A H M 531 Carpentry By: Ahmed Essam Mansour

Table of Contents

contents Page
Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Background 2
Apparatus and tools 3
Requirements 5
Procedures 6
Conclusion 10
References 10

A H M 531
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A H M 531 Carpentry By: Ahmed Essam Mansour

Introduction

Carpentry work is one of the most important careers in our nowadays life.
A carpenter invest wood he gets from trees in forming useful stuffs that
we deal with daily, such as: beds, tables, closets, doors etc…
In carpentry we deal with different types of machines and tools, and
many operations are included in a carpenter work, such as: marking,
mortising, filing, tonguing and assembling.
There are several types of wood we use in carpentry works, these types
differ in strength, price, quality, colors and weight. And before I move on
my project’s report I think it is important to talk briefly about these types.
(Summarized in table 1)

Wood type Description Application Examples

Soft wood Soft and light in 1. Planes and ships • Cypress

weight and color. wood components. • Cedar
It is long and 2.Outside doors. • Pine
straight.

Hard wood
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It is hard and
Constructions. • Oak
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dark. Center••
2. Home Furniture. Beech
Mahogany
Plywood Provided large 1. Low stress
sizes (3 layers applications.
with crossing 2. Outside door.
fiber).
It is cheep and
available with
flexible size.
Hard board It is produced by Used in low stress
mixing and applications.
pressuring wood
to form sheet.
It is cheep with
flexible size.
Block board It combines two It is used with heavy
types of wood. duty applications.
Laminated It is a thin plastic 1. Insulation.
plastic film and it is 2. Decoration.
highly costly.
(Formica)
(Table 1)
Note: Some nods are some times found on wood pieces, these nods were bough in the
origin and wherever they appear in wood pieces they are weakness areas.

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 A H M 531 Carpentry By: Ahmed Essam Mansour

Objectives:
In our project we aimed to make a stool chair, which will be used in
university’s studios. We will use beech wood for that purpose because
of its strength as we know it is a hard wood.

Background of our project:

Making a stool chair took us two lab lectures (about 6 hours). We
worked in the carpentry department of the workshops of the
Engineering department in the Jordanian University. Under the
supervision of Mr. Mohamed Abulayla, I and my partner used several
pieces of beech wood in making the legs of the stool and its battens,
using manual and electric tools, which was available in the lab, and
then we assembled the pieces using the glue.

Apparatus and A H M 531

tools:
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The tools we used can be classified into 2 sections:
1.The manual tools.
2. The electric machines.

Table 2 contains the manual tools and there use.

#
Name Description Use
1 The working area. A vice: is used to fix wooden piece
Carpentry
bench with two A vice consists of: while working on it to prevent it
*fixed jaw from slipping.
vices
*Movable jaw Vice Shoes: to protect the surface of
*2 vise shoes wooden pieces we are dealing with
from scrabble while fixing it.
2 It is used to fix wooden pieces
Clamps
together.
3 Its blade is sloped with 30 Used to clean or smooth small pieces
Bench flat
planner degrees angle of wood.
4 Used for mortising wood manually.
Chisel
5 While using it, oil must be Used to sharp the chisel and the
The sharpening
stone placed on it to less the friction blade of the planner.

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 A H M 531 Carpentry By: Ahmed Essam Mansour

and to make the operation

easier.
6 There are two types of it: Used to fix and loose screws.
The Screw
driver *Straight
*Cross
7 Used to saw small pieces of wood.
Hand back saw
8 Used to knock the nail or to extract
Nail Hammer
it.
9 Used to knock on the chisel while
Mallet
mortising.
10 Divided from Used to measure and to draw
Steel ruler
(1-60)cm and straight lines.
(1-24)inch
11 Used to extract nails.
Nail extracting
player
12 Used to draw horizontal, vertical
Right angle
(try square) and parallel lines on the wood and it
can be used to measure 45 and 90
degrees angles.
13 It leaves traces on the wood. Used to mark straight parallel lines
Adjustable
parallel line on the wood.

14
tracer
Electric Bench A H M 531
Used to make holes in wood or metal

15
drill The Civil Engineering Center
with consideration of the twist drill.
Electric Used to make holes in wall wood or
portable drill metal with consideration of the twist
drill.
machine
16 It has two types: Used to remove an extra layer from
Wooden file
*Rough file the wood.
*Smooth file
17 Used to saw the small pieces of wood
Adjustable
angle saw at the exact angle.
18 Used for fixing.
Screw
19 Used for fixing.
Nail
20 Used for smoothing wood surfaces.
Emery Paper
21 Used to grease tool, instruments and
Grease
machine.
22 Used to glue the pieces of wood
Glue
together

(Table 2)

About the electric machines they are:

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A H M 531 Carpentry By: Ahmed Essam Mansour

1. Band saw machine: It is used for vertical and horizontal cut,

and to make curves and circles and to make tongues.

2. Setting and girding machine: It is used to sharpen saws.

3. Carpentry Compact:
Definition: It is one machine containing several types of
machines.
• Circular saw machine: Used for Vertical and
horizontal cut.
• Spindle molding machine: Used to make decorations
in wood and make tongues and (farez).
• Surface planner: To level and smooth the surfaces of
wood.
• Mortising machine: It is used to make holes
(Mortises) it the wooden piece in an exact measurement.

Requirements:
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1- Four wooden pieces (45*45*655) mm for making the legs of the
stool.
2- Four wooden pieces (45*20*245) mm for making the lower
battens.
3- Four wooden pieces (45*20*185) mm for making the upper
battens.

Note that all the pieces are beech wood.

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Procedures:

Many operations are done while making a stool chair:

Marking, Mortising, Tonguing (which contained 2 operations
Filing and Sawing) and finally the Assembling.
(Note that there are other procedures in the carpentry work but we
haven’t done them because of the lack of time.)

In mentioning the procedures of our project I will come through three steps:

1- Making the legs of the stool.

2- Making the battens of the stool.
3- Assembling the battens and the legs and forming the stool body.

1- Making the legs:

The only thing we need to do to prepare the legs it to mortise them
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enough space to let the battens in. And to do that we will start

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Marking the wooden pieces (45*45*655) and then take them to the
carpentry compact to use the Mortising machine.

(1-A): Marking (The legs)

We used in this marking operation the Adjustable Parallel lines Tracer,

The try angle, A ruler, and a pencil off course.
In marking the legs, we marked the measurements on one leg and then
we transferred these marks to another leg (2 legs at once) and that is
for accuracy.
From the bottom of a wooden piece we start, measuring a vertical
distance of 18.5 cm and drew a horizontal line at that point. From that
line we measured another vertical distance of 4.5 cm and drew a
horizontal line at that point. Then, from the upper side of the wooden
piece we measure a vertical distance downward of 4.5 cm and drew a
horizontal line.
After that we used the try angle to transfer these marks to the other
side of the wooden piece.
Then we align the leg we have marked next to another one and
transfer the marks using the ruler and the try angle. And we repeated
that procedure to mark all the legs aligning a marked one and an
unmarked one at once.

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NOTE: It might be a source of a problem if we marking the four legs

at once,
Because if there was an error in the ruler or the try angle we
used,
This error will be obvious in the legs of our stool.
After that we measured from the right side of the wooden piece a 1.3
cm horizontal distance and mark the wit a dot using a pencil. And
from that dot we measure a 1.2 cm horizontal distance and marked
that too.
Then we mark these distances to the adjacent side, these distances
should be measured from the side we marked before.
After that came with the adjustable parallel line tracer, fixed it on a
side of the leg, Put the first pin on the first dot and adjusted the second
pin on the next dot. (We have to keep these adjusts because we will
use the four the whole four legs.)
We moved the tool along the area enclosed with the 2 horizontal
marks at the bottom and top of the leg and we also move it along the
upper surface of the wooden piece. And we do the same thing on the
other marked side. We marked the traces with a pencil.
We did the same thing for the 4 wooden pieces.
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And with that we finish marking (the legs).

(1-B): The Civil Engineering Center

Mortising

We took the marked wooden pieces to the mortising machine which

was presetted to our project by the supervisors.
The depth f the mortise depended on the spindle used in that machine.
Then we place the legs (one at once) on the movable base positioning
the marked areas in front of the mortising pin. Pushing the leg towards
the pin taking a radius each time we made a mortise on the legs of our
stool.

And so we finished making the legs and that took us 3 hours.

2- Making the battens:

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A H M 531 Carpentry By: Ahmed Essam Mansour

We will have 8 battens in our stool; the upper 4 are smaller and are
made of wooden pieces (45*45*185), and the lower ones are larger
and are made of wooden pieces (45*45*245).
This operation will contain the following procedures:
A. Marking
B. Tonguing; Which contains to more procedures:
*Sawing
*Filing

(2-A): Marking

In this operation we will use the Try angle, Bevel square, Tracer and a
ruler.
First of all we mark the width of the tongue which equals 30 cm from
each side, and that will be for the whole battens.
Then we will mark the height (the vertical distance from the upper side),
which equals 1.2 cm. We used the tracer to mark that distances on the 8
battens and then marked it with a pencil.
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After that we marked the inner angle of the tongue by transferring it from
a pre made sample to our wooden piece using the Bevel Square.
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(2-B): Tonguing

A tongue is a jut in piece of wood to be place in a mortise on another

piece of wood.
Tonguing contains two operations as I mentioned before:
1- Sawing
2- Filing
(2-B-1) There were two sawing operations in making the tongues,
1- The horizontal sawing to determine the height of the tongue.
2- The vertical sawing to get the tongue.

In the horizontal sawing we might use the manual hand back saw or the
circular saw in the carpentry compact.
To do it manually using the hand back saw,
1- We fix the batten by the vice on the carpentry bench in a vertical
position
2- We saw on the mark (that defines the height of the tongue) till we
get to the depth we need (the distance that specifies the width of
the tongue)

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To do it by using the circular saw Machine, it is presetted to get the

wanted height for the tongue (1.2 cm) and move it into the saw till we get
the wanted width (30 cm).
In our project we used the second method because we didn’t have the
time.
After that we did the vertical sawing by taking our battens to the
adjustable angle saws which were adjusted before the lab class. There
were 2 for the right side angle and 2 for the left side angle. And we sawed
vertically till we get rid of the lower piece of wood which lies under the
tongue.
On the battens sketch we noticed that there were 45 angles on the outer
sides of the tongue, and we executed that by use the Adjustable angle
cross out saw.
And by that we formed the tongues but it still needs some few operations
to be ready for using in our stool.

(2-B-2): Filing
We used a file neither too smooth nor too rough, and we used the straight
side of it.
To make the round edges on the tongues and the small angle on its upper
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edges, first we had to fix the batten by the vice on the bench and the start
filing by taking the wood file back and forth estimating the wanted angle
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and the radius of the round.
Sometimes the place on the tongue where the wooden piece separated
from is not clean and so the battens won’t be assembled well, and so we
had to clean it by fix it with the vice and sawing the dirty area using the
hand back saw.
NOTES: The angles on the upper edges of the tongues are to be made for
the lower battens only.
We mark the plane side of the batten near the straight edges with an x
mark. (will be needed later).

3- Assembling:

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Assembling is the last step of our project, and it contains getting the
whole parts together.
In this operation we will Glue, Knock and clamp.

(3-A): Gluing
We glued the tongues and placed them in the mortises on the legs. We
assembled each two legs together first and then we joined the four legs
together. Note that you have to place x sign of the battens to the lower,
the inside of our stool.

(3-B): Knocking
Using the mallet we knocked at the joints to let them assembled well.
Remember that you don’t knock directly on the stool, we got an unneeded
wooden piece and placed it on the places we wanted to knock on and then
we knocked on it.
We remove the excess glue by using water and a sponge.

(3-C): Clamping
After fixing the stool together we use the clamps to keep it fixed till the
glue gets dry. We do that by placing small wooden pieces on the clamps
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jaws (to protect our stool) and then strengthen the clamps on it.

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Conclusion:

Finally we got our stool done, but it wasn’t so ready is still needed some
few operations. And now I know so many things about carpentry and its
tools and how to use them. I learned about type of wood, the safety that
must be taken while working and I’m happy for getting this experience.

References:

Manual work shop technology.

The supervisors instructions.

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