿ‪ٔ ٣‬تٗ ؿٕا ٕ٘ش‪٣ٔ ٜ‬د‪ٞ‬ذ (تش اػاع ٔ‪ٛ‬اسد‪ ٢‬اص لث‪٘ ُ٥‬ىات‬
‫ٌشأش‪ ،٢‬أال‪ٍ٘ ،٣٤‬اسؿ‪ ٚ ٣‬ػالٔتٌزاس‪ٞ٢‬ا‪ ٚ ،‬تدض‪ ٚ ٝ٤‬تحّ‪ ُ٥‬الالٔ‪ ٣‬چ‪ ٖٛ‬فشا‪ٚ‬ا٘‪ ٣‬افؼاَ ٔد‪ٔ ،َٟٛ‬ت‪ٛ‬ػظ‬
‫ع‪ َٛ‬خٕالت‪٥ٔ ،‬ضاٖ پ‪٥‬چ‪٥‬ذٌ‪ ٣‬وّٕات تىاسٌشفت‪ٝ‬ؿذ‪ ٚ ،ٜ‬غ‪٥‬ش‪.)ٜ‬‬
‫*ت‪ٛ‬ض‪٥‬ح دس ٔ‪ٛ‬سد اؿتثا‪ٞ‬ات (و‪ ٝ‬تشا‪٤ ٢‬ادٌ‪٥‬ش‪ ٢‬تؼ‪٥‬اس ٔف‪٥‬ذ اػت)‪.‬‬
‫*لاِة‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬اص پ‪٥‬ؾ آٔاد‪ ٜ‬تشا‪٘ ٢‬أ‪ٍ٘ٝ‬اس‪٢‬‬
‫*لاتّ‪٥‬ت تلح‪٥‬ح ت‪ٔ ٝ‬حض ٍ٘اسؽ (تلح‪٥‬ح خ‪ٛ‬دواس)‪.‬‬
‫*‪ٚ‬اػظ واستش‪ ٢‬تؼ‪٥‬اس ص‪٤‬ثا ‪ ٚ‬واستشد‪٢‬‬
‫*ػشػت ػّٕىشد‬
‫* دلت تاال‪ ٢‬اٍِ‪ٛ‬س‪٤‬تٓ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬تشسػ‪٣‬و‪ٙٙ‬ذ‪ٔ ٢ٜ‬تٗ‬
‫ف‪ٟ‬شػت‪ ٣‬اص ت‪ٟ‬تش‪ ٗ٤‬ػا‪٤‬ت‪ٞ‬ا ‪ ٚ‬اتضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬سا‪ٍ٤‬اٖ تشا‪ ٢‬چه وشدٖ ٌشأش اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬خٕالت سا ٔ‪ ٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪٥‬ذ دس‬
‫خذ‪ َٚ‬ص‪٤‬ش تث‪٥ٙ٥‬ذ ]‪:[5‬‬
‫ػش‪٤ٚ‬غ چه وشدٖ ٌشأش اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬تؼال‪ ٜٚ‬ػ‪ٙ‬دؾ ػثه ٍ٘اسؽ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ؿٕا ‪Paper Rater‬‬
‫پالٌ‪ ٗ٥‬چه وشدٖ ٌشأش صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪( ٣‬فا‪٤‬شفاوغ ‪ ٚ‬وش‪ )ْٚ‬ت‪ٕٞ ٝ‬شا‪ ٜ‬ػش‪٤ٚ‬غ پ‪٥‬ـ‪ٟٙ‬اد خٕالت خا‪ٍ٤‬ض‪ ٚ ٗ٤‬ت‪ٛ‬ض‪٥‬ح ٘ىات ٌشأش‪+ ٢‬‬
‫و‪ٙ‬تشَ د‪٤‬ىت‪ ٝ‬وّٕات ‪Grammarly‬‬
‫آ‪٤‬ا خٕالت‪ ٣‬تا ػاختاس ٌشأش‪ٔ ٢‬ـات‪ ٝ‬خٕالت اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ؿٕا سا‪٤‬ح اػت؟ خٕالت اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ؿٕا سا تا ٌشأش سا‪٤‬ح دس سػا٘‪ٞ ٝ‬ا‪ ٢‬اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪٣‬‬
‫صتاٖ ‪ ٚ‬ػا‪٤‬ت ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬خثش‪ٔ ٢‬ما‪٤‬ؼ‪٣ٔ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬ذ ‪Ludwig Guru‬‬
‫چه وشدٖ ٌشأش صتاٖ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ت‪ٕٞ ٝ‬شا‪ ٜ‬اسائ‪ ٝ‬آِتش٘ات‪ٞٛ٥‬ا ‪ ٚ‬خٕالت خا‪ٍ٤‬ض‪ + ٗ٤‬و‪ٙ‬تشَ د‪٤‬ىت‪ ٝ‬وّٕات ‪Ginger‬‬
‫ػش‪٤ٚ‬غ ٘شْ افضاس ٔؼتمُ و‪ٙ‬تشَ ٌشأش اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ + ٣‬پالٌ‪After the deadline ٗ٥‬‬
‫‪49‬‬
‫معرفی ورم افسار کىترل وگارش مته فارسی‬
‫٘شْافضاس «‪٤ٚ‬شاػت‪٥‬اس» افض‪ٝ٘ٚ‬ا‪ ٢‬تشا‪ٔ ٢‬ا‪٤‬ىش‪ٚ‬ػافت ‪ُٚ‬سد اػت و‪ ٝ‬تشا‪ ٢‬اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬واستشاٖ فاسػ‪ ٣‬صتاٖ عشاح‪ ٣‬ؿذ‪ٜ‬‬
‫اػت‪ .‬اص لاتّ‪٥‬ت‪ٞ‬ا‪٤ٚ ٢‬شاػت‪٥‬اس ٔ‪٣‬ت‪ٛ‬اٖ ت‪ ٝ‬اكالح خغا‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬أال‪ ،٣٤‬اؿتثا‪ٞ‬ات ‪٤ٚ‬شا‪٤‬ـ‪٘ ٚ ٣‬ـا٘‪ٌٝ‬زاس‪٥٘ ٚ ،٢‬ض‬
‫اػتا٘ذاسدػاص‪ٔ ٢‬ت‪ ٖٛ‬فاسػ‪ ٣‬اؿاس‪ ٜ‬وشد‪ .‬ا‪٘ ٗ٤‬شْ افضاس سا ٔ‪ ٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪٥‬ذ اص آدسع ‪ http://virastyar.ir‬داّ٘‪ٛ‬د‬
‫و‪٥ٙ‬ذ ]‪.[6‬‬
‫تمریه‬
‫‪ٔ -7‬تٗ فاسػ‪ ٣‬ص‪٤‬ش سا ت‪ ٝ‬اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬تثذ‪ ُ٤‬وشد‪ ٚ ٜ‬تا اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص ‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬اص ٘شْ افضاس‪ٞ‬ا‪ٍ٘ ٢‬اسؽ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪٣‬‬
‫اكالح ٕ٘ا‪٥٤‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫دس ػاَ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬اخ‪٥‬ش ٍ٘شا٘‪ٞ ٣‬ا‪ٔ ٢‬شت‪ٛ‬ط ت‪ٌ ٝ‬اص ‪ٞ‬ا‪ٌّ ٢‬خا٘‪ ٝ‬ا‪ٕٞ ٚ ٢‬چ‪ ٗ٥ٙ‬افضا‪٤‬ؾ ل‪ٕ٥‬ت ػ‪ٛ‬خت‪ ،‬تماضا‪٢‬‬
‫اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص ا٘شط‪ٞ ٢‬ا‪ ٢‬تدذ‪٤‬ذ پز‪٤‬ش سا افضا‪٤‬ؾ داد‪ ٜ‬اػت‪ٙٔ .‬اتغ ا٘شط‪ ٢‬تدذ‪٤‬ذ پز‪٤‬ش ٌ‪٘ٛ‬اٌ‪ٔ ٖٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬ذ تاد‪،‬‬
‫خ‪ٛ‬سؿ‪٥‬ذ‪ ،‬ا٘شط‪ ٢‬صٔ‪ٌ ٗ٥‬شٔا‪ ٚ ٣٤‬ت‪ٔٛ٥‬اع ٔ‪ ٣‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ذ سا‪ٞ‬ىاس‪ٙٔ ٢‬اػة تشا‪ ٢‬ت‪٥ِٛ‬ذ اِىتش‪٤‬ؼت‪ ٝ‬خ‪ٟ‬ت ٘‪٥‬اص ‪ٞ‬ا‪٢‬‬
‫آ‪ٙ٤‬ذ‪ ٜ‬ا٘ذ‪٤‬ـ‪ٌ ٝ‬شدد‪ .‬ا٘شط‪ ٢‬اِىتش‪٤‬ى‪ ٣‬ت‪٥ِٛ‬ذ ؿذ‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬ػظ ػّ‪ٞ َٛ‬ا‪ ٢‬فت‪ِٚٛ‬تائ‪٥‬ه اص ا‪٥ٕٞ‬ت ص‪٤‬اد‪ ٢‬دس ٔ‪ٙ‬اتغ‬
‫تدذ‪٤‬ذ پز‪٤‬ش تشخ‪ٛ‬سداس اػت ‪ .‬اص ٔضا‪٤‬ا‪ ٢‬ت‪٥ِٛ‬ذ ا٘شط‪ ٢‬ت‪ٛ‬ػظ ػّ‪ ٣ٔ PV َٛ‬ت‪ٛ‬اٖ ت‪ ٝ‬ػذْ ٘‪٥‬اص ت‪ ٝ‬ػ‪ٛ‬خت‪ٞ ،‬ض‪ٝٙ٤‬‬
‫‪ٞ‬ا‪ٍٟ٘ ٢‬ذاس‪ ٢‬وٕتش‪ ،‬ػذْ ا٘تـاس ٘‪٤ٛ‬ض ‪ ٚ‬پاو‪٥‬ض‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬دٖ اؿاس‪ ٜ‬وشد‪ .‬پ‪٥‬ـشفت دس اِىتش‪٥٘ٚ‬ه لذست ٔ‪ٛ‬خة اػتفاد‪ٜ‬‬
‫ت‪ ٝٙ٥ٟ‬اص ا٘شط‪ ٢‬فت‪ِٚٛ‬تائ‪٥‬ه دس اتلاَ ت‪ ٗ٥‬ا‪ٙٔ ٗ٤‬ثغ ت‪ ٝ‬ؿثى‪( ٝ‬ػ‪٥‬ؼتٓ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٚ )AC ٢‬و‪ٙ‬تشَ ‪ِٚ‬تاط ‪ ٚ‬خش‪٤‬اٖ‬
‫خ‪ٟ‬ت تغز‪ ٝ٤‬تاس (ػ‪٥‬ؼتٓ ‪ )DC‬ؿذ‪ ٜ‬اػت ]‪.[7‬‬
‫ٔثذَ ‪ DC‬ت‪ DC ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ػ‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ‪ٚ‬اػظ ت‪ ٗ٥‬تاس ‪ٔ ٚ‬اط‪ PV َٚ‬ت‪ٛ‬د‪ِٚ ٚ ٜ‬تاط ‪ DC‬خش‪ٚ‬خ‪ ٣‬اص ػّ‪ٞ َٛ‬ا‪ PV ٢‬سا و‪ٝ‬‬
‫ٕٔىٗ اػت وٕتش ‪٤‬ا ت‪٥‬ؾ تش اص ‪ِٚ‬تاط ٔ‪ٛ‬سد ٘ظش تاؿذ ت‪ ٝ‬ك‪ٛ‬ست سٌ‪ ِٝٛ‬ؿذ‪ ٜ‬تح‪ ٣ٔ ُ٤ٛ‬د‪ٞ‬ذ‪ٔ .‬ثذَ ‪ٞ‬ا‪DC ٢‬‬
‫ت‪ DC ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬د‪ ٚ‬دػت‪ ٝ‬وّ‪ ٣‬غ‪٥‬ش ا‪٤‬ض‪ ٚ ِٝٚ‬ا‪٤‬ض‪ ِٝٚ‬لاتُ تمؼ‪ ٓ٥‬ا٘ذ‪ٔ .‬ثذَ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬غ‪٥‬ش ا‪٤‬ض‪ ِٝٚ‬خ‪ٛ‬د ت‪ ٝ‬چ‪ٙ‬ذ دػت‪ ٝ‬وّ‪:٣‬‬
‫تان(‪ ،)Buck‬ت‪ٛ‬ػت(‪ ،)Boost‬تان‪ -‬ت‪ٛ‬ػت(‪ ٚ )Buck-Boost‬وان (‪ )Cuk‬تمؼ‪ ٣ٔ ٓ٥‬ؿ‪٘ٛ‬ذ و‪ ٝ‬تؼت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٝ‬‬
‫٘‪ٛ‬ع واستشد‪ ،‬اػتفاد‪ ٜ‬اص ‪ٞ‬ش وذاْ دس خا‪ ٢‬خ‪ٛ‬د ت‪ٛ‬ك‪ٌ ٣ٔ ٝ٥‬شدد‪ٔ .‬ثذَ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ٛ٘ ٢‬ع ا‪٤‬ض‪ ،ِٝٚ‬اص ِحاػ ػاختاس ٔثذَ‪،‬‬
‫ؿث‪ ٝ٥‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثذَ ‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬غ‪٥‬شا‪٤‬ض‪ٞ ِٝٚ‬ؼت‪ٙ‬ذ ‪٥ِٚ‬ىٗ ت‪ٙٔ ٝ‬ظ‪ٛ‬س ا‪٤‬ض‪ ِٝٚ‬ػاص‪ ٢‬آسا‪ ٝ٤‬خ‪ٛ‬سؿ‪٥‬ذ‪ ٢‬اص ؿثى‪ ،ٝ‬اص‬
‫تشا٘ؼف‪ٛ‬سٔات‪ٛ‬س‪ٞ‬ا ت‪ ٗ٥‬تشٔ‪ٙ٥‬اَ ‪ٚ‬س‪ٚ‬د‪ ٚ ٢‬خش‪ٚ‬خ‪ ٣‬اػتفاد‪ ٣ٔ ٜ‬ؿ‪ٛ‬د‪ .‬ا‪ٛ٘ ٗ٤‬ع ٔثذَ ‪ٞ‬ا ٌشاٖ ل‪ٕ٥‬ت تش اص ٔثذَ‬
‫‪ٞ‬ا‪ ٢‬غ‪٥‬ش ا‪٤‬ض‪ٞ ِٝٚ‬ؼت‪ٙ‬ذ ‪٥ِٚ‬ىٗ ٔض‪٤‬ت آٖ ‪ٞ‬ا حفاظت ‪ ٚ‬ا‪٤‬ض‪ ِٝٚ‬ت‪ٛ‬دٖ ػ‪٥‬ؼتٓ اػت ]‪.[8‬‬
‫‪ٔ -2‬تٗ اٍّ٘‪٥‬ؼ‪ ٣‬ص‪٤‬ش سا ت‪ ٝ‬فاسػ‪ ٣‬تشخٕ‪ٕٛ٘ ٝ‬د‪ ٚ ٜ‬ػپغ ت‪ٛ‬ػظ ٘شْ افضاس «‪٤ٚ‬شاػت‪٥‬اس»‪ٔ ،‬تٗ تشخٕ‪ ٝ‬ؿذ‪ٜ‬‬
‫سا اكالح ٕ٘ا‪٥٤‬ذ‪.‬‬
‫‪In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance‬‬
‫‪resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of‬‬
‫‪either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip‬‬
‫‪that melts when too much current flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it‬‬
‫‪connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are‬‬
‫‪the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses can be used as alternatives to‬‬
‫‪circuit breakers [9].‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
Fuses can be divided into two main categories according to the type of input
supply voltage:
1. AC fuses
2. DC fuses
AC and DC Fuses
There is a little difference between AC and DC Fuses used in the AC and DC
Systems.
In a DC system, when the metallic wire Melts because of the heat generated by
the over current, then Arc is produced and it is very difficult to extinct this arc
because of DC constant value. So in order to minimize the fuse arcing, DC fuse
are little bigger than an AC fuse which increase the distance between the
electrodes to reduce the arc in the Fuse. On the other hand, i.e. in the AC
system, voltage with 60Hz or 50Hz frequency changes it amplitude from zero to
60 times every second, so arc can be extinct easily as compared to DC.
Therefore, AC fuses are little bit small in sizes as compared to DC fuses.
Fuses can also be categorized based on one time or multiple Operations [10].
1) One time use only Fuse 2) Resettable Fuses
‫مىابع‬
[1] http://text-translator.com
[2] http://motarjeman.org
[3] http://javabyab.com
[4] http://www.bargozideha.com
[5] http://bestanswer.info
[6] http://virastyar.ir
ٖ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ ٘مغ‬٣‫ات‬٤‫ت سد‬ٟ‫ذ خ‬ٕٙ‫ؿ‬ٛٞ ٢‫تشَ فاص‬ٙ‫ " و‬،٣ٕ٥ّ‫ ٔحؼٗ ػ‬،٣٘‫ اسدوا‬٣‫د ادت‬ٚ‫ دا‬،ّْٛ‫اء ٔظ‬٥‫ذ ض‬٥‫ ػ‬،٣‫پائ‬ٛ‫اٖ و‬٥ٔ‫ اػال‬٢‫ذ‬ٟٔ [7]
7383 ‫ش‬ٟٔ 3 ،‫تش‬ٛ٥‫ وأپ‬ٚ ‫ تشق‬٣‫ذػ‬ٟٙٔ ‫ٗ دس‬٤ٛ٘ ٢‫ا‬ٞ ٢‫س‬ٚ‫ا‬ٙ‫ ف‬٣ّٔ ‫ؾ‬٤‫ٕا‬ٞ ٗ٥ٔٚ‫ د‬،"‫ه‬٥‫ِتائ‬ٚٛ‫ فت‬٢‫ا‬ٞ َٚ‫ٕٓ ٔاط‬٤‫ٔاوض‬
‫ؾ‬ٞ‫ت وا‬ٟ‫ خ‬٣‫ تلادف‬PWM ًٙ٥‫چ‬٥‫ئ‬ٛ‫ذ ػ‬٤‫ه خذ‬٥ٙ‫ "تى‬،‫تظش‬ٙٔ ‫ ٔحٕذ‬، ٣‫ تفت‬٣ٕ٤‫ وش‬٢‫اد‬ٞ ‫ ٔحٕذ‬، ٣‫پائ‬ٛ‫اٖ و‬٥ٔ‫ اػال‬٢‫ذ‬ٟٔ [8]
7383 ‫ـت‬ٟ‫ث‬٤‫ اسد‬33 ٚ 28 ،٢‫ذ‬٥‫سؿ‬ٛ‫ خ‬٢‫ ا٘شط‬٣ِّّٕ‫ٗ ا‬٥‫ ت‬ٜ‫ـٍا‬٤‫ ٕ٘ا‬ٚ ‫فشا٘غ‬ٙ‫ٗ و‬٥ِٚ‫ ا‬، "‫ه‬٥‫ِتائ‬ٚٛ‫ فت‬٢‫ا‬ٞ ٓ‫ؼت‬٥‫ه دس ػ‬٥٘ٛٔ‫اس‬ٞ
[9] http://www.electricaltechnology.org
51
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Technical Language for Power Electric Technician Students

Research · October 2016

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September 26, 2016

‫ت‪ ٝ‬ع‪ٛ‬س ٔثاَ ‪:‬‬

‫وحوه تبدیل جمالت معلوم به مجهول ]‪[2‬‬

‫‪Ali ate the apple‬‬ ‫ٔؼّ‪ :ْٛ‬ػّ‪ ٣‬ػ‪٥‬ة سا خ‪ٛ‬سد‬

‫ٔد‪ :َٟٛ‬ػ‪٥‬ة خ‪ٛ‬سد‪ ٜ‬ؿذ ‪The apple was eaten‬‬

‫مجهول‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫زمان‬

is kept keeps ٜ‫حاَ ػاد‬

is being kept is keeping ٢‫حاَ اػتٕشاس‬

was kept kept ٜ‫ ػاد‬ٝ‫ٌزؿت‬

was being kept was keeping ٢‫ اػتٕشاس‬ٝ‫ٌزؿت‬

has been kept has kept ُٔ‫حاَ وا‬

had been kept had kept ُٔ‫ وا‬ٝ‫ٌزؿت‬

will be kept will keep ٜ‫ذ‬ٙ٤‫آ‬

would be kept would keep ٣‫ؿشع‬

would have been kept would have kept ُٔ‫ وا‬٣‫ؿشع‬

to be kept to keep ‫ٔلذس‬

to have been kept to have kept ُٔ‫ٔلذس حاَ وا‬

being kept keeping ‫ اػٓ ٔلذس‬٢‫ ٔلذس‬ٝ‫خ‬ٚ

:‫ذ‬٥ٙ‫ُ و‬٤‫َ تثذ‬ٟٛ‫ ٔد‬ٝ‫ش سا ت‬٤‫ْ ص‬ّٛ‫ خٕالت ٔؼ‬.7

They ate the pizza

1.The film ………………… at school two days ago .

2………………. the car be washed ?

4.This car ……………. repeired every day .

5.They ……………… seen in the park last week .

1.This house …………………….. ( build ) two years ago .

1.The tickets ……………. bought last night .

To understand the magnetic behavior of materials, it is necessary to take a

Figure (1): Magnetized and Unmagnetized Material

It would seem by the explanation so far that, if iron is composed of completely

Part I. Comprehension Exercises

B. Choose a, b, c, or d which best completes each item.

2. It is true that .......... .

3. According to the text, .......... .

4. Paramagnetism is based on the fact that the magnetic moment of a paramagnetic

5. The magnetic properties of diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials .......... those

6. The abnormal magnetic properties of iron may be caused by ,.......... .

C. Answer the following questions

Part II. Language Practice

A. Translate the following passage into Persian.

Figure 2. Weber's Theory

Figure 3. Magnetic fields

In electrical terms, this is represented by two circuits with equal voltages

To find the Voltage, ( V )

To find the Current, ( I )

To find the Resistance, ( R )

D.1 Ohms Law Triangle

Part I. Comprehension Exercises

B. Choose a, b, c, or d which best completes each item.

2. It is true that Resistors .......... .

3. According to the text, .......... .

4. If voltage is 6 volt and resistance is 2 ohm, then .

C. Answer the following questions

Part II. Translate Practice

 band A is the first significant figure of component value (left side)

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into

In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the

Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps,

Fig 1. AC motor construction [3]

Classification or Types of Motor