Electrical Transmission Line Trainer Guide

Electrical Transmission Line
Trainer
Order Code – 46585
Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

IT-2013, Ramchandrapura Indl. Area, Sitapura Extension,
Jaipur-302022, India
Ph: +91-141-2771791/92; +91-9413330765
Email: info@tesca.in; tesca.technologies@gmail.com
Web: www.tesca.in
46585 – Electrical Transmission Line Trainer 2/69
Table of Contents
01 SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................................................. 03
02 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................. 05
03 THEORY ............................................................................................................................. 11
04 OBJECTS
OBJECT 01: DETERMINE THE ABCD, H, Z & IMAGE PARAMETERS

OF SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE. ......................................................... 29

OF MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE. ....................................................... 33
FOR T NETWORK ..................................................................................... 33
FOR NETWORK ....................................................................................... 38

FOR LONG TRANSMISSION LINE. ......................................................... 43
OBJECT 04: MEASURE THE RECEIVING END VOLTAGE OF EACH

LINE UNDER NO LOAD OR LIGHTLY LOAD CONDITION TO
UNDERSTAND FERRANTI EFFECT. ...................................................... 53
OBJECT 05: UNDERSTAND THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION

LINE UNDER DIFFERENT LOADS WITH VARIES RESISTIVE, INDUCTIVE
AND CAPACITIVE LOAD IN DIFFERENT STEPS. .................................. 55
05 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................... 62
06 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ................................................................................ 65
07 LIST OF ACCESSORIES ................................................................................................... 69
Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

SPECIFICATIONS
Order Code 46585 Transmission Line is the key learning concept for Electrical Engineers.
Transmission Line Training System is exclusively designed to deliver the learning aspects of the
electrical transmission line. Digital display is provided for easy measurement of Voltage, Current,
Power, Power Factor, etc. These parameters help students to learn the characteristics of
transmission line and calculations of the ABCD, H, Z parameters.
Students can perform various objects like short, medium and long transmission line and their
behavior. Also one of the important object which can be performed with this training system is
Ferranti Effect.
OBJECT
01 To study Short Circuit, Medium, Long Transmission Line
02 Determine the ABCD, H, Z and Image parameters of Short Transmission Line
03 Determine the ABCD, H, Z and Image parameters of Medium Transmission Line
For T network
For p network
04 Determine the ABCD, H, Z and Image parameters for Long Transmission Line
05 Measure the receiving end voltage of each line under no load or lightly load condition to
understand Ferranti effect
06 Understand the performance of transmission line under different loads
FEATURES
01 240 x 128 Graphical LCD Display
02 RISC Microcontroller based design for measurement
03 Simultaneous display of sending and receiving parameters
04 Highly sensitive to change in reading for better controlling
05 High Resolution ADC for accurate measurement
06 Inbuilt Single Phase Variac to regulate supply
07 Equipped with fixed R, L & C Load
08 Facility to configure Short, Medium & Long Transmission Line using multiple value of R, L & C
09 Designed by considering all the safety standards
10 Diagrammatic representation for the ease of connections

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Mains Supply : 230V ±10%, 50Hz
Single Phase Variac
Input : 230V
Output : 0-270V
Current : 2A
Display Measurement
Voltage : ≥ 25V
Current : ≥ 0.2A
Active Power : ≥ 20W ≥ 2000W
Reactive Power : ≥ 20VAR ≥ 2000VAR
Apparent Power : ≥ 20VA ≥ 2000VA
Loads
Resistor : 700/ 100W
Inductor : 800mH/ 0. 5A
Capacitor : 12.5mF/ 450V
Dimension (mm) : W 830 x D 355 x H 630
Weight : 52kg (approx.)

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW ABOUT ELECTRICAL SAFETY?

The coming 2 pages will explain the importance of safety in day to day use and while performing
OBJECTs in lab. Afterwards Safety Precautions are given which Must!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Be
followed while using any electric circuit and performing OBJECTS In Lab.
Using Electricity and Electrical Appliances properly can help us avoid injury
01 Careless use of electric-powered appliances or tools can cause Injuries.

02 Shocks caused due to contact with electric current passing through wires, appliances or tools.
To avoid shock do not touch live wires and always wear rubber shoes.
03 Fire resulting from over-heated wires, appliances or electric fixtures. So always use wires and
electrical devices with correct specifications to avoid heating. The thicker wire is required to
carry large current.
Following are some safety measures which should always be followed while working with electric
system.

Carefully observe all safety measures to keep yourself safe.

01 Always shut off power to a circuit or device that you will be working on. This is the first thing you
should do before working on any electrical circuit.
02 After turning a circuit OFF, it's a good idea to check it again to be sure even it is OFF. Never
assume that the circuit is OFF!
03 If any part of the device is damaged, it should not be used and get repaired immediately.
04 Never attempt electrical repairs or rewiring without proper experience. Always inform your
supervisor and consult supplier.
05 All tools and electric equipments should be unplugged when not in use and stored in dry areas.

06 Tools and components must be clean and in good condition, with no cracks or exposed wires.
Never use a patch chord whose wires are exposed. Use of such types of patch chords can
cause shock and severe injuries.
07 Avoid direct contact with the floor. Always wear rubber sole shoes. The rubber that you're
wearing will prevent the electricity from creating complete circuit using your body as a path to the
ground.
08 Always refer user manual of the equipment under use
09 Never use electrical devices or circuits if they are wet.
10 Use three-pronged plugs instead of two-pronged ones. The third prong (below the top two)
"grounds" the appliance. When a device is grounded, if it fails, the circuit will blow out
immediately instead flowing to other places. So, whenever possible, use appliances that have
three prongs unless it is stated in user manual to use 2 Pronged Plugs or provided with the
equipment. Always refer user manual of the equipment under use. Electricity cannot travel
through rubber. So, while using equipments that are potentially faulty or not grounded (no three-
pronged plugs), wear strong rubber gloves.
11 Wires should never be run under carpets, wooden blocks, wet areas because if wire heats due
to over current, It may fuse and cause fires.

12 Chords should be firmly plugged into outlets - if the cord is loose it can cause spark and can
damage the instrument.
13 Do not pull the cord. Always turn off the machine and then pull the plug. In this way, you keep
your electrical appliances in working order and avoid a possible short circuit.
14 It's dangerous to put too many plugs into an outlet. Most household extension cords and wall
adapters will only allow you to place up to six plugs to an outlet. If you use more than six plugs,
the risk of power overloads and fires due to the wires getting too hot increases.
Till Now we have learned to follow the safety rules while using Electrical Circuits and Power Supplies.
Now, What to do in case of Electrical Accident?

Do not endanger yourself- If the victim is still in contact with the electrical current, you must be
careful to avoid being shocked yourself.

SELF PRECAUTIONS TO SAVE THE VICTIM

01 Do not touch the victim. The current can pass through you also and you will not be in a
position to help the victim.
02 Do not touch the source of electricity.
Immediate action to be taken
Break the current. Before you can do anything else, you must get the victim free from the current.
There are two ways to do this:
01 Shut off the current at the power box. Turn off the current at the circuit breaker or fuse box. This
is the preferred option.
02 If no shut off is immediately available, use a non-conducting item to move the victim, such as a
wooden broomstick, blanket, or rope. If they are holding onto a wire or other conductor, attempt
to knock their hand(s) free with a wooden or non conducting stick or dry towel.
IMMEDIATELY CALL AN AMBULANCE OR DOCTOR TO START THE VICTIM’S TREATMENT.
If the victim is unconscious, check to see if he is breathing and have a pulse. Electric shocks may
knock the person unconscious, halt their breathing, and stop the heart. If the victim is not breathing,
apply artificial breathing.

Do not attempt to move the victim unless they are in further danger. Other injuries may have occurred
that you are unaware of.
Cover the victim in a blanket and stay with him until help arrives. Do not leave him alone. Take steps
to prevent the severity of shock.
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the instrument. To avoid any
personal injury or damage to the instrument or any product connected to the instrument.
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within or the supply is not within
below specified limits
Observe input supply : To avoid any unexpected things, check whether single phase or
three phase balanced supply appears correctly.
Healthy Single Phase Power System

THEORY
An electric power system is a network of electric components used to supply, transmit and use
electric power. Power system can be broadly divided into:
01 Generation system
02 Transmission system
03 Distribution system
01 Generation system:-
Electric power generating stations are used to provide bulk electric power economically. Power can
be generated using different methods. According to the method used for power generation, power
generating stations can be of following types:-
01 Steam power generation station
02 Hydro power generation station
03 Diesel power generation station
04 Nuclear power station
05 Gas turbine power station

Hydro power generation station
Steam power generation station
Gas turbine power station

Diesel power generation station
Nuclear power station

Transmission system:
Transmission system carries the power from generator centre to load centre. Electric-power
transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical
substations located near demand centers. Transmission lines when interconnected with each other,
form transmission network. Most transmission lines use high-voltage three-phase alternating current
(AC), although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems. Electricity is
transmitted at high Voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in long-distance
transmission.

Distribution systems:-
Distribution systems feed the power to nearby homes and industries. These systems are simply
formed by the local wiring between high voltage substation and customers.
Electric power transmission line or "high voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of
electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations located near to population centers.
This is distinct from the local wiring between high voltage substations and customers, which is
typically referred to as electricity distribution.

Transmission Line
In many electric circuits, the length of the wires connecting the components can be ignored for the
most part. That is, the voltage on the wire at a given time can be assumed to be the same at all
points. However, when the voltage changes in a time interval comparable to the time it takes for the
signal to travel down the wire, the length becomes important and the wire must be treated as a
transmission line. Stated another way, the length of the wire is important when the signal includes
frequency components with corresponding wavelengths comparable to or less than the length of the
wire.

Current carrying transmission line consist,

01 Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the transmission lines. These fields are
perpendicular to each other
02 Electric field is established by a potential difference between two conductors implies equivalent
circuit model must contain capacitor.
03 Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line implies equivalent circuit model must
contain inductor.
Means transmission line can be considered as made up of four electrical constants:
L - series inductance per unit length
R - series resistance per unit length
C - shunt capacitance per unit length
G - shunt conductance per unit length
The line voltage V(x) and the current I(x) can be expressed in the frequency domain as
v(x)
= - (R+JωL) I (x)
x
i(x)
= - (G+JωC) V (x)
x
When the elements R and G are negligibly small the transmission line is considered as a lossless
structure. In this hypothetical case, the model depends only on the L and C elements which greatly
simplify the analysis. For a lossless transmission line, the second order steady-state Telegrapher's
equations are:
 2 V(x)
+ ω2 LC . V (x) = 0
x 2
2Ix
+ ω2 LC . I (x) = 0
x2
These are wave equations which have plane waves with equal propagation speed in the forward and
reverse directions as solutions. The physical significance of this is that electromagnetic waves
propagate down transmission lines and in general, there is a reflected component that interferes with
the original signal. These equations are fundamental to transmission line theory.

If R and G are not neglected, the Telegrapher's equations become:
2 Vx
=  2 V (x)
x 2
2Ix
=  2 I (x)
x 2
Where
 = R+jL  G+jC 
And the characteristic impedance is:
R+jL
Z0 =
G+j C
The solutions for V(x) and I(x) are:
V(x) = V + e- x + V - e x
I(x) =
1
Z0 
V + e- x - V - e x 
The constants V ± and I± must be determined from boundary conditions. For a voltage pulse Vin (t),
starting at x = 0 and moving in the positive x-direction, the transmitted pulse Vout(x,t) at position x

can be obtained by computing the Fourier transform, V(ω), of Vin (t), .
Characteristic Impedance:
Characteristic impedance of a finite length of line at a given frequency can be derived by taking two
impedance measurements, one with the open circuited end and the other with the short circuited end.
From these, Zo can be calculated as:
Zo = √ (Zoc*Zsc)
Zsc= short Circuit impedance
Zoc= open circuit impedance
Propagation Constant:
 = R+jL  G+jC =  + j
 = the attenuation (loss) factor
 = the phase (velocity) factor
We can also find it in the form of Zoc and Zsc by following formula
γ = √ (Zoc/Zsc)

Parameters:
ABCD Parameter:
In the model or transmission model, we assume V1 and I1 are known, and find V2 and I2 by:
Where V1 and I1 are the input voltage and current respectively and V2 and I2 are the output voltage
and current respectively
V1 = A V 2 + B I 2
I1 = C V2 + D I2
First short circuit the output terminal then V2 becomes zero i.e
B = V 1 / I2 where V2 =0.
D = I1 / I 2 where V2 =0
Now open circuit the output terminal then,
A = V1 / V2 where I2 =0
C = I1 / V 2 where I2 =0
Here A and D are dimensionless coefficients, B is impedance and C is admittance.
H- Parameter: If ABCD parameters are known, then we can easily find “H” parameters by using
following formulas:
H11 = B/D
H12 = (AD – BC)/D
H21 = - 1/D
H22 = C/D
Here H12 and H21 are dimensionless coefficients, H11 is impedance and H22 is admittance.
Z -Parameter: By using ABCD parameters, we can easily get Z parameters by using following
formulae.
Z11= A/C
Z12 = (AD – BC)/ C
Z21 = 1/C
Z22 = D/C
Where Z11, Z12, Z21, Z22 are all impedance.

Image Parameters: The characteristic impedance Zo and the propagation constant. Z0 is the
impedance at the input terminals of the two-port network when the output terminals are matched
(terminated by load impedance Z0). The propagation constant ρ is the natural logarithm of the ratio
(I1/I2), where I1 and I2 are the matched condition terminal currents.
01 Characteristic Impedance Zo
02 Propagation Constant
Characteristic Impedance Zo = √ (Zsc * Zoc)
Propagation Constant ρ = √ (Zsc/Zoc)
Classification of line
Transmission lines are classified as short, medium and long. When the length of the line is less than
about 80Km, the effect of shunt capacitance and conductance is neglected and the line is designated
as a short transmission line.
For medium transmission lines the length of the line is in between 80km - 240km.In this case the
shunt capacitance can be assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line or half of the shunt
capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of the line. The two representations of
medium length lines are termed as nominal-T and nominal- π respectively.
Lines more than 240Km long are known as long transmission lines. This classification on the basis of
length is more or less arbitrary and the real criterion is the degree of accuracy required.
Short Transmission Line: Up to 80 Km
Medium Transmission Line: 80- 240 Km
Long Transmission Line: More Than 240 Km

Short Transmission line: As shown in fig.
In this experiment the capacitances are very small, on the order of 1μF using the equation for the
reactance of a capacitor.
Xc= 1/jwC
This gives an impedance of about 3.2 K ohm which can be considered an open since it is much
greater than any other impedances in this experiment, so the previous diagram?
Equivalent circuit
The equivalent circuit and vector diagram of a short transmission line are shown in the figure
given below? In the equivalent circuit, short transmission line is represented by the lumped
parameters R and L. R is the resistance (per phase), L is the inductance (per phase) of the entire
transmission line. Effect of shunt capacitance and conductance is not considered in the equivalent
circuit. The line is shown to have two ends: sending end (designated by the subscript S) at the
generator, and the receiving end (designated R) at the load.
Here Vs is the sending end voltage corresponding to a particular load current and power factor
condition. It can be seen from the equivalent circuit that the receiving end voltage under no load is
same as the sending end voltage under full load condition i.e. Vr (no load) = Vs.
Where R and X are the per unit values of resistance and reactance of the line, from the equivalent
circuit diagram we can observe that
Vs = Vr + Ir (R + jX) = Vr + IrZ.
Is = Ir
In a four terminal passive network the voltage and current on the receiving end and sending end are
related by following pair of equations
Vs = AVr + BIr
Is = CVr + DIr
Comparing the above two sets of equations, for a short transmission line A=1, B=Z, C=0, D=1. ABCD
constants can be used for calculation of regulation of the line as follows:

A=1
B=Z
C=0
D=1
Medium Transmission Line: The capacitance of medium transmission line is significant. When the
effect of capacitance is not negligible, it may be assume to be concentrated at one or more definite
point along the line. A number of localized model are used to make approximate line performance
calculations. The following models are commonly used.
01 Nominal T model
02 Nominal Pi Model
It should be noted that the nominal T and Pi model are not equivalent representation. They are
different representation of different line.
Nominal T model of a medium line: In nominal T model of a medium line, the total capacitance is
assumed to be concentrated at the middle point of the line, while the series impedance is split into
two equal parts. The nominal T model of medium line is shown below.
01 Short Circuit the Output Terminal:
We know that for a two port network

Vs= A*Vr + B*Ir
Is = C*Vr + D*Ir

Apply the KVL in first loop, we get

Vs – Is*R – XL*Is – XC*(Is - Ir) = 0 (1)
(Ir - Is)*XC – Ir*R – XL *Ir = 0 (2)
Where XL= j ωL
XC = 1/jωC
Is = input current and Ir = output current
Now by using equation (1) and (2) we can find the value of Is and Ir
B = Vs/Ir
D = Is / Ir
02 Open Circuit the Output Terminal:
Circuit can be made as follow
Apply KVL in above circuit

Vc = Vr = Vs + VL (because of inductive kickback effect)
Now we get the value of Is, Vs, Vr then
A = Vs/Vr
C = Is / Vr
Why the receiving end voltage is greater than the generator voltage can be easily understand by
inductive Kickback effect.
Inductive Kickback effect: When we apply voltage source across the series LC circuit then
capacitor start charging and the voltage across the inductor is equal to Vs-Vc, where Vs is input
voltage and Vc is capacitor voltage shown in figure. So a current begins to flow through the inductor
and charges the capacitor. During this time, current is flowing into the positive end of the inductor,
therefore power is flowing into the inductor and energy is being stored here and the capacitor voltage
gradually increases as it charges.

When capacitor voltage becomes equal to the output voltage of the transformer, Vc =Vs, and the
voltage across the inductor is zero for an instant Vb=0. However, current is still flowing in the circuit
because the current through an inductor cannot change because property of inductor is that it
opposes the change in current.
In order to do this the voltage across the inductor changes its polarity. Current is now flowing out of
the positive end of the inductor. This current continues to charge the capacitor to a voltage in excess
of the transformer output voltage. The capacitor voltage goes higher than the transformer voltage
because the voltage across the inductor adds to the transformer voltage.
Pi Model of a medium line: The nominal pi model of a medium line assumes that one half of the
total line capacitance is concentrated at each end of the line and the total resistance and inductive
reactance are concentrated on the line. Nominal pi model is shown in figure.

We can also draw it in this way
Apply the KVL in first loop

Vs – (Is – Ir) XC = 0 (3)
Applying the KVL in second loop, we get
– (Ir - Is)*XC – 2(R + XL) Ir = 0 (4)
XL = jωL
XC = 1/jωC
By using these equation (3) and (4) we have the value of Is and Ir
So the value of B and D parameters of medium transmission line by Pi model is given as
B = Vs / Ir
D = Is / Ir
Vr = Vs + VL1 + VL2
Now we have Vr, Is, Vs then the remaining parameter can be calculated by using following formulas
A = Vs / Vr
C = Is / Vr

Long Transmission Line: The term long transmission line refers to the line having its length more
than 240 Km. The capacitance of long transmission line is more than the capacitance of medium and
short transmission line, 400Km long transmission line model is shown in fig.
Transmission Line Equations for a Lossy Line (sinusoidal waves)
Ferranti Effect: Long transmission line has a larger capacitance. If such line is open circuited or very
lightly loaded at the receiving end, the magnitude of the voltage at the receiving end become higher
than the voltage at the sending end. This phenomenon is called Ferranti effect. It was first noticed by
Ferranti on overhead line supplying a lightly loaded network, Ferranti effect occurs due to the
charging current of the line.
Charging Current: The value of current at the sending end at no load and normal operating
voltage applied at the sending end is called charging current-?
Proof: Ferranti effect can be explain by considering a normal pi model of the line. Following diagram
OE represent the receiving end voltage, OH represent the current Ic1 through the capacitor C/2 and
voltage Ic1*R across the resistor R as shown by EF. It is in phase with Ic1. The voltage drop across X
is (Ic1*X). It is represented by phasor FG which leads the phasor Ic1 by 90 degree. The phasor OG
represent the sending end voltage Vs under no-load condition. It is seen from the phasor diagram that
Vs<Vr. In other words, the voltage at the receiving end is greater than the voltage at the sending end
when the line is at no load.
In practice the capacitance of the line is not concentrate at some definite points. It is distributed
uniformly along the whole line.

For a nominal Pi model of line:.

Vs= [1 + ZY/2]Vr + ZIr
At no load, Ir = 0
Vs = [1 +ZY/2]Vr
Vs-Vr = ZY/2Vr
Z = (r + j ω L)S , Y= j ωCS
If the resistance of the line is neglected,
Z=j ωLS
Vs – Vr = [(j ω LS) (j ωCS) Vr]/2
= - [(ω 2 * S2) LC *Vr]/2……. (1)
Equation (1) shows that Vs -Vr is negative. That is Vr>Vs, this equation also shows that Ferranti
effect depends on frequency and electrical length of the line.
If we measure the voltage at output terminal, then we get more voltage than the sending voltage. This
is because of Ferranti effect.
Now measure the input voltage, input current and output voltage Vs, Is, Vr. By using these values, we
can calculate
A = Vs / Vr
C = Is / Vr
By measuring the input current, input voltage and output current (Vs, Is, Ir)
By using these values we can find B and D parameter of transmission line
B = Vs / Ir
D = Is / Ir

Performance of transmission line under different loads: Performance of transmission line can be
determined by calculating the power factor of transmission line under different load.
What is Power Factor? To understand power factor, we will first start with the definition of some
basic terms:
KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real Power). It is the power that
actually powers the equipment and performs useful work.
KVAR is Reactive Power. It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer, motor and relay)
needs to produce the magnetizing flux.
KVA is Apparent Power. It is the vector sum of KVAR and KW.
For example Mac here is dragging a heavy load. Mac's Working Power (or Actual Power) in the
forward direction, where he most wants his load to travel, is KW. Unfortunately, Mac can't drag his
load on a perfect horizontal (he would get a tremendous backache), so his shoulder height adds a
little Reactive Power, or KVAR. The Apparent Power Mac is dragging, KVA, is this vector summation
of KVAR and KW.
The Power Triangle (next figure) illustrates this relationship between KW, KVA, KVAR,
P.F = KW / KVA = COS Ø

KVAR / KVA = SIN Ø
KVA = √ (KW 2 + KVAR2) = KV * I * √3
How and why Should we Improve Power Factor?
We have seen that sources of Reactive Power (inductive loads) decrease power factor:
01 Transformers
02 Induction motors
03 Induction generators (wind mill generators)
04 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting

Similarly, consumers of Reactive Power increase power factor:

01 Capacitors
02 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)
03 Synchronous motors
Thus, it comes as no surprise that one way to increase power factor is to add capacitors to the
system.
Installing capacitors (KVAR Generators)
Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power (KVAR or foam), thus increase the
power factor. How it works is shown in figure. Reactive power (KVARS), caused by inductive loads,
always act at a 90-degree angle to working power (KW).

OBJECT 01: determine the Abcd, H, Z and image parameters of short transmission line.
01 OPEN CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINALS
Fig. 1: circuit diagram of short transmission line open circuit
Fig. 2: connection diagram of short transmission line open circuit

PROCEDURE:
01 First of all make sure that the earthing of your laboratory is proper and connected to the terminal
provided on the back side of the panel.
02 Make sure that the AC supply is off and variac knob is at zero position.
03 Make the connection as shown in Fig-2. The circuit diagram in shown in Fig-1. Verify the
connection before switching on the mains supply.
04 After completion of the entire connection connect the mains cord to the panel & switch 'On' the
power supply.
05 With the help of variac adjust the voltage up to 110 volt.
06 With the help of sending end instrument measure. Sending end voltage (Vs) and Sending end
current (Is). To measure Vs & Is. Push the button in steps given in the meter and measure Vs
end voltage in displayed and Is. Then current in displayed. Record the value in observation
table.
07 With the help of receiving end instrument –measure receiving end voltage (Vr) and receiving end
current (Ir). To measure Vr & Ir push the button in steps given in the meter and measure Vs
when voltage in displayed and Is. when current in displayed record the value in observation
table.
08 Switch 'Off' the power supply.
OBSERVATION TABLE
S. No. Sending End Sending End Receiving End Receiving End

Current (Is) Voltage (Vs) Current (Ir) Voltage (Vr)
01
02
03
04
05
Dimensionless Coefficient (A) = Vs / Vr

Admittance (C) = Is / Vr

02 SHORT CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINALS
Fig. 3: circuit diagram of short transmission line short circuit
Fig. 4: connection diagram of short transmission line short circuit
PROCEDURE
01 Make sure the AC supply in off and the variac in exactly in the same position as it was an open
circuit test
03 Make sure that the variac knob is still on 110 volt position.

04 Now switch on the power supply and measure Vs Is Ir Vr by the same procedure as measured in
open circuit test.
05 In short test you will get Vs, Is, Ir, values and the Value of Vr is zero because output terminal is
short circuited.
06 By using there value you can easily find the short transmission line Impedance B and
Dimensionless Coefficient D.
07 Switch off the power supply & disconnect the all patch cords.
NOTE:
Do not perform the short circuit test for long time because of high current, resistance gets heated.
OBSERVATION TAB LE

01
02
03
04
05
Impedance (B) = Vs / Ir
Dimensionless Coefficient (D) = Is / Ir.
Image Parameter of short line
01 We have already measured the value of sending end voltage and current when short line's
output terminal was short circuited, the ratio of sending end voltage and current is called Zsc.
Zsc = Vs/Is
02 We have already measured the values of sending end voltage and current when short line's
output terminal was open circuited the ratio of sending end voltage and current is called Zoc.
Zoc = Vs /Is
03 By using there values characteristic impedance and propagation constant can be calculate by
using following formulas.
Characteristic Impedance (Zo) = √ (Zsc x Zoc)
Propagation constant (ρ) = √ (Zsc/Zoc)
H Parameter
By using the ABCD parameter we can easily find the H parameter as follow
H11 = B/D
H12 = (AD – BC)/D
H21 = -1/D
H22 = C/D

Z Parameter
By using the ABCD parameter we can easily find the Z parameter as follow:
Z11 = B/C
Z12 = (AD- BC)/C
Z21 = 1/C
Z22 = D/C
All Parameters
ABCD Parameters H Parameters Z Parameters IMAGE Parameters
A H11 Z11 Zo
B H12 Z12
C H21 Z21 ρ
D H22 Z22
OBJECT 02:- Determine the Abcd, H, Z and image parameters of medium transmission line
For T network
01 Open Circuit the Output Terminal
Fig. 5: circuit diagram of medium transmission line t network open circuit

FIG. 6: Connection diagram of medium transmission line t network open circuit
PROCEDURE
provided on the back side of the penal.
power supply.
06 With the help of sending end instrument measure sending end voltage Vs and sending end
current Is. To measure Vs & Is push the button in steps given in the meter and measure Vs
when voltage (V) in displayed. Similarly measure. Is when current (A) in displayed. Record the
value in observation table.

07 With the help of receiving end instrument –measure receiving end voltage (Vr). and receiving
end current (Ir). To measure Vr & Ir push the button in steps given in the meter and measure Vr
when voltage in displayed and Ir when current in displayed record the value in observation table.
08 Switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATION TABLE

01
02
03
04
05

02 SHORT CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINALS
Fig. 7: circuit diagram of medium transmission line t network short circuit

FIG. 8: Connection diagram of medium transmission line t network short circuit
01 Make sure that AC supply in switch off and the variac in exactly to the same position of previous
test i.e. open circuit test of medium transmission line (T network).
02 Make the connection as shown in Fig-8. The circuit diagram in shown in Fig-7 (only shorting the
output terminals of open circuit test).
04 Now switch on the power supply.
07 Switch off the power supply & disconnect the all patch cords.

OBSERVATION TABLE

01
02
03
04
05
Dimensionless Coefficient (D) = Is / Ir.
Zsc = Vs/Is
Zoc = Vs /Is
H Parameter
H11 = B/D
H12 = (AD – BC)/D
H21 = -1/D
H22 = C/D
Z Parameter
By using the ABCD parameter we can easily find the Z parameter as follow:
Z11 = B/C
Z12 = (AD- BC)/C
Z21 = 1/C
Z22 = D/C


A H11 Z11 Zo
B H12 Z12
C H21 Z21 ρ
D H22 Z22
For  network
01 OPEN CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINAL
Fig. 9: Circuit diagram of medium transmission line  network open circuit
Fig. 10: connection diagram of medium transmission line  network open circuit

PROCEDURE
02 Make sure that the AC supply is 'Off' and variac knob is at zero position.
07 Switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATION TABLE

01
02
03
04
05


02 SHORT CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINAL
Fig. 11: circuit diagram of medium transmission line  network short circuit
Fig. 12: connection diagram of medium transmission line  network short circuit
PROCEDURE:
01 Make sure the AC supply is switched off and the variac is exactly the same position as in the
previous test I.C. open circuit test of medium transmission line ( network).


05 By using there value you can easily find the short transmission line Impedance B and
dimensionless coefficient D.
08 Switch Off the power supply & disconnect the all patch cords.
OBSERVATION TABLE

01
02
03
04
05
Dimensionless Coefficient (D) = Is / Ir
Zsc = Vs/Is
Zoc = Vs /Is

H Parameter
H11 = B/D
H12 = (AD – BC)/D
H21 = -1/D
H22 = C/D
Z Parameter
By using the ABCD parameter we can easily find the Z parameter as follow
Z11 = B/C
Z12 = (AD- BC)/C
Z21 = 1/C
Z22 = D/C
All parameters
A H11 Z11 Zo
B H12 Z12
C H21 Z21 ρ
D H22 Z22

OBJECT 03: Determine the ABCD, H, Z and image parameters for long transmission line.
STEP-1
Circuit diagram of long transmission line is done in five steps which help the user to easily understand
the compact connection. Each next step has its previous connection.
Fig. 13: circuit diagram of long transmission line
Fig. 14: connection diagram of long transmission line

PROCEDURE
STEP 2
Fig. 15: circuit diagram of long transmission line (step-2)
Fig. 16: connection diagram of long transmission line (step-2)

PROCEDURE
01 Do not remove the connection mode in step-1.
STEP 3

PROCEDURE
01 Do not remove the connections mode in step-1 and step-2.
STEP 4

PROCEDURE
01 Do not remove the connection made in step-1, step-2 and step-3.
STEP 5

PROCEDURE
01 Do not remove the connections mode in step-1, step-2, step-3 and step-4.
Whole long line pin connection given bellow
Fig. 23: circuit diagram of whole long line transmission line
Fig. 24: connection diagram of whole long line transmission line

PROCEDURE
01 OPEN CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINAL
Fig. 25: circuit diagram of open circuit test transmission line
Fig. 26: connection diagram of open circuit test transmission line

PROCEDURE
01 Make sure the mains supply is switched off and the variac is in zero position and Make the
connection as shown in Fig-26. The circuit diagram in shown in Fig-25. Verify the connection
before switching on the mains supply.
02 Switch on the AC supply.
06 Switch 'Off' the power supply, do not change the variac position.
OBSERVATION TABLE
01
02
03
04
05


02 SHORT CIRCUIT THE OUTPUT TERMINAL
Fig. 27: circuit diagram of short circuit test transmission line
Fig. 28: connection diagram of short circuit test transmission line
PROCEDURE
01 Make sure the AC supply in switched off.


07 Switch Off the power supply & disconnect the all patch cords.
OBSERVATION TABLE

01
02
03
04
05
Dimensionless Coefficient (D) = Is / Ir
Zsc = Vs/Is
02 We have already measured the values of sending end voltage and current when short line‟s
Zoc = Vs /Is
H Parameter
By using the ABCD parameter we can easily find the H parameter as follow:
H11 = B/D
H12 = (AD – BC)/D

H21 = -1/D
H22 = C/D
Z Parameter
By using the ABCD parameter we can easily find the Z parameter as follow
Z11 = B/C
Z12 = (AD- BC)/C
Z21 = 1/C
Z22 = D/C
All Parameters
A H11 Z11 Zo
B H12 Z12
C H21 Z21 ρ
D H22 Z22
OBJECT 04: MEASURE THE RECEIVING END VOLTAGE OF EACH LINE UNDER NO LOAD
OR LIGHTLY LOAD CONDITION TO UNDERSTAND FERRANTI EFFECT.
Fig. 29: circuit diagram of under no load or lightly load condition to understand Ferranti effect

Fig. 30: connection diagram of under no load or lightly load

condition to understand Ferranti effect
PROCEDURE
01 Make sure the AC supply in switched off and variac is in zero position.
power supply.
05 Measure the sending end voltage with the help of sending end instruments and record in
observation table select. The voltage (V) of the instrument by the push button provided in the
instrument.
06 Measure the receiving end voltage by the receiving end instrument and record the observation
table. Select the voltage (V) of the instrument by the push button provided in the instrument.
07 Switch of the instrument end of the take up reading

RESULT
It in observation than the output voltage at receiving end in greater than the sending end which is the
most by Ferranti effect.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sending End Voltage (In Volt) Receiving End Voltage (In Volt)
OBJECT 05: UNDERSTAND THE PERFORMANCE OF LONG TRANSMISSION LINE UNDER

DIFFERENT LOADS WITH VARIES RESISTIVE, INDUCTIVE, AND CAPACITIVE
LOAD IN DIFFERENT STEPS.
RESISTIVE LOAD
Fig. 31: circuit diagram of long transmission line resistive load

Fig. 32: connection diagram of long transmission line resistive load
PROCEDURE
01 Make sure the AC supply in switched off and the variac is in zero position.
03 Switch on the supply and with the help of variac adjusts the voltage upto 220V in steps.
04 Measure the sending end power factor with the sending end instrument and record the
observation table the power factor (Pf) readings can be taken by the push button provided in the
instrument when it displayed Pf.
05 Measure the receiving end power factor with the receiving end instrument and record in the
observation table. The power factor (Pf) readings can be taken by the push button provided in
the instrument when it displayed Pf.
Observation Table
Sending End Power Factor Receiving End Power Factor

INDUCTIVE LOAD
Fig. 33: circuit diagram of long transmission line inductive load
Fig. 34: connection diagram of long transmission line inductive load

PROCEDURE
03 Switch on the supply and with the help of variac adjust the voltage upto 220V in steps.
observation table the power factor (Pf) readings can be taken by the push button provided in

OBSERVATION TABLE
SERIES RL LOAD
Fig. 35: circuit diagram of long transmission line series RL load
Fig. 36: connection diagram of long transmission line series RL load

PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION TABLE
PARALLEL LC LOAD
Fig. 37: circuit diagram of long transmission line parallel LC load

Fig. 38: connection diagram of long transmission line parallel LC load
PROCEDURE
03 Switch on the supply and with the help of variac adjusts the voltage upto 220V in steps.
OBSERVATION TABLE

SERIES RLC LOAD
Fig. 39: circuit diagram of long transmission line series RC load
Fig. 40: connection diagram of long transmission line series RC load
PROCEDURE

OBSERVATION TABLE
GLOSSARY
01 AC Power: This term refers to an alternating electrical current those changes between positive
and negative directions. Our utilities use AC power.
02 Ampere: The unit expressing the rate of flow of an electric current. One ampere is the current
produced by a difference in potential of one volt across a resistance of one ohm; an electric
current flowing at the rate of one coulomb per second.
03 Ampere-hour capacity (storage battery): The number of ampere-hours that can be delivered
under specified conditions of temperature, rate of discharge, and final voltage.
04 Ampere-hour meter: An electric meter that measures and registers the integral, with respect to
time, of the current of a circuit in which it is connected.
05 Ampere-Hour: The use of one Ampere for one hour.
06 Apparent Power (volt-amps): The product of the applied voltage and current in an ac circuit.
Apparent power, or volt-amps, is not the true power of the circuit because the power factor is not
considered in the calculation.
07 Autotransformer: A transformer in which at least two windings have a common section. They
are use to either "buck" or "boost" the incoming line voltage.
08 Auxiliary Power: The power required for correct operation of an electrical or electronic device,
supplied via an external auxiliary power source rather than the line being measured.
09 Bank: A group of electrical devices, usually transformers or capacitors, connected in a way to
increase capacity or to inter connect as three-phase.
10 Capacitor: A device that stores an electrical charge and is typically used to address low voltage
issues on a power system.
11 Conductor: A conductor is the part of a transmission or distribution line that actually carries the
electricity, in other words, the wire itself. The wire or conductor is just one part of a transmission
line; other parts include the poles and the insulators from which the conductor is hung. A
conductor must have enough capacity to carry the highest demand that it will experience, or it
could overheat and fail.

12 Corona Discharge: An electrical discharge at the surface of a conductor accompanied by the

ionization of the surrounding atmosphere. It can be accompanied by light and audible noise.
13 DC Power: DC power is electrical current that flows in one direction, either positive or negative.
PV modules produce DC power. However, our utilities use AC power, so DC power has to be
converted to AC power in order to be useful. An inverter makes this conversion.
14 Demand: Demand is the amount of electricity being used at any given moment by a single
customer, or by a group of customers. The total demand on a given system is the sum of all of
the individual demands on that system occurring at the same moment. The peak demand is the
highest demand occurring within a given span of time, usually a season or a year. The peak
demand that a transmission or distribution system must carry sets the minimum requirement for
its capacity.
15 Distribution: Distribution lines and distribution substations operate at lower voltage than the
transmission systems that feed them. They carry electricity from the transmission system to local
customers. When compared to transmission, distribution lines generally use shorter poles, have
shorter wire spans between poles and are usually found alongside streets and roads, or buried
beneath them. A typical distribution voltage would be 13.8-kV.
16 Distribution Transformer: A transformer that reduces voltage from the supply lines to a lower
voltage needed for direct connection to operate consumer devices.
17 Distribution utility: A utility in the state of Vermont that is responsible for owning, operating,
and maintain the distribution part of the electric system within an area.
18 Eddy Current: The current that is generated in a transformer core due to the induced voltage in
each lamination. It is proportional to the square of the lamination thickness and to the square of
the frequency.
19 Electrical Systems Losses: Total electric energy losses in the electric system due to
transmission, transformation, and distribution losses between supply sources and delivery
points.
20 Electricity: The flow of electrons through a conducting medium.
21 Fault Current: The current that flows as a result of a short-circuit condition.
22 Ferranti effect: The Ferranti Effect is a rise in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a long
transmission line, relative to the voltage at the sending end, which occurs when the line is
charged but there is a very light load or the load is disconnected.
23 Frequency: In ac systems, the rate at which the current changes direction, expressed in hertz
(cycles per second); a measure of the number of complete cycles of a wave-form per unit of
time.
24 Induced Current: Current in a conductor resulting from a nearby electromagnetic field.
25 Induced Voltage: A voltage produced in a circuit from a nearby electric field.
26 Inductance: the characteristic of an electric circuit by which a voltage is induced in it by a
variation of current. This can be a variation of the current in the circuit itself (self-inductance) or
in a nearby circuit (mutual inductance). The magnitude of the characteristic is measured in the
units of Henries.

27 Kilowatt Hour (kWh): A common unit of electrical consumption measured by the total energy
created by one kilowatt in one hour. A 100 watt light bulb burning for 10 hours uses one kilowatt
hour. To determine the size of the solar system you'll need, we'll look at your electricity bills to
see how many kWhs you typically use and will need in the future.
28 kV (kilovolt): A kilovolt is one thousand volts. Volts and kilovolts are measures of voltage.
29 kWh (kilowatt-hour): A kilowatt hour is one thousand watt-hours. A watt-hour is a measure of
the amount of electric energy generated or consumed in a given period of time.
30 Load: A device which consumes electrical power and is connected to a source of electricity.
31 Load shedding: Intentionally turning off power to a customer or group of customers, usually for
reliability reasons such as to avoid a blackout or equipment damage.
32 Megawatt: A measure of power equivalent to one million watts.
33 Neutral: A conductor of an electrical system which usually operates with minimal voltage to
ground. Depending on the type of system, it may carry little current or only unbalance current.
Systems that have one conductor grounded use the neutral for this purpose.
34 Open circuit voltage: The maximum voltage produced by a power source with no load
connected.
35 Over current: Any current beyond the continuous rated current of the conductor or equipment.
This may be value slightly above the rating as in the case of an overload, or may be far above
the rating as in the case of a short circuit.
36 Overload: Operation of electrical equipment above its normal full-load rating or of a conductor
above its rated ampacity. An overload condition will eventually cause dangerous overheating
and damage.
37 Power: Power is the amount of electricity that is consumed (demand) or supplied at any given
time.
38 Power factor: The ratio of real power to apparent power delivered in an ac electrical system or
load. Its value is always in the range of 0.0 to 1.0 or 0% to 100%. A unity power factor (1.0)
indicates that the current is in phase with the voltage and that reactive power is zero.
39 Reactor: Device that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field, and then uses this energy to
induce current. Typically used to address high voltage issues on a power system.
40 Real Power: The average value of the instantaneous product of volts and amps over a fixed
period of time in an AC circuit.
41 Resistance: The characteristic of materials to oppose the flow of electricity in an electric circuit.
42 Skin Effect: In an ac system, the tendency of the outer portion of a conductor to carry more of
the current as the frequency of the ac increases.
43 Substation: A substation is a fenced-in area where several generators, transmission and/or
distribution lines come together and are connected by various other equipment for purposes of
switching, metering, or adjusting voltage by using transformers.
44 Sub transmission: Sub transmission lines are power lines the typically operate at a voltage of
34,000 to 70,000 volts and are generally below 100 kV.

45 Sub transmission lines: Sub transmission lines carry voltages reduced from the major
transmission line system. Typically, 34.5 kV to 69 kV, this power is sent to regional distribution
substations. Sometimes the sub transmission voltage is
46 Transformer: Transformer is a device that typically adjusts high-voltage to a lower-voltage.
Different voltages are used because higher voltages are better for moving power over a long
distance, but lower voltages are better for using electricity in machinery and appliances.
Transformers are commonly described by the two (or more) voltages that they connect, such as
“115/13.8-kV,” signifying a connection between 115-kV and 13.8-kV equipment or lines.
47 Transmission Bus: Steel structure arrays of switches used to route power into a substation.
48 Transmission: The process of transporting wholesale electrical energy at high voltages from a
supply source to utilities.
49 Voltage Drop: The loss of voltage in a circuit when current flows.
50 Voltage Transformer Ratio: The ratio of primary volts divided by secondary volts.
51 Voltage Transformer: Transformer used to accurately scale ac voltages up or down, or to
provide isolation. Generally used to scale large primary or bus voltages to usable values for
measuring purposes.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q1. What are the principle divisions of an electric system?
Ans:
01 Generating station
02 Transmission systems
03 Distribution systems
Q2. List out the types of power generating systems?
Ans:
01 Steam thermal power station
02 Nuclear power station
03 Hydro electric power station
04 Diesel power station
Q3. What is the adv. of EHVDC system?
Ans:
01 Requires less space compared to ac for same voltage rating and size
02 cheaper for long distance transmission.
03 There is no inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problems.
04 There is no skin effect. Therefore entire cross section of the conductor is used.

Q4. What are the desirable properties of insulators?

Ans:
01 High mechanical strength to withstand conductor load
02 High electrical strength to prevent leakage current.
03 It should not have any pores in air spaces.
Q5. List out the types of overhead line insulators?
Ans:
01 Pin type
02 Suspension type
03 Strain type
04 Shackle
Q6. How cables are classified according to the voltage?
Ans:
Low tension cable – up to 1000V
High tension cable – up to 11kV
Super tension cable – from 22kV to 33kV
Extra high tension cable – from 33kV to 66kV
Extra super tension cable – above 132kV
Q7. What is the voltage level of sub-transmission system?
Ans: 33kV or 66kV
Q8. What are the major electrical equipments used in the power system?
Ans: Generator, power transformer, bus bars, circuit breakers, switching circuits
Q9. What is the sub-transmission network?
Ans: The primary transmission line goes up to the receiving station. The voltage is stepped down to
33kV by step-down transformer i.e. 132/33kV. This 33kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire,
overhead system. It is a secondary transmission.
Q10. What are the major sources of energy used in the power system?
Ans:
01 Coal
02 Water
03 Nuclear
Q11. What are the different types of HVDC links?
Ans: 01 Monopolar link
02 Bipolar link
03 Homopolar link

Q12. What is meant by distribution system?

Ans: The part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as distribution
system
Q13. What are the parts of distribution system?
Ans:
01 Feeders
02 Distributors
03 Service mains
Q14. What are the different types of distributions?
Ans:
01 AC distribution:
1.1 Primary distribution system ii) secondary distribution system
02 DC distribution
2.1 2-wire dc system
2.2 3-wire dc system
Q15. Define sub station
Ans: There are number of transformers and switching stations built between generating stations and
the ultimate consumers. These are generally known as substations.
Q16. Compare EHVAC with EHVDC systems?
Ans:
01 Corona loss and radio interference will be more in EHVAC whereas less in EHVDC
02 EHVAC requires three conductors whereas EHVDC requires only two conductors
03 Skin effect will occur in EHVAC whereas skin effect is absent in EHVDC
04 Installation cost of EHVAC is less where cost is more in EHVDC
05 It has inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problems whereas EHVDC
does not has these problems.
Q17. Explain the transmission and distribution of electricity from the generation station to the
consumer?
Ans: Transmission and distribution of electricity are the way of regulate voltage to the minimum rate
in which can be benefit to the consumers. From generating station , voltage generated is up
16/25kv which step up up to 330kv this generating voltage now step down in the transmission
station through the step down transformer which is 132kv this voltage now transmitting to
distribution station where voltage now step down to 33kv, this 33kv now step down to 415v for
three line and 240/220v for a line for the uses of consumers.

Q18. What are the different relays that employed for protection of apparatus and transmission
lines?
Ans: The relays that are usually employed for protection of transmission lines include
01 Over current relay
02 Directional relay
03 Distance relay
04 Under Voltage relay
05 Under-frequency relay
06 Thermal relay
07 Differential relay
08 Phase sequence relays
09 Pilot relays
Q19. How the electrical power system protection is divided?
Ans: The overall system protection is divided into
01 Generator protection
02 Transformer protection
03 Busbar protection
04 Transmission line protection and
05 Feeder protection
Q20. What is a substation and why is it necessary?
Ans: A substation is used to transform one voltage to another and for protecting and controlling
transmission and distribution lines. Substations are used to raise voltages for long distance
transmission and to lower transmission voltages for distribution to the end users. Without
substations, generation would have to be located very close to the customer load.
Q21. What's the difference between a single circuit and a double circuit transmission line?
Ans: A single circuit transmission line has three sets of conductors, while a double circuit
transmission line is two independent circuits on the same structure with each circuit made up of
three sets of conductors.
Q22. What is conductor?
Ans: Conductor is a wire made up of multiple aluminum strands around a steel core that together
carry electricity. Conductor is strung between transmission structures. A bundled conductor is
two or more conductors connected to increase the capacity of a transmission line.
Q23.What is an insulator?
Ans: An insulator is an object made of a material like glass, porcelain, or composite polymer that is a
poor conductor of electricity. They are used to attach conductors to the transmission structure
and to prevent a short circuit from happening between the conductor and the structure.

Q24.What is shield wire?

Ans: A shield wire is connected directly to the top of a transmission structure to protect conductors
from a direct lightning strike, minimizing the possibility of power outages.
Q25. What is the function of circuit breaker in the Power system?
Ans: It is one of the protective equipments in substation. The main function of the CB is to open or
close a circuit under normal as well as fault conditions.
LIST OF ACCESSORIES
01 Patch cord 4mm length 50cm Red .............................................................................................. 12
02 Patch cord 4mm length 50cm Black............................................................................................. 12
03 Patch cord 4mm length 100cm Red............................................................................................. 12
04 Patch cord 4mm length 100cm Black........................................................................................... 12
-----------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------

Electrical Transmission Line Trainer Guide

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Electrical Transmission Line Trainer Guide

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Electrical Transmission Line

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

02 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................. 05

OBJECT 01: DETERMINE THE ABCD, H, Z & IMAGE PARAMETERS

OBJECT 02: DETERMINE THE ABCD, H, Z & IMAGE PARAMETERS

OBJECT 03: DETERMINE THE ABCD, H, Z & IMAGE PARAMETERS

OBJECT 04: MEASURE THE RECEIVING END VOLTAGE OF EACH

OBJECT 05: UNDERSTAND THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION

06 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ................................................................................ 65

07 LIST OF ACCESSORIES ................................................................................................... 69

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Mains Supply : 230V ±10%, 50Hz

Single Phase Variac

Active Power : ≥ 20W ≥ 2000W

Reactive Power : ≥ 20VAR ≥ 2000VAR

Apparent Power : ≥ 20VA ≥ 2000VA

Resistor : 700/ 100W

Capacitor : 12.5mF/ 450V

Dimension (mm) : W 830 x D 355 x H 630

Weight : 52kg (approx.)

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW ABOUT ELECTRICAL SAFETY?

01 Careless use of electric-powered appliances or tools can cause Injuries.

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Carefully observe all safety measures to keep yourself safe.

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Now, What to do in case of Electrical Accident?

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

SELF PRECAUTIONS TO SAVE THE VICTIM

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Healthy Single Phase Power System

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Hydro power generation station

Steam power generation station

Gas turbine power station

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Diesel power generation station

Nuclear power station

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Current carrying transmission line consist,

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

If R and G are not neglected, the Telegrapher's equations become:

The solutions for V(x) and I(x) are:

 = the attenuation (loss) factor

 = the phase (velocity) factor

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Medium Transmission Line: 80- 240 Km

Long Transmission Line: More Than 240 Km

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Short Transmission line: As shown in fig.

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

01 Short Circuit the Output Terminal:

We know that for a two port network

Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in

Apply the KVL in first loop, we get

Circuit can be made as follow