10.

Hypothesis Testing –
Two Samples

Adapted From :
Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists, 8th Ed.
Walpole/Myers/Myers/Ye (c)2007
Introduction to Business Statistics, 5e
Kvanli/Guynes/Pavur (c)2000
South-Western College Publishing
Statistics for Managers
Using Microsoft® Excel 4th Edition

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-1
 Chapter Goals
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
 Test hypotheses for the difference between two
independent population means (standard deviations known
or unknown)
 Test two means from related samples for the mean
difference
 Complete a Z test for the difference between two
proportions
 Use the F table to find critical F values
 Complete an F test for the difference between two
variances

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-2
 Two Sample Tests

Two Sample Tests

Population
Means, Population Population Population
Independent Means, Paired Proportions Variances
Samples Observations

Examples:
Group 1 vs. Same group Proportion 1 vs. Variance 1 vs.
independent before vs. after Proportion 2 Variance 2
Group 2 treatment

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-3
 Difference Between Two Means

Population means, Goal: Test hypotheses or form

independent
samples
* a confidence interval for the
difference between two
population means, μ1 – μ2
σ1 and σ2 known
The point estimate for the
σ1 = σ2 but unknown difference is

X1 – X2
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-4
 Independent Samples

 Different data sources

Population means,
independent
samples
*  Unrelated
 Independent
 Sample selected from one
population has no effect on
σ1 and σ2 known the sample selected from
the other population

σ1 and σ2 unknown  Use the difference between

2 sample means
 Use Z test or pooled
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown variance t test

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-5
 Difference Between Two Means

Population means,
independent
samples
*
σ1 and σ2 known Use a Z test statistic

Use S to estimate unknown

σ1 and σ2 unknown σ , use a t test statistic and
pooled standard deviation
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-6
 σ1 and σ2 Known

Population means, Assumptions:

independent
samples  Samples are randomly and
independently drawn
σ1 and σ2 known *  population distributions are
normal or both sample sizes
σ1 and σ2 unknown are  30

 Population standard
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown deviations are known

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-7
 σ1 and σ2 Known
(continued)

When σ1 and σ2 are known and

Population means,
independent both populations are normal or
both sample sizes are at least 30,
samples
the test statistic is a Z-value…

σ1 and σ2 known * …and the standard error of

X1 – X2 is
σ1 and σ2 unknown
2 2
σ σ2
σ X1  X2  1

σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown n1 n2
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-8
 σ1 and σ2 Known
(continued)

Population means,
independent The test statistic for
samples μ1 – μ2 is:

σ1 and σ2 known * Z
 X  X   μ  μ 
1 2 1 2
2 2
σ1 and σ2 unknown σ σ2
1

n1 n2
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-9
 Hypothesis Tests for
Two Population Means
Two Population Means, Independent Samples

Lower tail test: Upper tail test: Two-tailed test:

H0: μ1 = μ2 H0: μ1 = μ2 H0: μ1 = μ2

H1: μ1 < μ2 H1: μ1 > μ2 H1: μ1 ≠ μ2
i.e., i.e., i.e.,
H0: μ1 – μ2  0 H0: μ1 – μ2 ≤ 0 H0: μ1 – μ2 = 0
H1: μ1 – μ2 < 0 H1: μ1 – μ2 > 0 H1: μ1 – μ2 ≠ 0

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-10
 Hypothesis tests for μ1 – μ2
Two Population Means, Independent Samples
Lower tail test: Upper tail test: Two-tailed test:
H0: μ1 – μ2 = 0 H0: μ1 – μ2 = 0 H0: μ1 – μ2 = 0
H1: μ1 – μ2 < 0 H1: μ1 – μ2 > 0 H1: μ1 – μ2 ≠ 0

a a a/2 a/2

-za za -za/2 za/2

Reject H0 if Z < -Za Reject H0 if Z > Za Reject H0 if Z < -Za/2
or Z > Za/2

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-11
 σ1 and σ2 Unknown

Population means, Assumptions:

independent
 Samples are randomly and
samples
independently drawn

σ1 and σ2 known  Populations are normally

distributed
σ1 and σ2 unknown *  Population variances are
unknown but assumed equal
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-12
 σ1 and σ2 Unknown
(continued)

Population means, Forming interval

independent estimates:
samples
 The population variances
are assumed equal, so use
σ1 and σ2 known the two sample standard
deviations and pool them to
σ1 and σ2 unknown * estimate σ

 the test statistic is a t value

σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown with (n1 + n2 – 2) degrees
of freedom
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-13
 σ1 and σ2 Unknown
(continued)

Population means,
independent
samples
The pooled standard
σ1 and σ2 known deviation is

n1  1S12  n 2  1S2 2

σ1 and σ2 unknown * Sp 
(n1  n 2  2)

σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-14
 σ1 and σ2 Unknown
(continued)

The test statistic for

Population means,
independent μ1 – μ2 is:

 X  X   μ
samples
 μ2 
t
1 2 1
σ1 and σ2 known
1 1 
S   
2
p
σ1 and σ2 unknown *  n1 n 2 
Where t has (n1 + n2 – 2) d.f.,
and
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown n1  1S1  n 2  1S2
2 2
S 2

(n1  n 2  1)
p

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-15
 σ1 ≠ σ2 and Unknown

Population means, Assumptions:

independent
 Samples are randomly and
samples
independently drawn

σ1 and σ2 known  Populations are normally

distributed
σ1 and σ2 unknown  Population variances are
unknown and unequal
σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown
*
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-16
 σ1 ≠ σ2 and Unknown
(continued)
 The statistics :
Population means,
independent
samples T' 
 X  X   μ
1 2 1  μ2 
S12 / n1  S22 / n2
σ1 and σ2 known
 has an approximate t distribution
σ1 and σ2 unknown with approximate degrees of
fredom :

 2
S
/ n1  S 22 / n2
2

2

σ1 ≠ σ2 and unknown
1
( S1 / n1 ) 2 /( n1  1)  ( S 22 / n2 ) 2 /( n2  1)

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-17
 Pooled Sp t Test: Example
You are a financial analyst for a brokerage firm. Is there
a difference in dividend yield between stocks listed on the
NYSE & NASDAQ? You collect the following data:
NYSE NASDAQ
Number 21 25
Sample mean 3.27 2.53
Sample std dev 1.30 1.16

Assuming equal variances, is

there a difference in average
yield (a = 0.05)?

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-18
 Calculating the Test Statistic
The test statistic is:

t
X  X   μ  μ 
1

2 1 2 3.27  2.53  0  2.040
1 1  1 1 
S   
2
1.5021  
 21 25 
p
 n1 n2 

n
S2  1
 1S1
2
 n 2  1S 2
2


21  11.30 2
 25  11.16 2
 1.5021
(n1  1)  (n2  1) (21- 1)  (25  1)
p

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-19
 Solution
Reject H0 Reject H0
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 i.e. (μ1 = μ2)
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 i.e. (μ1 ≠ μ2)
a = 0.05 .025 .025

df = 21 + 25 - 2 = 44 -2.0154 0 2.0154 t
Critical Values: t = ± 2.0154
2.040
Test Statistic: Decision:
3.27  2.53
t  2.040 Reject H0 at a = 0.05
 1 1 
1.5021   Conclusion:
 21 25  There is evidence of a
difference in means.
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-20
 Paired Observations
Tests Means of 2 Related Populations
Related  Paired or matched samples
samples  Repeated measures (before/after)
 Use difference between paired values:

D = X1 - X2
 Eliminates Variation Among Subjects
 Assumptions:
 Both Populations Are Normally Distributed
 Or, if Not Normal, use large samples

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-21
 Mean Difference
The ith paired difference is Di , where
Related Di = X1i - X2i
samples
n
The point estimate for
the population mean
D i
D i 1
paired difference is D : n

n is the number of pairs in the paired sample

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-22
 Sample Standard Deviation
We can estimate the unknown
Related population standard deviation with a
samples sample standard deviation:

The sample standard

deviation is
n

 i
(D  D ) 2

SD  i 1
n 1

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-23
 Mean Difference
(continued)

The test statistic for D is now a

Paired t statistic, with n-1 d.f.:
samples

D  μD
T
SD / n

n
Where t has n - 1 d.f.  i
(D  D ) 2

and SD is: SD  i1

n 1
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-24
 Hypothesis Testing for
Mean Difference
Paired Samples

Lower tail test: Upper tail test: Two-tailed test:

H0: μD  0 H0: μD ≤ 0 H0: μD = 0

H1: μD < 0 H1: μD > 0 H1: μD ≠ 0

a a a/2 a/2

-ta ta -ta/2 ta/2

Reject H0 if t < -ta Reject H0 if t > ta Reject H0 if t < -ta/2
or t > ta/2
Where t has n - 1 d.f.
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-25
 Paired Samples Example
 Assume you send your salespeople to a “customer
service” training workshop. Is the training effective?
You collect the following data:

Number of Complaints: (2) - (1)  Di

Salesperson Before (1) After (2) Difference, Di D = n
C.B. 6 4 - 2
= -4.2
T.F. 20 6 -14
M.H. 3 2 - 1
R.K.
M.O.
0
4
0
0
0
- 4 SD 
 i
(D  D ) 2

-21 n 1
 5.67

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-26
 Paired Samples: Solution
 Has the training made a difference in the number of
complaints (at the 0.01 level)?
Reject Reject
H0: μD = 0
H1: μD  0
a/2 a/2
a = .01 D = - 4.2 - 4.604 4.604
- 1.66
Critical Value = ± 4.604
d.f. = n - 1 = 4
Decision: Do not reject H0
(t stat is not in the reject region)
Test Statistic:
Conclusion: There is not a
D  μD  4.2  0
t   1.66 significant change in the
SD / n 5.67/ 5 number of complaints.
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-27
 Two Population Proportions
Goal: test a hypothesis or form a
Population confidence interval for the difference
proportions between two population proportions,
p1 – p2
Assumptions:
n1p1  5 , n1(1-p1)  5
n2p2  5 , n2(1-p2)  5

The point estimate for

the difference is
pˆ1  pˆ 2
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-28
 Two Population Proportions
Since we begin by assuming the null
hypothesis is true, we assume p1 = p2
Population
and the pooled estimate p of proportion
proportions
p is

x1  x 2
pˆ 
n1  n 2

where X1 and X2 are the numbers from

samples 1 and 2 with the characteristic of
interest
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-29
 Two Population Proportions
(continued)

The test statistic for

Population p1 – p2 is a Z statistic:

 Pˆ  Pˆ   p  p 
proportions

Z  1 2 1 2

p1q1 / n1  p2 q2 / n2
Pˆ1  Pˆ2
Z
pq(1 / n1  1 / n2 )
where X1  X 2 X X
p̂  , p̂ 1  1 , p̂ 2  2
n1  n 2 n1 n2
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-30
 Hypothesis Tests for
Two Population Proportions
Population proportions

Lower tail test: Upper tail test: Two-tailed test:

H0: p1  p2 H0: p1 ≤ p2 H0: p1 = p2

HA: p1 < p2 HA: p1 > p2 HA: p1 ≠ p2
i.e., i.e., i.e.,
H0: p1 – p2  0 H0: p1 – p2 ≤ 0 H0: p1 – p2 = 0
HA: p1 – p2 < 0 HA: p1 – p2 > 0 HA: p1 – p2 ≠ 0

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-31
 Hypothesis Tests for
Two Population Proportions
(continued)
Population proportions
Lower tail test: Upper tail test: Two-tailed test:
H0: p1 – p2 = 0 H0: p1 – p2 = 0 H0: p1 – p2 = 0
HA: p1 – p2 < 0 HA: p1 – p2 > 0 HA: p1 – p2 ≠ 0

a a a/2 a/2

-za za -za/2 za/2

Reject H0 if Z < -Za Reject H0 if Z > Za Reject H0 if Z < -Za/2
or Z > Za/2

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-32
 Example:
Two population Proportions
Is there a significant difference between the
proportion of men and the proportion of
women who will vote Yes on Proposition A?

 In a random sample, 36 of 72 men and 31 of

50 women indicated they would vote Yes

 Test at the .05 level of significance

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-33
 Example:
Two population Proportions
(continued)

 The hypothesis test is:

H0: p1 – p2 = 0 (the two proportions are equal)
HA: p1 – p2 ≠ 0 (there is a significant difference between proportions)

 The sample proportions are:

 Men: ps1 = 36/72 = .50
 Women: ps2 = 31/50 = .62

 The pooled estimate for the overall proportion is:

X1  X 2 36  31 67
pˆ     .549
n1  n 2 72  50 122

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-34
 Example:
Two population Proportions
(continued)
Reject H0 Reject H0

The test statistic for p1 – p2 is:

.025 .025
z
 pˆ1  pˆ 2    p1  p 2 
1 1 
pˆ qˆ    -1.96 1.96
 n1 n 2  -1.31

 .50  .62   0   1.31
 1 1  Decision: Do not reject H0
.549 (1  .549)   
 72 50 
Conclusion: There is not
significant evidence of a
Critical Values = ±1.96
For a = .05 difference in proportions
who will vote yes between
men and women.
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-35
 Hypothesis Tests for Variances

Tests for Two

Population
*
H0: σ12 = σ22
Variances Two tailed test
H1: σ12 ≠ σ22

F test statistic H0: σ12 = σ22 Lower tail test

H1: σ12 < σ22

H0: σ12 = σ22 Upper tail test

H1: σ12 > σ22

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-36
 Hypothesis Tests for Variances
(continued)

Tests for Two

Population The F test statistic is:
Variances 2
S
F 1

F test statistic * S 2
2

S12 = Variance of Sample 1

n1 - 1 = numerator degrees of freedom

S 22 = Variance of Sample 2
n2 - 1 = denominator degrees of freedom

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-37
 The F Distribution

 The F critical value is found from the F table

 The are two appropriate degrees of freedom:
numerator and denominator
S12
F 2 where df1 = n1 – 1 ; df2 = n2 – 1
S2
 In the F table,
 numerator degrees of freedom determine the column
 denominator degrees of freedom determine the row

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-38
 Finding the Rejection Region
H0: σ12  σ22
H0: σ12 = σ22
a H1: σ12 < σ22
H1: σ12 ≠ σ22
a/2
0 F a/2
Reject Do not
H0 FL reject H0
Reject H0 if F < FL 0 F
Reject Do not Reject H0
H0 FL reject H0 FU
H0: σ1 ≤ σ2 2 2

H1: σ12 > σ22 S12

F  2  FU
a  rejection region S2
for a two-tailed
0 test is: S12
F  2  FL
Do not Reject H0 F S2
reject H0 FU
Reject H0 if F > FU
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-39
 Finding the Rejection Region
(continued)
H0: σ12 = σ22
a/2 H1: σ12 ≠ σ22
a/2

0 F
Reject Do not Reject H0
H0 FL reject H0 FU
To find the critical F values:
1
1. Find FU from the F table 2. Find FL using the formula: FL 
FU*
for n1 – 1 numerator and
n2 – 1 denominator Where FU* is from the F table
degrees of freedom with n2 – 1 numerator and n1 – 1
denominator degrees of freedom
(i.e., switch the d.f. from FU)
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-40
 F Test: An Example

You are a financial analyst for a brokerage firm. You

want to compare dividend yields between stocks listed
on the NYSE & NASDAQ. You collect the following data:
NYSE NASDAQ
Number 21 25
Mean 3.27 2.53
Std dev 1.30 1.16

Is there a difference in the

variances between the NYSE
& NASDAQ at the a = 0.1 level?

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-41
  Form the hypothesis test:
H0: σ21 – σ22 = 0 (there is no difference between variances)
H1: σ21 – σ22 ≠ 0 (there is a difference between variances)
S12 1.30 2
 The test statistic is: F 2  2
 1.256
S 2 1.16
FL = F (1- a/2) , n , d =
FU = Fa/2, n , d
= F.05, 20, 24 =1/F a/2, d , n = 1/F.05, 24, 20
= 2.03 = 1/2.08 = .48
1.256

a/2 = .05 a/2 = .05

0
Reject H0 Do not Reject H0
reject H0
FU=2.03 F
FL=0.48
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-42
 F Test: Example Solution
(continued)

 The test statistic is: H0: σ12 = σ22

H1: σ12 ≠ σ22
S12 1.302
F 2  2
 1.256
S2 1.16
a/2 = .05 a/2 = .05

0 F
Reject H0 Do not Reject H0
reject H0
 F = 1.256 is not in the FL=0.48
FU=2.03
rejection region, so we do not
reject H0
 Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence
of a difference in variances at a = 0.1

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-43
  Form the hypothesis test:
H0: σ22 – σ21 = 0 (there is no difference between variances)
H1: σ22 – σ21 ≠ 0 (there is a difference between variances)
S 22 1.16 2
 The test statistic is: F  2  2
 0.796
S1 1.30
FL = F (1- a/2) , n , d
FU = Fa/2, n , d
= F.05, 24, 20 =1/F a/2, d , n = 1/F.05 , 20 . 24
= 2.08 = 1/2.03 = .493

0.796

a/2 = .025 a/2 = .025

0
Reject H0 Do not Reject H0
reject H0
FU=2.08 F
FL=0.493
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-44
 F Test: Example Solution
(continued)

 The test statistic is: H0: σ22 = σ12

H1: σ22 ≠ σ12
S 22 1.16 2
F  2  2
 0.796
S1 1.30
a/2 = .05 a/2 = .05

0 F
Reject H0 Do not Reject H0
reject H0
 F = 0.796 is not in the rejection FL=0.493
FU=2.08
region, so we do not reject H0

 Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence

of a difference in variances at a = 0.1

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-45
 F Test: An Example

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE UJI 1 ARAH

Seorang supervisor pengendalian mutu perusahaan otomotif sangat

memperhatikan jumlah kerusakan yang terjadi pada setiap perakitan. Jika
sebuah perakitan mempunyai varian kerusakan yang tinggi, maka perbaikan
harus segera dilakukan. Supervisor tersebut telah mengumpulkan data dari 2
perakitan sebagai berikut :

JUMLAH KERUSAKAN
Perakitan A Perakitan B
Rata-rata 10 11
Varian 9 25
Ukuran sampel 20 16

Ujilah pada a 0,01 apakah varian perakitan B lebih besar daripada A ?

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-46
 F Test: An Example

1. Menentukan Hipotesis :
 Ho : sA2 = sB2 ; varian kerusakan B tidak > varian A
 H1 : sB2 > sA2 ; varian kerusakan B > varian A

2. Critical Value uji 1 arah pada a 0,01 dengan numerator

n = nB – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15 ; d = nA – 1 = 20 – 1 = 19
adalah Fa,n,d = 3,15

3. Perhitungan Fs :
Fs = sB2 / sA2 = 25 / 9 = 2,78

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-47
 F Test: An Example

4.

Penerimaan Ho

Penerimaan H1

2,78 3,15

5. Karena Fs berada didalam penerimaan Ho artinya varian

kerusakan yang terjadi pada perakitan B tidak lebih besar
dari perakitan A

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-48
 F Test: An Example

Alternatif Lain :

1. Menentukan Hipotesis :
 Ho : sA2 = sB2 ; varian kerusakan B tidak > varian A
 H1 : sA2 < sB2 ; varian kerusakan B > varian A

2. Critical Value uji 1 arah pada a 0,01 dengan numerator n = nA

– 1 = 20 – 1 = 19 ; d = nB – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15 adalah :
1 1
F1-a , n , d (lower tail) = = = 0,32
Fa , d , n 3,15
3. Perhitungan Fs :
Fs = sA2 / sB2 = 9 / 25 = 0,36

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-49
 F Test: An Example

Alternatif Lain :

4. Penerimaan H1

Penerimaan Ho

0,32 0,36

5. Karena Fs berada didalam penerimaan Ho artinya varian

kerusakan yang terjadi pada perakitan B tidak lebih besar
dari perakitan A
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-50
 Exercises
PROBLEM 1
In a recent survey, college students were asked the amount of time they spend watching television and
surfing on the Internet. The researchers were interested in determining whether the time spent on both
activities was equal. They collected the following data:
Person # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Internet 2 7 3 8 9 15 7 2
TV 4 15 5 3 4 4 4 8
Test the hypothesis at a = 0.05 !

PROBLEM 2
National Park rangers were surveyed as to whether they endorsed the idea of carrying firearms. Of the
260 ranges polled west of the Mississippi, 78% endorsed the idea. Of the 184 rangers polled east of the
Mississippi, 64% endorsed the idea. Is there evidence that the level of support for carrying firearms is
BIGGER in the West than it is in the East ?

PROBLEM 3
You are comparing the precision of two brands of stamping machines. From a random sample of 12
units of output from Brand A machine, you find that it produces with a standard deviation of 15.2. For
the Brand B machine, in a sample of 20 units of output, you find a standard deviation of 10.1. Assume
that the output of both machines follows a normal distribution, and the population variances are equal.
Evaluate the null hypothesis of equal variances against the alternative hypothesis that Brand B machines
produce with lower variance a 0.10.
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-51
 Exercises
PROBLEM 4
Manajer pabrik sebuah perusahaan sari jeruk ingin membandingkan 2 proses produksi yang berbeda.
Proses produksi 1 relatif baru dan ia berasumsi proses produksi ini akan memberikan hasil yang lebih
baik daripada proses produksi 2. Sampel dari masing-masing proses dipilih secara acak dengan ukuran n1
= 40 dan n2 = 40. Diketahui pula dari rata-rata sampel 1, x1 = 824,9 liter /hari dan rata-rata sampel 2, x2
= 818,6 liter/hari. Berdasarkan pengalaman diketahui varian populasi 1, 12 = 40 dan 2 2 = 50. Pada
a 5% Ujilah hipotesis manajer pabrik !

PROBLEM 5 (9.6)
Notwithstanding the equal Pay Act of 1963, in 1993 it still appeared that men earned more than woman
in similar jobs. At random sample of 38 male machine tool operators found mean hourly wages of
$11.38, and the sample standard deviation was $1.84. A random sample of 45 female machine tool
operators found their mean wage to be $ 8.42 and the sample standard deviation was $1.31. On the
basis of these samples, is it reasonable to conclude at a 0.01 that the male operators are earning over
$2.00 more per hour than the female operators ?

Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 4e © 2004 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-52