TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….04
2. MEANING AND CONCEPT OF TRUST………………………………………………………………………06
3. WHO CAN CREATE TRUST……………………………………………………………………………………….07
4. TRUSTEE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..07

WHO CAN BE TRUSTEE…………………………………………………………………………………………08

WHO CAN NOT BE TRUSTEE…………………………………………………………………………………09

5.RIGHTS OF THE TRUSTEE………………………………………………………………………………………..10

6.DISABILITIES OF THE TRUSTEE………………………………………………………………………………..14

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………18

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
 INTRODUCTION

As Maitland observes: Of all the exploits of equity the largest and the most important is thw
invention and development of the trust’. According to him, ‘the trust is an institute of great
elasticity and generality; as elastic, as general as contract’.

The maxim of equity has a strong root not only in the English legal system but also has well
laid in the Indian Legal System of ancient time, but the basic fact is that most of the
equitable principle followed by the English court of equity have been incorporated in the
various enactment of the India. In this row the modern “INDIAN TRUST ACT, 1882” is one
of the same. Trusts, in general, under Indian law have a statutory basis, namely the Indian
Trusts Act, 1882. The modern trust Act of 1882 embodies in a concise form the whole
structure of trust built up by the equity court of England. This act is the successor of what
were called uses in the English law. With a very few exception, the rule of law in the Indian
Trust Act, 1882 are substantially those that were administerd at the time of its enactment by
the English court of equity.

A trust can be and has been applied as a device for accomplishing many different purposes. 1
The uses of trust go far beyond affecting family settlements. It is frequently employed in
business transactions. As pointed out by Professor Issacs,” Trusteeship has become a readily
available tool for everyday purposes of organisation, financing, risk-shifting, credit
operations, settling of disputes, and liquidation of business affairs”. By the employment of
trust it has been possible to devote large sum of money to charitable purposes without the
necessity of applying to the Legislature for a charter of incorporation. Through the trust, it is
also possible to devote property to the purposes of other unincorporated associations of a
social rather than a charitable character.

OBJECTIVES

The aims and objective of the project work is to-

 To throw light on the meaning and concept of trust.

 To create an understanding about the trustee and what are the essentials of creating a
trustee.

1
Prafulla Pant, N Suryanarayana Iyer’s The Indian Trust Act, 5 th edition, [New Delhi: Butterworths India,
2001] at p. 4
 To study the various right by which the trustee is vested and what are the disabilities
faced by the trustees.

MEANING AND CONCEPT OF TRUST

Trust connotes a legal concept or relationship just as other relationships known to the law,
namely, contract, agency, guardianship, partnership, etc. the essential feature of a trust is the
vesting of the property or its being placed under the control of a person in the confidence that
he will hold it for the benefit of a third person, or a third person and himself.2 In common
parlance, trust is referred to as the confidence which one person reposes in another person to
whom he transfers the property with an obligation that the funds so generated there from shall
be utilised for the befit of another. Thus, when a property is held by one person as trustee for
the benefit of another, it can be regarded as a trust. As per Black’s Law Dictionary3 the term
“trust’ means the right enforceable solely in equity, to the beneficial enjoyment of property to
which another person holds the legal title; a property interest held by one person(the trustee)
at the request of the another (the settler) for the benefit of a third party (the beneficiary).

The underlining scheme behind the creation of a trust was for the purpose of setting up
charitable public trust for the benefit of the public by philanthropic individuals as well as
creation of private trusts in the form of wills for the benefit of a few ascertainable
beneficiaries. Generally, there are two types of trusts in India: private trusts and public trusts.
The Indian Trusts Act, 1882 governs the private trusts. Public trusts are classified into
charitable and religious trusts. The Charitable and Religious Trusts Act, 1920, the Religious
Endowments Act, 1863, the Charitable Endowments Act, 1890, the Societies Registration
Act, 1860, and the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950 are the relevant legislations for the
recognition and enforceability of public trusts.

The person who reposes the confidence is called 'author of trust' (testator), the person who
accepts the confidence is called 'trustee' and the person for whose benefit the confidence is
accepted is 'beneficiary'. The subject matter of trust is called 'trust property' or trust-
money. The “beneficial interest” or “interest of the beneficiary” is his right against the

2
Supra 1 at p. 53.
3
Black’s Law Dictionary, p. 1567
trustee as the owner of trust-property. The instrument by which trust is declared is called as
“instrument of trust”.4

WHO CAN CREATE TRUST

Section 7 of the Act lays down as to who can create the trust. It is as follows:-

7. Who may create trusts- A trust may be created--

(a) by every person competent to contract and,

(b) with the permission of a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction, by or on behalf of a
minor; but subject in each case to the law for the time being in force as to the circumstances
and extent in and to which the author of the trust may dispose of the trust- property.

A trust may be created by every person competent to contract. In case of minor it can be done
only with the permission of a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction. However in both
the cases it is subject to the law for the time being in force with respect to circumstances and
extent in and to which the author of the trust may dispose of the trust-property. Competency
to contract is the test laid down for the capacity to create a trust. Any person who is not
competent to contract cannot create a trust. Competency under contact is dealt with under
Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act. The creation of trust involves transfer of property to
be held (by the trustee) for the benefit of another (beneficiary), even where a person declares
himself to be a trustee for another without there being a transfer of ownership, there is a
change of capacity in holding the property.5

TRUSTEE

Trustee is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, can refer to any person who holds
property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. Although
the strictest sense of the term is the holder of property on behalf of a beneficiary, the more
expansive sense encompasses persons who serve, for example, on the Board of Trustees for

4
Section 3 Para 2 of the Indian Trust Act, 1882.
5
Supra 1 at p. 193.
an institution that operates for the benefit of the general public. A trust can be set up either to
benefit particular persons, or for any charitable purposes (but not generally for non-charitable
purposes): typical examples are a will trust for the testator's children and family,
a pension trust (to confer benefits on employees and their families), and a charitable trust. In
all cases, the trustee may be a person or company, whether or not they are a prospective
beneficiary.

The trustee while having the legal ownership or possession of, or dominion, the subject of the
trust is bound to allow the beneficial enjoyment or usufruct of the property to another, who is
cestui que trust or the ‘beneficiary’. The trustee is destitute of any rights of the beneficial
enjoyment of the trust property.

There may be a trustee de facto, which refers to the criterion of actual possession and
management as the distinguishing feature; a trustee de son tort6, which refers to illegal
trusteeship, and a constructive trustee.

The Indian Trust Act 1882 uses the term ‘trustee’ in a restricted and technical sense. Re
7
Lalchand Deomal case it was held that where a person sets apart a sum for charity and
invests it with a merchant and the interest paid by the merchant is spend on charity, the
merchant is not a trustee in respect of the amount.

In English law an infant can be a trustee, but as observed in Lamplugh vs Lamplugh8

“From the great inconvenience attending the appointment of an infant as a trustee, there
arises a strong presumption wherever property is given to an infant, that he is intended to
take not as trustee but beneficiary.”

But in recent legislation infants have lost in England law the capacity of being owners at law
and so they cannot be invested with legal ownership as trustee. In Indian law an infant may
be a trustee provided that there are no active duties to perform involving the exercise of
discretion. An alien, not domiciled abroad, may be a trustee, but an alien enemy is incapable
to act as trustee because he cannot sue9, for when the equitable and legal estate are equal and
co-extensive the former merges in latter. One of several beneficiary may be appointed as

6
[290.028], [290.062], Halsbury Law of India.
7
AIR 1925 Sind 259
8
(1709) 1 P. Wms. 111
9
Re Sichel Settlement, Sichel vs Sichel (1916) 1 Ch. 358
trustee10 but it is undesirable since his interest as cestui que trust may conflict with his duties
as trustees.

WHO MAY BE TRUSTEE

In the case of Kalandar Batcha Saib v Jailani Sahib11 in stating that who may be appointed
trustee it was ruled by the Madras High Court that to some extent depends upon the nature of
the trust, that is whether it is regarded as hereditary trust or whether the trusteeship of each
holder ends with him and fresh appointment by the court or some other competent authority
has to be made. A trustee may be competent to hold the legal estate and posses some natural
and legal capacity and ability to execute a trust. In India the competency of the trustee is
based on the same lines of the principle.

A state is a competent trustee in a charitable trust but it has the same obligation as a private
citizen when soliciting and obtaining donation for public purpose.

Section 10 of the Indian Trust Act 1882 talks about that who may be trustee it lays that
“every person capable holding property; but, where trust involves the exercise of discretion,
he cannot execute it unless he is competent to contract”

A person may hold a legal estate in a trustee of the estate for himself and other beneficiaries.
He may not however, at the same time be sole trustee and sole beneficiary of commensurate
legal ad equitable estate in the property. Indian trust Act 1882 does not as such incapacitates
a cestui que trust from being a trustee for himself and other but as general rule he is not
considered altogether a fit person for the office in order to avoid the conflict between his
rights and duties.

In the case of Mohomed Bibi vs N P Sulaiman Ahmed12 it was ruled out that under muslim
law, a donor can be either a trustee and though remaining in actual possession can transfer the
legal possession by decaling his possession as done.

10
Head vs Gould (1898) 2 Ch. 250.
11
AIR 1930 Mad 554
12
AIR 1926 Mad 1110
 WHO MAY NOT BE TRUSTEE
An infant or a minor who requires a guardian to look after his property is incapable of acing
as a trustee as it involves the exercise of discretion, beside this a minor cannot be held liable
for the breach of the trust but if he receives any unjust benefit under the trust then h can be
asked to restore the benefit.

The person who is insolvent is also not competent to be appointed as trustee. A beneficiary or
the husband of the beneficiary under the trust will not be appointed as trustee though this
appointed may be made by the Court. In exception to this , where a suitable independent
person cannot be found to undertake the office or there are other special circumstances. In
that case an under taking has been required from the person appointed that, if he become sole
trustee, he will use every

Under Indian Trust Act 1882, an insolvent can not appointed as a trustee and must be
replaced by a new trustee. Similarly the Act laid down that an insolvent firm cannot be a
trustee and must be replaced by a new trustee13

RIGHTS OF THE TRUSTEE

After understanding the concept of the trust that what is the trust and why it is created who
are trustees and what are the various qualifications required to be the trustees. In this chapter
all those rights by which the trustee is vested is discussed. Chapter IV of the Indian Trust Act
deals with all those rights which are vested with the trustees.

Right to Possession of the Title Deed-

Section 31 of the Indian Trust Act 1882 talks about the Right to title deed, it lays down that

“A trustee is entitled to have in his possession the instrument of trust and all the documents
of title (if any) relating solely to the trust-property.”

In this section the word title deed refers to the title of the author of the trust, they are the
accessories to the estate itself and ought to pass with the estate.14 The right to custody the title

13
AIR 1941 BOM 41.
deed is necessary consequence of the trustee’s duty to institute and defend all actions for the
protection of the trust property.

Right to Reimbursement of Expenses-

Section 32 of the Indian Trust Act 1882 lays down the provision about reimbursement of the
expenses incurred by the trustee. It runs as

Every trustee may reimburse himself, or pay or discharge out of the trust-property, all
expenses properly incurred in or about the execution of the trust, or the realization,
preservation or benefit of the trust-property, or the protection or support of the beneficiary.

If he pays such expenses out of his own pocket he has a first charge upon the trust-property
for such expenses and interest thereon; but such charge (unless the expenses have been
incurred with the sanction of a principal Civil Court of original Jurisdiction) shall be
enforced only by prohibiting any disposition of the trust-property without previous payment
of such expenses and interest.

If the trust-property fail, the trustee is entitled to recover from the beneficiary personally on
whose behalf he acted, and at whose request, expressed or implied, he made the payment, the
amount of such expenses.

A trustee is entitled to be reimbursed the money spend by him on a bona fide litigation
believed to be in the interest of the cestui que trust, but a person not really entitled to the
office cannot so claim. As the trustee has a charge over the both on the capital and on the
income of the trust property in priority to the claim of beneficiary and the person claiming
under him. If in case he has made the breach then in that case he cannot recover unless good s
made to that breach
A de facto trustee is allowed to recover the expenses incurred in making the improvements in
the trust property, as in a constructive property.
A trustee has a right to recover his expenses incurred from the trust property for money
expended by him in its preservation and a person who on his request advances certain money
for its preservation obtains a similar right by subrogation. Thus if a trustee has no trust fund
for paying the premium, he has a charge on the policy and applies his own money for keeping

14
Krishanji Sakharam v Devrao Madhavrao ILR 11 BOM 485
up the policy, he has charged on the policy for the amount advanced by him for the purpose
of keeping it on foot.

Right To Be Recouped For Erroneous Over-Payment-

Where a trustee has by mistake made an over-payment to the beneficiary, he may reimburse
the trust-property out of the beneficiary’s interest. If such interest fails, the trustee is entitled
to recover from the beneficiary personally the amount of such over-payment.
Over-payment made by the trustee to the beneficiary is also treated like expenses incurred in
execution of the trust and the trustee is entitled to recover it. The term overpayment means in
excess of and does not include wrongful payment or any payment made due to the improper
exercise of the discretion.

Section 33 of the Act further ratifies that if any person, other than the trustee, has received
any advantages from a breach of trust must indemnify the trustee to the extent of the actually
received by such person due to the breach. If the trustee is guilty of the fraud then he loses his
right to be indemnified. In the case of 15 it war pinted out that the right of trustee to recouped
out of the interest of the beneficiaries is entitled to rank in priority to the claims of the general
body of the creditors.

Right To Apply To Courts For Advice-

Section 34 of the Indian Trust Act, runs as follows

Any trustee may, without instituting a suit, apply by petition to a principal Civil Court of
original jurisdiction for its opinion, advice or direction on any present questions respecting
the management or administration of the trust-property other than questions of detail,
difficulty or importance, not proper in the opinion of the Court for summary disposal.

A copy of such petition shall be served upon, and the hearing thereof may be attended by,
such of the persons interested in the application as the Court thinks fit.

The trustee stating in good faith the facts in such petition and acting upon the opinion, advice
or direction given by the Court shall be deemed, so far as regards his own responsibility, to
have discharged his duty as such trustee in the subject matter of the application.

15
William vs Allen, [1863] 32 Beav. 650
The costs of every application under this section shall be in the discretion of the Court to
which it is made.
This section particularly focus upon the trustee right to apply to the court for advice. A
trustee can apply to the court to give its opinion in the management of the trust. Any trustee
may, without instituting the suit , apply by petition to a principal civil court for its opinion or
advice. Trustee can also seek advice on any present question respecting the management or
administration of the trust property other than question of detail, difficulty which is not for
summary disposal in the court’s opinion.
In the case of Official Trustee, West Bengal v. Sachindra Nath Chatterjee16 it was held
that “Under this provision the court could have only given "opinion, advice or direction on
any presented question respecting the management or administration of the trust property"
and not on any other matters. The relief prayed for by the settlor did not relate to the
management or administration of the trust property but on the other hand it asked for
authority to alter the quantum of interest given to each of the beneficiaries B by a deed inter
vivos. The jurisdiction conferred on the court under Section 34 is a limited jurisdiction.
Under that provision, the court has not been conferred with overall jurisdiction in matters
arising under a Trust deed. The statute has prescribed what the court can do and
inferentially what it cannot do. From the fact that the court has been conferred power to
grant only certain reliefs it follows as a matter of law that the court has been prohibited from
granting any other relief. The jurisdiction of the court is circumscribed by the provisions of
Section 34 of the Trusts Act. The court had no jurisdiction to pronounce on the pleas put
forward by the settlor. From the facts stated in the petition and from the relief asked for, it
was obvious that the case did not come within the scope of Section 34 of the Trust Act.
Therefore when the learned judge granted the relief asked for, he did something which he
was not competent to do under s. 34 of the Trusts Act.”
The jurisdiction given by the court id of delicate nature and must be exercised with the great
care and diligence. The court cannot direct a co-trustee to pay certain sum of money to
another co-trustee to defend a suit relating to the trust property. Although it can direct the
trustee to advance money to himself to raise loan for the security of the trust property.
The court is competent to answer question and pass sanction with respects to the question of
details and difficulties concerning the administration in a regular suit.

16
AIR 1969 SC 8231
Right to Settlement of Accounts-
Section 35 of the Indian Trust Act 1882 runs as follows

When the duties of a trustee, as such, are completed, he is entitled to have the accounts of his
administration of the trust-property examined and settled; and, where nothing is due to the
beneficiary under the trust, to an acknowledgement in writing to that effect.

This section provides that where the duties of a trustee are complete, he is entitled to have the
accounts of his administration of the trust property examined and settled and where nothing is
due to the beneficiary under the trust, acknowledgement to that effect should be given to the
trustee.

Where the beneficiary has settled his shares of the trust property, the trustee is entitled to
have a release from him. A trustee is bound to handover the trust property to the beneficiary,
but he cannot insist on his giving him a release of all the claims under the trust. In a suit by
the cestui que trust for account, the court can pass decree in favour of the trustee if the
balance is in his favour.

DISABILITIES OF THE TRUSTEE

Apart from the various rights that is vested with the trustee, they also have some disabilities
which are associated with them. Chapter V of the Indian Trust Act 1882 deals with the
disabilities of the trustee. These disabilities have been incorporated in various chapters these
are dealt in this chapter.

Trustee cannot Renounce After Delegation

Section 46 of the Indian Trust Act 1882 lays down the provision that a trustee which has
accepted the trust cannot afterwards renounce the trust. A person who has once under taken
the office of the trustee, either by actual or constructive acceptance cannot escape liability by
a mere subsequent renunciation. In the case of Sheikh Abdul Kayum vs Mulla Alibai17 it
was held by the court that the trustee cannot renounce nor delegate their powers in spite of
there being a clause in the deed that they can appoint new trustee from time to time.

17
AIR 1963 SC 309
Power to appoint new trustee will not empower the existing trustee to substitute new trustee
in their own place, that is, in the place of old trustee. A trustee acting under the trust which he
knows or subsequently knows that is void or illegal is not bound to surrender the possession
of the property before he can allowed to repudiate by giving evidence to explain away his
admission arising out of his conduct as a so called trustee. There are certain exceptions have
been mentioned in this section when a trustee can renounce the trust, these are

 He can renounce the trust with the permission of the principal civil court of original
jurisdiction
 If the beneficiary is competent to contract, with his consent, or
 By virtue of a special power in the instrument of trust.

Bar Aginst Delegation

Fiduciary duties cannot be made subject to the delegation. A trustee cannot delegate the
performance of acts that he ought personally to perform. An agreement to do so is illegal and
void. He cannot delegate his office or any of his duties either to a co trustee or to a stranger.

Section 47 of the Act lays down the provision that

A trustee cannot delegate his office or any of his dudes either to a co-trustee or to a stranger,
Since the trustee is appointed by reason of special confidence reposed upon him, he cannot
delegate his office or any part of his duties to another. In the case of Parasuram vs
Thirumal18 it was held that power of appointment and dismissal of the hereditary temple
servant involved the exercise of independent discretion and could not be delegated to an
agent. There are few exception to this rule under which this authority can be delegated these
are

a) The instrument of trust authorizes the trustee for delegate of trust or

b) Trustee may delegate his office with the consent of all the beneficiaries.
c) The delegation is necessitated by the nature of the business , or
d) The beneficiary, being competent to contract, consents to the delegation.

18
ILR 44 MAD 636
Disability To Receive Personal Remunaration

A has no right to remuneration of his trouble, skill and loss of time in executing the trust. He
is not entitled to a salary or compensation for the personal trouble. Section 50 of the act lays
down that In the absence of express directions to the contrary contained in the instrument of
trust or of a contract to the contrary entered into with the beneficiary or the Court at the time
of accepting the trust, a trustee has no right to remuneration for his trouble, skill and loss of
time in executing the trust. Where by position as trustee a person has drew remuneration, he
is not entitled to retain the remuneration received by virtue of the independent bargain with
the firm employing him.

There are certain situations when a trustee can receive remuneration these situation are19

 an express provision in the instrument

 a provision in the contract with the beneficiary
 a direction of the court to that effect

Bar Against Use of the Trust Property

Section 51 of the Act lays down the provision that, A trustee may not use or deal with the
trust-property for his own profit or for any other purpose unconnected with the trust.

Though this section of the Act uses the word “may not” but it should be interpreted as ‘must
not’ or ‘shall not’20 voluntary service is the foundation of the underlying all trusteeship and
law preclude all trustee from making an profit from the office of trustee. In the case of R.B.
Seth Jessaram Fatehchand Vs. Om Narain Tankha and Anr. It was held that

The mere fact that money was deposited as a security in not sufficient to come to the
conclusion that it must be treated as trust money. The court will have to look to all the terms
of the agreement if in writing and to the facts and circumstances of the case and to the
conduct of the parties before coming to the conclusion whether a security deposit was
impressed with a trust. If a trust can clearly be spelled out from the terms of the agreement
that ends the matter. But if the trust cannot be spelled out clearly the fact that there was no
segregation provided for and the fact that interest was to be paid would go a long way to
show that the deposit was not impressed with the character of a trust particularly where the

19
[290.122] Halsbury Law of India.
20
[290.123] Halsbury Law of India.
person with whom the deposit was made could mix it with his own money and could use it for
himself. In such a case the inference would be that the relationship between the parties was
that of a debtor and creditor.

Thus a person in a fiduciary relation is not entitled to make the profit for himself or any
member of his family. In another case of M. V. Ramasubbier And Others vs Manicka
Narasimhachari 21it was held that

It has in fact been well recognised as an inflexible rule that a person in a fiduciary position
like a trustee is not entitled to make a profit for himself or a member of his family. It can also
not be gainsaid that he is not allowed to put himself in any such position in which a conflict
may arise between his duty and personal interest, and so the control of the trustee's
discretionary power prescribed by section 49 of the Act and the prohibition contained in
section 51 that the trustee may not use or deal with the trust property for his own profit or for
any other purpose unconnected with the trust, and the equally important prohibition in
section 52 that the trustee may not, directly or indirectly, buy the trust property on his own
account or as an agent for a third person, cast a heavy responsibility upon him in the matter
of discharge of his duties as the trustee. It does not require much argument to proceed to the
inevitable further conclusion that the rule prescribed by the aforesaid sections of the Act
cannot be evaded by making a sale in the name of the trustee's partner or son, for that would.
in fact and substance, indirectly benefit the trustee.

Disqualification for Acquiring the Trust Property

Section 52 of the Act lays down that No trust whose duty it is to sell trust-property, and no
agent employed by such trustee for the purpose of the sale, may, directly or indirectly, buy
the same or any interest therein, on his own account or as agent for a third person

Any such purchase is automatically voidable at the option of any beneficiary no matter how
honest and fair this purchase may be. A trustee cannot sell his property to the trust in order to
avoid the conflict between the interest and duties of the trustee.

if a trustee desire to purchase the trust property then he first have to discharge himself from
the trusteeship and even then the transaction may be unimpeachable, it must be clear that I
transaction he is not taking any advantage, which he has acquired during his trusteeship.

21
AIR 1979 SC 671
Moreover a trustee cannot sell the property to himself jointly with others, or a trustee for
himself. If any trustee mixes his money with the fund of the trust then whole money will be
treated as trust money unless he is able to distinguish that what is his own. Where a trustee
wrongfully mingles his property with that of the trust property and become insolvent, the
beneficiary is entitled to charge upon the trust property which vest in the official assignee.

Bar Against Buying Beneficiary Interest Without Permission

It has been laid down in the Section 53 of the Act that, No trustee, and no person who has
recently ceased to be a trustee, may, without the permission of a principal Civil Court of
original jurisdiction, buy or become mortgage or lessee of the trust-property or any party
thereof; any such permission shall not be given unless the proposed purchase, mortgage or
lease is manifestly for the advantage of the beneficiary. It further lays down that And no
trustee whose duty it is to buy or to obtain a mortgage of lease of particular property for the
beneficiary may buy it, or any part thereof, or obtain a mortgage or lease of it, or any part
thereof, for himself.
No trustee whose duty is to obtain or by a lease of a particular property from the beneficiary
may buy it. Once the trust is accepted, the bar applies. A successor of the trusty who was not
the party to the misappropriation of his predecessor trustee will acquire good title. In case the
property is transferred to the wife of the trustee, the court will seek to be certain, vigilant
scrutiny, of the true nature of such a transaction.
Some exceptions has been laid down that a trustee may acquire from beneficiary who are sui
juris an estate in which they are interested provided he makes full disclosure to them of all
the relevant and material information within his knowledge affecting or which might affect
the value and condition of the estate.
Co-Trustee Not To Lend To One of Themselves

The Act says that A trustee or co-trustee whose duty it is to invest trust-money on mortgage
or personal security must not invest it on a mortgage by, or on the personal security of,
himself or one of his co-trustees.

However it is open to the author of the trust to make provision to the contrary and remove the
disabilities which prevent the trustee from using the property from his own benefit.
 CONCLUSION
In India, trusts are being increasingly used for succession planning and asset distribution,
since they are considered to be one of the preferred modes of managing and passing on the
family assets in the most efficient manner. Creating a legal framework for the family assets,
bypassing probate process, safe-guarding interests of family members including maintenance
of members with special needs/disabilities, attaching conditions to gifts (be it on attaining a
particular age or fulfillment of the settler’s wishes) and avoiding family disputes over the
property being some of the prime considerations while designing a trust .A trust essentially
refers to the confidence which one person reposes in another person to whom he transfers the
property with an obligation that the funds so generated there from shall be utilized for the
benefit of another.

There are many rights which are vested with the trustee and also trustee have certain
obligations and disabilities which bound him in the ambit so that he cannot misuse his
position. A post of trustee is since created by the faith and it involves the fiduciary relation he
must take all reasonable care and due diligence to exercise his powers and position. He vested
with the certain rights which are

1- Right to title deed

2- Right to reimbursement of expenses
3- Right to indemnity from gainer by breach of trust
4- Right to apply to Court for opinion in management of trust-property
5- Right to settlement of accounts

With this right certain disabilities is also imposed upon the trustee which are as-
1- Not to renounce the trust after acceptance
2- Not to delegate the authority
3- No charge for the services
4- No transaction of the beneficiary property
5- Not to misuse the trust property for personal benefit
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Wadhwa Nagpur.
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Butterworths.
5. Subbarao, Transfer to Property Act, (1994), C. Subbiah Chetty, Madras
6. Mulla, Transfer of Property Act, (1999), Universal, Delhi.
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